AS LEVEL
PSYCHOLOGY
MADE BY RAIDAH ANWAR
ngicae
wise
Assumptions
like
Behaviour and emotions can be controlled
biological
systems
by
the nervous
hormones
evolution
genes
system
and
be
Behaviour and emotions
investigated
by manipulating
movements
such as
pulse rate
responses
eye
biological
measuring
and brain
→
.
,
,
,
→
can
.
activity
caulis
al
et
Background
Functional
FMRI
is
magnetic resonance
imaging brainneuroimaging
that measures
→
a
procedure
using intechnology
activity by detecting
in
concentrations
Because
changes bloodtheflow
hydrogen
vaey
detailed
scanner is able to crate
poets
picture
different
very
and
which memories are
where
→
MRI
.
a
,
Amygdala
kept
Responsible foe
-
Aim
→ whether
the
subjective
degrees of emotions
is sensitive to
amygdala
emotional
based
on
experiences emotional
whether the
the role
affects
of
degree
investigate
intensity
of amygdala
memory recall of the stimuli classified as emotional
Design
Lab experiment
Research Method
.
→to
in
.
→
Experimental Design → Repeated
In
V.
dependant
Dependant v.
Measures
stimuli
of
Intensity
level
activation
measure
of
by
of memory
amygdala
all more
10 right handed female ↳ CHOSEN BECAUSE
females
sample
to
intense emotional
sample technique Volunteer experience
likelyand report
deactions
show
→
→
→
→
→
physiological
Procedure
→
Participants
viewed 96 scenes that were
presented
on
overhead
5.44
fol case of viewing
randomised al closs participants
older
pictures
of
→ Picture
seconds Interval
I→ RATED → 1- 17
mill ol
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and
→
for 2.88
presented
a
cross
→
emotional
→
→
→
of
12.96 seconds
.
→
→
.
according
emotionally intense
intensity not
intense 3
RATED
0-3 0
emotionally
All rated
hand
with
button
pressing for the entire time
right
Must viewby picture
to
→
.
interval
fixation
diving
participants hated the pictures dueling interval
viewed
→
=
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a
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.
11 flames to measure neural
captured
activity
called
foe unexpected llwgnitioh test 3 weeks later
48
viewed all 96
→
→
FMRI
scenes
plus
foils
.
.
.
Participants were asked if they had seen the images before
If yes RATED Remember Cee tain) know [uncertain
→
,
Results
correlation of participant emotional
Normative Valence→ O 66
Arousal→ O 68
→
-
-
intensity and
.
→
correlated with
higher
significantly
Amygdala
emotional
ratings
experienced
intensity intense
ofrecall
individually
was better for those dated as
Memory
emotionally
significant correlation between memory recall and left amygdala
activation was
.
→
→
.
.
Conclusion
is sensitive to
emotional
experienced
Amygdala activation
individually
stimuli
→
of
intensitydata
Ethics
Informed
→
→
during viewing is predictive of subjective memory
left any
→
→
.
consent → All
Healthy safety
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→
of
Individuals
harm →
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Standardization
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to check for
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anbjHigh
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FMRI were trained and
ut
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mental state
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Evaluation
↳
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↳ Use
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om it
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ft
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the
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a
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a fMRI to measure one
of
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likert scales to measure
emotional
subjective
of
intensity
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.
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objective findings
data
above
and
us
not be
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statistical and cool atonal
the like t scales allowed
The statistics could also have been used to
compare results
→ Demand Characteristics
FMRI
it is not possible feel the
ate not so
↳
to respond to demand characteristics and alter the hesalts
the fMRI scans
the results more valid
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quantitative
interpreted by
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of
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a task that is not
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of Qualitative
tackUnable
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due to not subjective data
unrepresentative sample
↳ Includes
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only females
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relationship
.
to Real
Applications
life
what can be
them to
can be
to
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helpful
agencies
advertising
identify
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intense
stimuli can be
as an emotional
.
emotionally and
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-
consumers
intense
what will attract that mends
.
.
Nature
vs
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the
the native side however as
experiment
supports
of
subjective
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experience to each scene is not taken into results vulture
could 've
played a part too
,
,
-
situational
Individual
canti demonstrates both individual
expiation in a sense that each
while
had their own
emotional
different
of
but
the scenes
situational in a sense that the scenes were emotional
vs
participant
degree
intensity
viewing
vehement
and
Kleinman
Background
An
detects and he colds electrical
activity
electroencephalogram
nerve and muscle cells
measure provided is dltiable
an electro
detects
movement
EOG
eye
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under the
move
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when our
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m
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different dueing
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bed
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electrodes attached Wiles
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gathered together
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Dream
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dream and it 's
content
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Participants
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the duration (were given no choice at first )
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at
n
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m
.
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eye
minutes )
were
stages
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the onset
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during
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but were consistent
varied between
participants
length
cycle
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between individuals (70 I 04
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→
.
.
Participants
include →
sleep
of
.
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when awaken in REM no dream until the next REM
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there were 79 6 I dream hecall (152/191)
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l
stage
,
.
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.
dream recall
WD
pattern
affected
waking
Specifically
he was mislead
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and
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he could 've
the
guessed
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the
estimation of 5 minutes were 881 (45/61)
of
↳The accuracy
15 minutes were 78%147760)
estimation
of
of
↳ DN accuracy underestimated because he could
remember
alwaysend of his dreams
only
the
↳ there was a moderate to
correlation between
↳
.
even
even
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.
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.
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significant
due Ati on (O 4
FD
jumble
vertical
movements
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eye
mainly
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at the bottom
of diff operating
standing
levels
at the woe Kees in
hoist and
different
looking
down at the machine
and
cooking
and
↳
ladder and
Dreamed
up
climbing
looking
down while
Dreamer wasclimbing
atthe
↳
basketball
up
looking
shooting
to
down
net and looked
pick up ball
horizontal movement
↳
↳
mainly
Dreamer watched 2
people throw tomatoes
of
µm
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w
olds and REM
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o
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Startled
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large
-
by
.
Conclusions
→
Dreaming
we
left
deriving
junction
.
speeding
left
acknowledged
left
.
REM but not n REM
one dream
estimate the
to dream content and is not
deported in
accurately
relate
pattens
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REM
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something
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purely
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raising dreams
validity
everyone
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easily
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.
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size
is small
real
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have been used to
participants
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coffee or alcohol and experienced
than how it was done in the
ecologically
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experiment
differently
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mechanism
be reductionist
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the data were collected
biological
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validity
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be unreliable because we do not
know how
all this could seduce
participants
Ethics
→
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.
WD was deceived as he was mislead to think he
participant
REM period therefore he couldn't
was
awakened
every
give
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informed consent
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disoedllllike insomnia in a patient
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diagnose
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focuses
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usefulastoit
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direct evidence fee the
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→ Dream content relates to our
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vulture This
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dlealns about individual
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,
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the
differences
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However even a fetus
dream is a product
→
,
experiences REM sleep so
nature
of
investigated
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Psychology
REM is
sleep where
phase
of
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and
flicker
eyes
they
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a
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paralysed
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person is paralysed
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breathe but
all the other muscles
and
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sleep
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stages
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activity
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a
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imagery
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is
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activity
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physiological
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Design
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dependant V
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no
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when we are in
state
cognitions
of
immediate
explanation
label our emotions when
appropriately
explanation
the role
arousal with
To
whether we
we do have an immediate
a → to
3
from
which is that emotional
factor theory
experience
arousal
label and some
Observation / Question air
① Emotional situation
Euphoria
Angel
②
Injection information
↳ Placebo ↳
↳
↳
↳
.
→
↳
Misinformed
Ignorant
on Question cute Behaviour obsa
informed
Pulse Rate
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Ratings
students
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of
of
volunteer were
-
→
,
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injection
halmful effects were told
the
All the
participants
↳ The
.
given
;
of all
participants
to the
Health records
no
→
Minnesota
course credit 12
points
.
Sampling technique
.
.
were
choked to ensure there
were
.
following
was about vision
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vision
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is
assessed
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to
for
.
in f. well told
Epi
↳ there were side
↳
↳
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may get
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lived
begin to shake
,
the heart will
pound
,
their
face
.
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effects
effects lived
-
-
They'll will
feel numb they'll be itchy and might get a
feet
headache
slight
well told
,
Epi Ign
↳ About no
.
-
their
↳
→
warm
.
to the injection
-
mis Well told
be side
↳ there
↳ The side
are sweet
↳
15
minutes
last
Epi
↳
→
effects
are short
last 15 minutes
effects
they'llhand will
↳ Their
→
affect
being
permission
injected with Supeoxiu
get
the injection was mild / harmless
↳
→
study
Supeoxin
-
Repeated
side
effects
that the
was harmless
injection
then divided into
and
Participants were
the
experimenter entered with
another participant
.
.
a
Stooge
angel
who was
euphoriatogroup
be
pretending
.
condition
Angel
↳
were told the
→
will take 20m to absorb and the
supeoxiw
they
experimenter will return then
↳ Meanwhile
had to
a
complete
questionnaire
they
started
the
about the questionnaire with
Stooge
it
statements aboutcomplaining
unfair
at being
He was
injected
annoyed
being
to show
the
then
angel
began
the Stooge
more personal
questions
begin
turning
the
's
innocently
the
answer to match
his
participant
paces
Stooge
makes
The
standardised comments about the
.
,
↳
.
↳
.
↳
↳
.
↳
"
↳
"
Stooge
comments were innocent and became
↳ He
at the end
the
↳
increasingly
questions
hostile
questionnaire
up
crumplesout
the
the room
stamps wereof observed
the one
↳
mirror
Participants
though
way
↳Their behaviour was
placed into 6
↳
.
.
.
-
↳
↳
↳
↳
↳
categories
Agrees
.
Disagrees agreement
initiates
watches disagreement
Initiates
Ignores
condition
↳
.
Euphoria
↳The
were told it
participants
tin to absorb and the
→
.
.
would take 10m foe the
super
would return then
experimental
the
in a mild dis
.
experimenter
mess and saidallay could use the
in
the
apologized
for
stuff
they
the room
↳ the
room was
.
.
and made ice bleaker
introduced
Stooge
himself
again
comments and launched in a standardised routine
↳the
-
.
playing
of him
and
hula hoops
pencil
paper
folders
↳ the
the
join
they
suggested
↳ theirStooge
into 4 activity
behaviour was
categories
placed
↳ initiates new
(laughing hula hoop )
↳ watches
activity
Stooge
↳
not
creative
lit they
cup
Ignores
gave
Stooge
↳
ia outside the routine
joins new
activity
had to complete a
After the session the participants
questionnaire
condition
about their mood and
Which consisted
with bubble bands,
.
,
,
.
.
.
→
→
,
→
The
included were
questions
↳ Have
experienced
:
you tremor
↳ Do
feel
you
↳
irritated
→
palpitation (O
=
3
=
not at all
)
intense amount
feel7 ( O not at all )
annoyed
you
good or happy do
? 4 extremely
feel
you
participant's pulse was taken
participants well debriefed
How
↳ How
→
physical
.
I
=
=
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Results
→
(EUPHORIA)
Activity Index
↳ Mis 22-58 ↳
12
18 28
Inf
Ign
↳ the
Epi Inf were significantly less euphoric than both the other
groups
there were no difference in the
mis
the placebo
level
↳
:
:
:
-
-
.
.
↳
↳
Epi
Mis
euphoria
g
of
involved in the most activities and initiated mole
.
behaviour
than other
groups
Index (ANGER)
Activity
↳
No
difference
significant the
However
level
were
Epi
reported
Inf
of
highest
angel
reported
they
least level
to have shown the
of observed
.
.
→
↳
-
.
,
↳
Epi Iger showed the
-
most
angel
angel
.
Conclusion
there are two factors involved when
one and a
.
A
emotion
experiencing
physiological
one
/
psychological cognitive
biological
an
.
.
Evaluation
strengths
Lab
controls So cause and
meant thee were
experiment
high
sure
the
ealchels can
established This
↳
.
effect
was
be
des
that caused the
means
.
that it was the
information
participants
and
behaviourgiven
↳the thoughts
had
standardisation that made the
high
study
study
For
the
to replicate to check foe
example
ileliablity
easy
in the
conditions could be
actions
different
of the Stooge
another ilesealch team to check foe
replicated
by allowed foe quick collection
Questionnaires
ileliability
'
.
-
,
↳
.
of
quantitative
data this allows for
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correctly
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praises or rewards were
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→ The
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they
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based on sameness or
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with
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was taken
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away from
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76-6%1 collect
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961113185%7
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conclusion
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and different
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therefore symbolic representation
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,
to
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primates
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→ He was
to
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→ Pan Ots
Alex in an artificial
so
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and
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may
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and
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-
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means
weakness
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means it can 't be
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.
therefore
parrot
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apply
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to Real
Application
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However these
are
between anon primate animal
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Alex 's behavior was
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→
.
-
,
.
Savedra
q Silverman
Background
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→
.
they
Stoogewas
and the
.
→
→
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that the
tofind the
of paper
leather
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Stooge
an
electric chair
apparatus
the
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j
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.
.
→
→
47g
male accountant
to
strapped
The electric chair
was in a
room
separate
apaeatus
well to
that the
The experimenter
prevent movement
straps
explained
An electrode was attached to learner's wrist with
'
→
was a
.
.
punishment and lealuiio
about
a
participant picked up was
slip
so
rigged
The barrel was
roles It
.
-
Stooge
were
-
of occupations
Range
ad Were
Recruited from news
given 1-4-50
was
were told the
participants
study
He
introduced to the
The
-
-
Procedure
→
"
.
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:
,
diff
Germans are
given
to
did the participant
of
high
voltage
go
From New Haven
20-50
Prods
How
men
setting
NIA
/ Controlled
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them
figure
asking
authority
.
paste
a shock
-
They
were told
The shock
↳ It
that the electrode
was
attached to
generated30 buttons
consisted
of
Each switch was labelled with a
↳ The volts
15 V 450V
from
↳ Each switch increased with 15V increments
↳
hanged
upon depressing
↳
↳ An electric
a
-
light
button , a red
then
switched in the
appealed
buzzing
↳ the buttons were
↳ 15 V
voltage
'
↳ 75V
↳ 135V
-
-
.
:
:
-
↳ 195 V
.
following
120V slight
moderate
60 V
-
.
-
lsov :
240 V
:
strong
very
strong
300 V : intense
360 V : extreme
↳ 375 V
420V :
severe
:
V
V
435
450
XXX
↳
↳ 255V
↳ 315 V
-
-
-
-
danger intensity
generator
told that a shock could be
they
ant tissue
were
→
→
they
The
→
damage
.
painful
but not cause
pumen
-
sample
given
shock was
to the waist
applied
↳The shock was
45 V
always
↳The source was a 45V
attached to the shock
get
battery
a shock each time a
were told to
teacher
)
participant
give
was
were
shock
a
.
↳ the
response
giventhe
wrong had
to announce
level
voltage
They
the shock was
buttongiven
to do by
The Uae nee hadgiven
a pressing
paired associate task
→
→
→
a
.
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The
weed
head out a series
pails
→ Had to read out a
with 4 teems
word
→ The leather had to
which wold had been
paired
with the head out wold
1
→ this was done
the 4 switches
of
→
this lit
in the box
the
one
quadrants
up
→ Each inncollect answer received a shock
"
"
→ A
the
on was
prod
please
→
the
told the
asked whether
were
if
→
participant
of
along
single
identify
-
originally
.
by passing
of
.
.
participant refused
given if
go
the
.
.
following they
learning Although the shock
be
painful
There
real
may
permanent damage
participant
was
↳
suffering pain
is no
↳
So please
↳then
213
↳
on
goprods were
.
given if still befused
.
with
Preliminary
Given 10 words to read
were
7 were incorrect
eight
105 was
when the answer was incorrect
Voltage
of
given
mirror
the
behaviour was observed
participants
throughoe if they
way
the experiment ended if the
refused
participant
administered
450V.
→
↳
↳
3
.
↳
v
.
'
→
a
1
-
.
→
to 450V well labelled as obedient
went
participant who asked
to estimate how
the shocks were
were
painful
on a scale
of 0-14 then were also given a
→ The
participants well
→
A
up
Participants
They
were
↳
↳
↳
-
They
introduced
debriefedto
.
Stooge
study
participant would leave in
reduce
Results
questionnaire
.
to the
make the
so the
.
any
ethical
.
tensions between
a
state
of and
well-being
participant
Stooge
.
shocks
obedient and administered a full sound
people
of
→ 65%
were obedient and 35% well defiant
→ when the
experiment ended at 450V many of the participant
with
or shook their head in
"
→ Most
of the men showed
of extreme tension These included
→
2b
were
"
"
.
.
belief
↳
↳
signs
.
nervous
regret
tremble ↳ stutter
laughing
Aug rating of how painful
↳
→
sweat
sighed
,
↳
.
↳ bit
.
lip
↳
groan
:
-
↳ smiles
in
fled
fingernails
dig
-42114
sizeWes
full-blown
the shocks well 13
↳
Conclusions
→ Individuals
authority figure than
will be
given
people
they
destructively
experience
high level of
appeal more obedient
might expect
orders to act
When
are
to
we
.
→
anxiety
figure
authority
to
if
willing
.
follow
will
People
→
People
→
are
harm
Evaluation
strengths
Controlled observation in
if
others
is
lab environment meant that
control over the extraneous variables
and
the
appearance of the actor
↳
high
Stooge This agemeant
there was
it means
harming
on to someone
passed
responsibility
even
a
toe ex → the
a
.
playing
shock
of
administered
was not due to how
were to the
.
that the level
they
sympathetic
Stooges
check
easier deputation
45 V was the sample shock
for reliability Foe ex
knowing
makes it
another research team
to replicate
easy
by
↳ The actual
aim
was hidden so there was
of the
'
→
standardisation allows
for
to
→
.
.
study
demand characteristics
of
↳ Qualitative data
the Max
objective data Hee ex
gave
between the
) so
participants
comparisons
given
voltage
valid
were
↳ Qualitative data like observations and interviews
provided
the tension between
a
low risk
.
→
an
or
.
obeying
of
understanding
's own conscience
one
orders
snowed that
are
people
of
occupations
great range
the commands
to
of
prone
even obeying
their those with a professional
authority
if
figure
background
in
that puts them
position of power This
A
↳
an
a
.
makes the results and conclusions valid
Weakness
↳
Lacks
mundane realism
as
act
.
ofreal
shocking a strange if
task
pail wrong isn't a
life
they get a weed
lacks
because
were all
generous
they
ability be differences in levels
menstudy Newhaven There
from
may
of obedience in men and women
↳ the
.
.
Ethics
→
→
→
→
Informed
of the
consent
→
were mislead about the
Participants
consent
aim
of informed
the shocks
study
Deception withdraw
Reportedly deceived foe ex when
giving
verbal
so
lack
→
due to
plods
Lacking
weren't
harm
Even
distress
from
after
they
could 've
showing were
negative lasting impression
guilty
to
Right
protection
stopped
.
→
→
who
,
to Real
Application
life
an author alive
The experimental
uniform
appealed
wearing
to
the
need to dress
obedience
affect
Therefore
government
that
in an
-
→
.
authority figures
,
uniform
poteays
.
doing to ensureTherefore
soldiers
the task
Prods made sure the
participant kept
the
needs to have a set
→
government
orders
→
→
.
saying
correctlyto be autonomous and
challenge
Encourage
destructive
obedience
follow
soldiers
the participants were obedient under the pees nation
of
of
shows that
this
an
will follow
figure
dearly so if an actpeopletelloeism
orders
the authority
of
of
figures
authority
it 'll be
to
the
occurs it 'll be
to know
useful
useful
find
behind it to
stop others from committing
figure
authority
terrible acts
65%
-
,
-
show that
As the
will
destructive orders
people
obey
we can establish whistle
findings
from an
figure
authority
in
like
places
hospitals
policies
destructive orders
→
,
to
stop doctors
.
Individual vs situational
Situational
blowing
giving
-
out
.
This
the
went above 300 V as a Max
of
participants
voltage
to
could be due
to keep them
the situation of
prods
having
going
this level
volts
↳ All
.
of
the
the
of
participants
obeyed
authority figure
Thismajority
could
be the situation of
an
having authority
in
cab coat
↳ the
↳
figure
Milgram
.
watching
them
carried out a series of variations to his
to
one aspect at a time Lex
procedure
a situation that had the
isolate the
of
features
behaviour The
results do
impact on obedient
it
that
is
the
indicate that
of the situation
a
,
altering
.
original
-
Obedient behaviour
.
feature
setting
greatest
varying
affected
Individual
↳ All
This could be
went upto 300V as Max
participants
have which makes
due to a core
people
them obedient to a al tain
point
↳ Not all
to 450 V and were able to resist
went
up
situational
like the plods) which provides
pressures
that
can be a
↳
reactions (some
Different participants had
and some teen aimed calm -3 This is a
that is
to each person
, indiv dualistic
personality
voltage
-
.
participants
evidence
goatee influence
personality
different
panicked
feature
.
unique
therefore
.