Battery the number of reversible electrochemical systems is very limited. System costs may be brought down by using cathode materials less expensive than those presently employed (e.g., sulfur or air). but reversibility will remain a key challenge significant improvements in battery performance are needed, especially in the energy density and power delivery capabilities. Promising substitutes for graphite as the anode material include silicon, tin, germanium, their alloys, and various metal oxides that have much higher theoretical storage capacities and operate at slightly higher and safer potentials. All known cathode materials have storage capacities inferior to those of anode materials. In addition to variations on known transition metal oxides and phosphates, other potential materials, such as metal fluorides, are discussed as well as the effects of particle size and electrode architecture. Thermal issues associated with electric vehicle battery packs can significantly affect performance and life cycle. Various cooling strategies are implemented to examine the relationship between battery thermal behavior and design parameters. By studying the effect of cooling conditions and pack configuration on battery temperature, information is obtained as to how to maintain operating temperature by designing proper battery configuration and choosing proper cooling systems. It was found that a cooling strategy based on distributed forced convection is an efficient, cost-effective method which can provide uniform temperature and voltage distributions within the battery pack at various discharge rates. heat pipe based thermal management system for high power battery, with eight prismatic cells, has been proposed, designed and tested for heat load up to 400 W. The heat pipe system consists of two parts: heat pipe cooling plates to extract heat from the individual prismatic cells of the battery module, and remote heat transfer heat pipes to transport heat from the module to liquid cooled cold plates located 300 mm away. As compared to a conventional liquid cooled system, two-phase heat pipe based thermal control will provide better cell/module temperature uniformity, less complicated design and a safer system (no leakage issues in high voltage areas). Modeling of the complete system was done based on two-phase analysis for the heat pipe portion, and single phase analysis for the cold plate portion. Based on controlled experimentation using a dummy battery module, it was estimated that the proposed system is able to successfully dissipate 50 W heat load from each cell while keeping their temperature below the given 55 °C limit using water coolant with a 25 °C inlet temperature and 1 lit/min flow rate. the battery size has a significant effect on the TCO. For an average German driver (15,000 km/a), battery capacities of 4 kWh (PHEV) and 6 kWh (EREV) would be cost optimal by 2020. However, these values vary strongly with the driving profile of the user. Moreover, the optimal battery size is also affected by external factors, e.g. electricity and fuel prices or battery production cost. Therefore, car manufacturers should develop a modular design for their batteries, which allows adapting the storage capacity to meet the individual customer requirements instead of “one size fits all”. growing numbers of electric vehicles present a serious waste-management challenge for recyclers at end-of-life. recycled lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles could provide a valuable secondary source of materials. Here we outline and evaluate the current range of approaches to electric-vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling and re-use, and highlight areas for future progress. Software Vehicle simulation software is essential to vehicle design and development. we introduce the EV-specific components and their control, considering the battery, electric motor, and electric powertrain. Moreover, technologies that will help to advance safety and energy efficiency of EVs such as drive-by-wire and information systems are discussed. novel computational devices promise high processing power at low cost which will make a reduction in the number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) possible. the software design has to be performed in a holistic manner, considering the controlled component while transparently abstracting the underlying hardware architecture.
