Maharashtra State Board of Technical
Education,Mumbai
A
PROJECT REPORT ON
"AUTOMATIC WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM"
SUBMITTED BY
MR. KARTIK CHAURANGNATH PALVE
MR. ASHWIN JANARDAN ZIJNJAL
GUIDED BY
PROF. VIJAY J. SHRINATH
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR
2022-23
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, VIKRAMGAD
AT:-SHIL, POST:-ONDE,ZADPOLI SHIL ROAD,
TAL:- VIKRAMGAD, DIST:- PALGHAR, 401 605
E-MAIL:-gpvikramgad11@gmail.com
WEBSITE:- gpvikramgad.ac.in
"Automatic water irrigation system"
Diploma Engineering in
(Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering)
By
MR. Kartik Chaurangnath Palve
MR. Ashwin Janardan Zinjal
Under The Guidance of
Prof. Vijay J. Shrinath Sir
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering
Government Polytechnic Vikramgad
At. Shil, Post-Onde, Zadpoli Shil Road. Tal-Vikramgad
Dist-Palghar-401605
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC VIKRAMGAD
DIST-PALGHAR, 401605
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify That
1) Kartik Chaurangnath Palve
2) Ashwin Janardan Zinjal
Have satisfactorily completed the requirements of
the PROJECT
As prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board of
Technical Education Mumbai
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Vijay J. Shrinath
Guide
H.O.D
Prof. Vijay J. Shrinath
Prof.R.D.MOON
Principal
Shri. Jagdish P.Kshirsagar
INDEX
SR NO
CHAPTER NAME
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1)
ABSTRACT
2)
INTRODUCTION
3)
4)
BLOCK
DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
DISCRIPTION
HARDWARE DESIGN:
5)
PCB DESIGNING & LAYOUT
6)
SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING
7)
APPLICTION
8)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
9)
CONCLUSION
AND
4.1)ARDUINO UNO
4.2)LCD Display
4.3)Soil Moisture Sensor
4.4)Relay
4.5)BC 547 Transistor
4.6)LM324
4.7) IN4007 Diode.
4.8)12V DC Adapter
4.9)12V DC Motor-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take the opportunity to express gratitude towards the
people who have rendered valuable help in completing this
project. The successful completion of our project within the
stipulated time frame is a result of collective efforts our group
as well as many people who proved to be instrumental in this
course of completing this project. Here, we would like to thank
all those people for their help and guidance.
We would like to thank our principle Shri. Jagdish
P.Kshirsagar sir & also H.O.D. Dept. of E&TC, Prof. Mr. R. D.
Moon Sir for his encouragement in completing this project.
We would also like to thank our project coordinator and
project guide prof. Mr. Vijay J. Shrinath Sir.
PROJECT DEFINATION
P-Planning Before Carrying Out the Work
R-Raw Material Required To the Work
O-Opportunity to Show Our Skill
J-Joint Efforts Put Together In Work
E-Enthusiasm for Making Project
C-Consumption Of Less Material And Expenditure
T-Technical Knowledge Improvement
Chapter-1
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
India is the agriculture based country. Our ancient
people completely depended on the agriculture harvesting.
Agriculture is a source of livelihood of majority Indians and
has great impact on the economy of the country. In dry areas
or in case of inadequate rainfall, irrigation becomes difficult.
So, it needs to be automated for proper yield and handle
remotely for farmer safety. Increasing energy cost and
decreasing water supplies point out the need for better
management. Irrigation management is a complex decision
making process determine when and how much water to
apply to a growing crop to meet specific management
objectives. If the farmer is a far from the agriculture land he
will not be noticed of current condition. So, efficient water
management plays an important role in the irrigated
agriculture cropping systems.
This embedded project is to design and develop a low
cost feature which is based on embedded platform for water
irrigation system. This project uses soil moisture sensor to
detect the water quantity present in agriculture.
The project uses Arduino micro-controller which is
controller to process the information.
The aim of the implementation was to demonstrate that
the automatic irrigation can be used to reduce water use.
Chapter-2
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
By using the concept of modern irrigation system a farmer
can water up to 50%. This concept depends on two irrigation
methods those are: conventional irrigation method like
overhead sprinklers, flood type flooding system i.e. wet the
lower leaves and stem of the plants. The area between the crop
rows become dry as the large amount of water is consumed by
the flood type methods, in which case the farmers depends only
on the incidental rainfalls. The crops are been infected by the
leaf mold fungi as the soil surface often stays wet and is
saturated after irrigation is completed.
Overcoming these drawbacks new techniques are been
adopted in the irrigation techniques, through which small
amount of water applies to the parts of root zone of a plant. The
plant soil moisture stress is prevented by providing required
amount of water resources frequently or often daily by which the
moisture condition of the soil will retain well. The diagram below
shows the entire concept of the modern irrigation system. The
traditional technique like sprinkler or surface irrigation requires
/ uses nearly half of water sources. Even more precise amounts
of water can be supplied for plants. As far as the foliage is
dry the plant damage due to disease and insects will be
reduced, which further reduces the operating cost.
The dry rows between plants will lead to continuous
federations during the irrigation process. Fertilizer can be
applied through this type of system, and the cost required for
will also reduce. The erosion of soil and wind is much reduced
by the technique when compare with overhead sprinkler
system. The soil characteristics will define the form of the
dripping nature in the root zone of a plant which receives
moisture.
As the method of dripping will reduce huge water losses it
became a popular method by reducing the labor cost and
increasing the yields. When the components are activated, all
the components will read and gives the output signal to the
controller, and the information will be displayed to the user
(farmer). The sensor readings are analog in nature so the ADC
pin in controller will convert the analog signals into digital
format. Then the controller will access information and when the
motors are turned on/off it will be displayed on the LCD panel.
Chapter-3
Block Diagram and Circuit
Diagram Description
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig: Block Diagram
There are two functional components in this project. They are
the moisture sensors module and the motor driver for motor
pump. Thus the Arduino Board is programmed using the
Arduino IDE software. The function of the moisture sensor is to
sense the temperature content present in the soil, and also it
measure moisture level in the soil. The motor driver interrupts
the signal to, water pump supplies water to the plants. This
project uses microcontroller Arduino Uno board to controls the
motor and monitor soil moisture. Follow the schematic to
connect the Arduino to the motor driver, and the driver to the
water pump.The motor can be driven by a 5 volt battery, we can
also supplies power from external source or from Arduino
board. The Arduino Board is programmed using the Arduino
IDE software.
Circuit Diagram:
Fig: Circuit Diagram
Here In this figure: soil moisture sensors are connected
to Arduino A0 pin for analog input, so we can get temperature
content present in soil. Vcc pin is
connected through 5V Arduino pin; GND pin is representing
ground to connect all components. D7 is known as a digital pin,
so it connected with transistors to amplifying low power. Motor
driver module VCC pin connected through D13 pin of Arduino
board, based on temperature monitor it pass the current to the
motor pump, D7 pin is used for Ground. We can write values as
output. D7 connected through resistors 1k and same
connection goes through transistors for low amplifying current.
In transistor has three pin which we called as Emitter, base and
collector.
Chapter-4
Hardware
Hardware
4.1 Arduino
Fig 4.1: Arduino
Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on
easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to
read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a twitter
message and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning
on an LED, publishing something online. We can tell our board
what to do by sending a set of instruction to the microcontroller
on the board. To do so we use the Arduino programming
language (based on wiring), and the Arduino software (IDE),
based on processing.
The arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection with
or with an external power supply. The power source is selected
automatically. External (non- USB) power can come from an ACto-DC adapter (wall- wart) or battery. The adapter can be
connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from battery can be inserted in the
Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board
can operate on external supply of 6 to 20nvolts. If supplied with
less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts
and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the
voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
FEATURE
SPECIFICATION
Microcontroller
Operating voltage
Input voltage
(recommended).
Input voltage (limits).
Digital I/O pins
Analog input pins
DC current per I/O pin
DC current for 3.3V pin
Flash memory
ATmega328
5V
7-12 volts
SRAM
EEPROM
Clock speed
6-20V
14
6
40mA
50mA
52 KB (ATmega328) of which
0.5KB used by boot loader
2KB (ATmega328)
1KB (ATmega328)
16 MHz
4.2 LCD Display:
Fig. Liquid Crystal Display
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other
electronically modulated optical device that uses the lightmodulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not
emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to
produce images in color or monochrome. LCDs are available to
display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer
display) or fixed images with low information content, which can
be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and seven
segment display, as in digital clock.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display
module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 display is
very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices
and circuits. Here we connected 2&15 no. pin in Vcc and 1,
3, 5 & 16 no. pin connected in ground. A 16*2 LCD means
it can display 16 Character per line and there are 2 such
lines.
Pin No:
Name
Function
1
VSS
This pin must be
connected to the
ground
Positive supply
2
VCC
3
VEE
4
RS
5
R/W
Contrast
adjustment
Register
selection
Read or Write
6
E
Enable
7
DBO
Data
8
DB1
Data
9
DB2
Data
10
DB3
Data
11
DB4
Data
12
DB5
Data
13
DB6
Data
14
DB7
Data
15
LED+
Back light LED+
16
LED-
Back light LED-
4.3 Soil Moisture Sensor:
Fig: Soil Moisture Sensor
Although soil water status can be determined by direct (soil
sampling) and indirect (soil moisture sensing) method. Direct
method of monitoring soil moisture are not commonly used for
irrigation scheduling because they are intrusive and labor
intensive and cannot provide immediate feedback. Soil
moisture probes can be permanently installed t representative
points in an agricultural field to provide repeated moisture
reading overtime that can be used for irrigation management.
Special care is needed when using soil moisture devices in
coarse soil since most device require close contact with soil
matrix that is sometime difficult to achieve in this soils.
Measuring soil moisture is very important in agriculture to
help to help farmer for managing the irrigation system. Soil
moisture sensor is one who solves this. This sensor measures
the content of water. Soil moisture sensor uses the capacitance
to measure the water content of soil. It easy to use this sensors.
Simply insert this rugged sensor into the soil to be tested, and
the volumetric content of the soil is
reported in percent. Soil moisture sensors measure the
volumetric water content in soil.
Since the direct gravimetric measurement of free soil
moister requires removing, drying, and weighting of a sample,
soil moisture sensor measure the volumetric water contents
indirectly by using some other property of the soil, such as
electrical resistance,dielectric constant, or interaction with
neutrons, as a proxy for the moisture content the relation
between the measure property and soil moisture must be
calibrated and may vary depending on environmental factors
such as soil type, temperature, or electric conductivity.
Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil moisture
and is use for remote sensing in hydrology and agriculture.
Portable probe instruments can be used by farmers of
gardeners.
moisture sensors typically refer to sensors typically refers
to sensors that volumetric water content. Another class of
sensors measure another property of moisture in soils called
water potential; these sensors are usually referred to as the soil
water potential sensors and include tensiometers and gypsum
block.
4.4 Relay:
Fig: Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use
an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other
operating principles are also used such as solid-state relays.
Relays are used where it I necessary to control a circuit by a
separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the
signal coming in from one circuit and retransmitted it on another
circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges
and early computers to perform logical operation.
4.5 BC 547 Transistor:
Fig 4.5 BC 547 Transistor & Symbol
BC547 is an NPN transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of
resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small
current at its base controls a larger at collector & emitter
terminals.
BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes.
It has a maximum current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors
are BC548 and BC549.
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in
the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as
the biasing. For amplification
applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for
all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and
taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter
configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly
used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is
biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base.
In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.
4.6 10K Preset:
Fig: Preset
This article is about the electrical component. For the
measuring instrument, see Potentiometer (measuring
instrument).
A typical single-turn potentiometer
Type
-
Passive
Electronic symbol
(IEC Standard)
(ANSI Standard)
A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or
rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only
two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a
variable resistor or rheostat.
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is
essentially a voltage divider used for measuring electric potential
(voltage); the component is an implementation of the same
principle, hence its name.
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical
devices such as volume controls on audio equipment.
Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as
position transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers
are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a
watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be
comparable to the power in the controlled load.
4.7IN4007 Diode:
Fig: IN4007 Diode
It is a PN junction diode. Diodes can be made by combining
two different types of semiconductor e.g. P and N. PN junction is
a junction formed between P and N types of semiconductors.
You guys should also have a look at introduction of IN4007
diode.
IN4007 belongs to the series of 1NXXXX devices. Its an
American standard numbering system standard used for
semiconductor devices. This standard has been adopted
globally now. In 1N 4007 the first part 1N indicates single junction
semiconductor. 1N indicates junction 1 junction whereas N
indicates the semiconductor diode. 4007 is the specific number
to indicate the particular diode. From the electrical point of view,
1N 4007 is compatible with other rectifier diodes. The diodes
belonging to 1N400X series can be replaced by this particular
diode. They are normally used in Embedded Systems
Projects. So, let's get started with IN4007:
4.8 12V DC Adapter:
Fig: 12V AC/DC Adapter
A "wall wart" type AC adapter for a household game console
A power brick for Lenovo laptop
Internal adapter circuitry
An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter,or AC/DC converter is a
type of external power supply, often enclosed in a case similar
to an AC plug. Other common names include plug pack, plugin adapter, adapter block, domestic mains adapter, line
power adapter, wall wart, power brick, and power adapter.
Adapters for battery-powered equipment may be described as
chargers or rechargers (see also battery charger). AC adapters
are used with electrical devices that require power but do not
contain internal components to derive the required voltage and
power from mains power. The internal circuitry of an external
power supply is very similar to the design that would be used for
a built-in or internal supply.
External power supplies are used both with equipment with
no other source of power and with battery-powered equipment,
where the supply, when plugged in, can sometimes charge the
battery in addition to powering the equipment.
Use of an external power supply allows portability of
equipment powered either by mains or battery without the added
bulk of internal power components, and makes it unnecessary to
produce equipment for use only with a specified power source;
the same device can be powered from 120 VAC or 230 VAC
mains, vehicle or aircraft battery by using a different adapter.
Another advantage of these designs can be increased safety;
since the hazardous 120 or 240 volt mains power is transformed
to a lower, safer voltage at the wall outlet and the appliance that
is handled by the user is powered by this lower voltage.
4.9 12V DC Motor (100 rpm):
Fig: DC motor
Introduction
100RPM Centre Shaft Economy Series DC Motor is high
quality low cost DC geared motor.It has steel gears and pinions
to ensure longer life and better wear and tear properties.The
gears are fixed on hardened steel spindles polished to a mirror
finish.The output shaft rotates in a plastic bushing.The whole
assembly is covered with a plastic ring.Gearbox is sealed and
lubricated with lithium grease and require no maintenance.The
motor is screwed to the gear box.Although motor gives 100 RPM
at 12V but motor
runs smoothly from 4V to 12V and gives wide range of RPM, and
torque. Tables below gives fairly good idea of the motor's
performance in terms of RPM and no load current as a function
of voltage and stall torque, stall current as a function of voltage.
For compatible wheels refer to Wheels and Accessories
product category.
You can also mount this motor on the chassis using Motor
Mount for Centre Shaft Economy Series DC Motor
For adding Position Encoder, refer to Encoder Kit for
Centre Shaft Economy Series DC Motor.
Specifications
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DC supply: 4 to 12V
RPM: 100 at 12V
Total length: 46mm
Motor diameter: 36mm
Motor length: 25mm
Brush type: Precious metal
Gear head diameter: 37mm
Gear head length: 21mm
Output shaft: Center
Shaft diameter: 6mm
Shaft length: 22mm
• Gear assembly: Spur
• Motor weight: 100gms
Inside view of Centre Shaft Economy Series DC Motor
Motor Mounting Clamp and Position Encode
Kit for Centre Shaft Economy Series DC
Motor
Fig: DC motor
Chapter-5
PCB Designing and Layout
PCB LAYOUT PROCESS
A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically
support and electrically connect electronic components using
conductive pathways, track or etched from copper sheets
laminated on to anon-conductive substrate. It also referred to as
printed wiring board. A PCB populated with electronics
components is printed circuit Assembly (PCA), also Known as a
printed circuit board assembly (PCBA).
ETCHING
Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or
mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to
create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal.[14] In modern
manufacturing, other chemicals may be on other types of
material. As method a of printmaking, it is, along with engraving,
the most important technique for old master prints, and remains
in wide use today. In a number of modern variants such as
microfabrication etching and photochemical milling it is a crucial
technique inter much modern technology,
including circuit boards.
1)Silk screen printing:
Screen printing is a printing technique whereby a mesh is
used to transfer ink onto a substrate, except in areas made
impermeable to the ink by a blocking stencil. A blade or
squeegee is moved across the screen to fill the open mesh
apertures with ink, and a reverse stroke then causes the screen
to touch the substrate momentarily along a line of contact. This
causes the ink to wet the substrate and be pulled out of the mesh
apertures as the screen springs back after the blade has passed.
One color is printed at a time, so several screens can be used to
produce a multicoloured image or design.
2)Photoengraving:
Photoengraving is a process that uses a light- sensitive
photoresist applied to the surface to be engraved to create a
mask that shields some areas during a subsequent operation
which etches, dissolves, or otherwise removes some or all of the
material from the unshielded areas. Normally applied to metal, it
can also be used on glass, plastic and other materials.
3)PCB milling:
A milled printed circuit board
Printed circuit board milling (also: isolation milling) is the
process of removing areas of copper from a sheet of printed
circuit board material to recreate the pads, signal traces and
structures according to patterns from a digital circuit board
plan known as a layout file. Similar to the more common and
well known chemical PCB etch process, the PCB milling
process is subtractive: material is removed to create the
electrical isolation and ground planes required. However,
unlike the chemical etch process, PCB milling is typically a
non- chemical process and as such it can be completed in a
typical office or lab environment without exposure to
hazardous chemicals.
High quality circuit boards can be produced using either
process. In the case of PCB milling, the quality of a circuit
board is chiefly determined by the system's true, or weighted,
milling accuracy and control as well as the condition
(sharpness, temper) of the milling bits and their respective
feed/rotational speeds. By contrast, in the chemical etch
process, the quality of a circuit board depends on the accuracy
and/or quality of the photomasking and the state of the etching
chemicals.
Fig.5.1Layout
Chapter-6
Software & Programming
SOFTWARE
• Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used
for writing and compiling the code into the Arduino Module.
• It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too
easy that even a common person with no prior technical
knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process.
• It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows,
Linux and runs on the Java Platform that comes with inbuilt
functions and commands that play a vital role for debugging,
editing and compiling the code in environment.
• A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno,
Arduino Mega, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many
more.
• Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is
actually programmed and accepts the information in the form
of code.
• The main code, also known as a sketch, created the IDE
platform will ultimately generate a Hex File which is then
transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.
• The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor
and Compiler where former is used for writing the required
code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code
into the Arduino Module.
• This environment supports both C and C++ languages.
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
#define moisture_sensorPin A0
#define float_switchPin A1
#define motorPin 4
#define soil_statusPin 2
#define tank_statusPin 3
LiquidCrystal led (13,12,11,10,9,8);
const int avg_moisture = 800;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("AUTOMATIC ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("IRRIGATION S/M");
delay(2000);
pinMode(moisture_sensorPin,INPUT);
pinMode(float_switchPin,INPUT);
pinMode(motorPin,OUTPUT);
pinMode(soil_statusPin,OUTPUT);
pinMode(tank_statusPin,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(motorPin,LOW);
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin,LOW);
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin,LOW);
}
Void loop()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(“MOISTURE”);
if(analogRead(moisture_sensorPin) > avg_moisture)
{
lcd.print ("HIGH");
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, HIGH);
}
if (analogRead (moisture_sensorPin) < avg_moisture)
{
lcd.print (" LOW");
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, LOW);
}
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
led.print ("TANK LEVEL- ");
if(digitalRead(float_switchPin) == HIGH)
{
lcd.print ("HIGH");
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, LOW);
}
if(digitalRead(float_switchPin) == LOW)
{
lcd.print ("LOW");
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, HIGH);
if
(analogRead
(moisture_sensorPin)
digitalRead(float_switchPin) == HIGH)
<
avg
moisture
&&
avg_moisture
&&
{
while
(analogRead
(moisture_sensorPin)
digitalRead(float_switchPin) == HIGH)
{
lcd.setCursor (0,0);
lcd.print ("MOISTURE - LOW");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print (" MOTOR IS ON ");
digitalWrite(soil_statusPin, LOW);
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, LOW);
digitalWrite (motor Pin, HIGH);
}
if (analogRead (moisture sensorPin) > avg_moisture)
{
<
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" MOISTURE - HIGH");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print (" MOTOR - OFF ");
digitalWrite(soil_status Pin, HIGH);
digitalWrite (motor Pin, LOW);
delay (3000);
if (digitalRead (float_switch Pin) == LOW
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print (" TANK LEVEL- LOW");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print (" MOTOR - OFF ");
digitalWrite(tank_statusPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite (motor Pin, LOW);
delay (3000);
delay(500);
}
}
Chapter-7
APPLICATION
APLLICATION
Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water
to plants at needed intervals. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural
crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in
dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall.
Irrigation also has other uses in crop production, including frost
protection, suppressing weed growth in grain fields and
preventing soil consolidation.In contrast, agriculture that relies
only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed or dry land
farming.
Irrigation systems are also used for cooling livestock, dust
suppression, disposal of sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is
often studied together with drainage, which is the removal of
surface and sub-surface water from a given area.
Chapter-8
Bibliography
Websites:
1) www.google.com
2)www.wikipedia.com
3)www.youtube.com
4)www.electohub.com
5)www.arduino.cc
BOOKS:
1)Principle of electronics
2)Embedded “C” programming
Chapter-9
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
The primary applications of this project are for farmer and
gardeners who do not have enough time to water their
crops/plants. It also covers those who are wasteful of water
during irrigation.
As water supplies becomes scarce and polluted, there is
need to irrigate more efficiently in order to minimize water use
and chemical leaching. Recent advances in soil water sensing
make the commercial use of this technology is possible to
automate irrigation management for vegetables production.
However, research indicate that different sensors types
perform under all condition with no negative impact on crop
yields with reduction in water use range as high 70% compared
to traditional practices.
* Thank You *