Adverbial phrases of frequency, time and place now, first of all, beforehand soon, afterwards, later, next, then Form: Use: 1) Adverbs of frequency usually go at the beginning or the end of a sentence or clause. An adverbial phrase is a group of words which always go together. they describe where, when or Tomorrow, I’m going to the beach. how often something happens. I’m going to the beach tomorrow. Adverbial phrases of frequency describe how often something happens. First of all, we had a drink at a café. every morning, every afternoon We had a drink at a café first of all. every day – daily I’m going to the supermarket, and afterwards I’m going to the library. every week – weekly I’m going to the supermarket, and I’m going to the library afterwards. every month – monthly 2) It is more common to use then at the beginning of a sentence or clause. every year – annually Then we arrived at the castle. every Sunday – on Sundays – on Sunday afternoons I’m going to finish my work and then I’m going to have a drink. once a day It is more common to use soon and now at the end of a sentence. twice a day We’re going on holiday soon. three / four / five times a day I’m going home now. all the time Common mistakes Form: 1) 1) Adverbs of frequency often go in present simple sentences. I went yesterday to the zoo. I have toast for breakfast every day. zoo. We visit our grandparents twice a month. I’m going now to the bank. 2) Note that ‘on Saturday’ refers to one day. ‘On Saturdays’ means ‘every Saturday’. 2) Common mistakes use afterwards orbeforehand. 1) Some students write adverbs of frequency in the wrong place. I’ll be late to class tomorrow. I’m going to the doctors before. => We every day go the park. tomorrow. I’m going to the doctors beforehand. => We go to the park every => I went to the zoo yesterday. / Yesterday I went to the => I’m going to the bank now. You must use a noun after After and Before. Otherwise, I’m going to my English class and I’m going to the bar after. day. 2) Don’t use an adverb of time between the subject and the object of a sentence. => John goes swimming every day. _____________________________________________________________________ Use: Use adverbs and adverbial phrases of time to talk about when you do something. Adverbs of time include: today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday, tomorrow, nowadays => I’m going to my English class and I’m going to the bar afterwards. Some students use the plural form with every. John goes swimming every days. I’ll be late to class _____________________________________________________________________ Use: Use adverbs and adverbial phrases of place to talk about where something happens. Adverbs of place include: outside, inside, indoors, upstairs, downstairs (over) here, (over) there abroad, overseas Form: 1) Adverbs of frequency usually go after a verb. She lives abroad. Let’s go indoors. 2) Adverbs of frequency can also go after the object of the sentence. Rachel works in the office upstairs. Your bag is on the table over there. Adverbs - describing verbs Use: Adverbs can be used to describe verbs. They describe HOW you do something. Examples: She walks quickly; He sings nicely. Form: 1) You can make many adverbs by adding –ly to an adjective. slow -> slowly; loud -> loudly If an adjective ends in ‘y’, change it to an ‘i’. heavy -> heavily; funny -> funnily Add ‘ally’ to adjectives ending in ‘ic’. Physical -> physically; energetic -> energetically 2) Some adverbs are irregular, and do not end in ly. These include: good -> well She dances well. hard -> hard He works hard. fast -> fast He runs fast. late -> late He arrives late. 3a) Usually, the adverb goes after the verb it describes. She talks quietly NOT She quietly talks. He runs fast. NOT He fast runs. 3b) If the verb has a direct object WITHOUT A PREPOSITION the adverb should go after the object. You sang that song nicely. NOT You sang nicely that song. He did the job well. NOT He did well the job. 3c) If the verb is followed by a preposition and an object, you can put the adverb in different places. He quickly walked to the shop. He walked quickly to the shop. He walked to the shop quickly. 4) Adverbs are NOT used to describe the following verbs. These verbs use adjectives. Be I am quiet. NOT I am quietly. Seem It seems strange. NOT It seems strangely. Look That looks nice. NOT That looks nicely. Smell That smells good. NOT That smells well. Sound That sounds great. NOT That sounds greatly. Feel That feels funny. NOT That feels funnily. 5) Some words end in ‘ly’ but they are not adverbs. Friendly is an example. Friendly is an adjective. We can say ‘She is friendly’ but not ‘She talks friendly’. There is no adverb for friendly, but we can say ‘She talks in a friendly way’. Elderly and lonely are also adjectives, not adverbs.Kindly and early are adjectives and adverbs. be going to Use: Use be going to to talk about your personal plans for the future. I’m going to see my sister at the weekend. Are you going to marry Paul? Form: 1) The form of the positive and negative sentences and questions is shown below. Positive I am / ‘m you are / ‘re he / she / it is / ‘s we are / ‘re they are / ‘re going to verb (infinitive form) going to verb (infinitive form) going to verb (infinitive form) ? Negative I ‘m not you aren’t he / she / it isn’t OR we aren’t OR ‘re not they aren’t OR ‘re not OR ‘re not ‘s not Questions Am I Are you Is he / she / it Are we Are they 2) The short reply to a ‘be going to’ question is ‘Yes, I am’, ‘Yes, she is’ etc. You cannot contract Can / Could these short sentences. Yes, he’s. => Yes, he is. The short negative replies are: Use: No, I’m not. 1) Use can / can’t to talk about your abilities now. No, you’re not / No, you aren’t. I can speak English. I can’t speak German. Use could / couldn’t to talk about abilities in the past. No, he’s not / No he isn’t. No, she’s not / No she isn’t. No, it’s not / no it isn’t. No, we’re not / No, we aren’t. I could speak French when I was a child, but I can't now. No, they’re not / No, they aren’t. I couldn’t speak English when I was a child, but I can now. 2) Use can and could to make requests. Could is more polite. Common mistakes: Can you cook this evening please? 1) Some students forget to add the verb ’be’ before ‘going to’. Could you pass me the salt? Use can to reply to requests. I going to see my friends tonight. => I’m going to see my friends tonight. Can I sit here? 2) Some students forget to invert the subject and be in questions. => Sorry, you can’t. Yes, you can. Can you cook this evening please? => Yes, I can. Sorry, I can’t. DON’T use could in replies. What time you are going to leave? => What time are you going to leave? Could you lend me some money? Yes, I could. Yes, sure! Sorry, I can’t. => Form: 1) Can and could are the same for all persons. I can/could you can/could he / she / it we speak English speak English can/could can/could they speak English speak English can/could speak English. 2) The negative form of can is cannot, or can’t. The negative form of could is couldn’t. 3) There is always a verb after can and could, and the verb is always in the infinitive form(without to). Sally can help you. NOT Sally can helps you. / Sally can to help you. 4) Make questions by inverting can and the subject. I can see you this afternoon. You could help me. => => Can I see you this afternoon? Could you help me? 5) Use can/can’t and could/couldn’t in short answers. Can your brother swim? Could you do the test? => => Yes, he can. No, he can’t. Comparatives Yes, I could. No, I couldn’t. Common mistakes: Use: 1) Some students make questions incorrectly. You can speak English? => I could sit here? Could I sit here? => Can you speak English? Use the comparative form to talk about how two things are different. I am taller than you. This book is thicker than that one. Form: 1) If an adjective has one syllable, add er to the end. If it ends in e already, just add r. tall => taller nice => nicer thick => thicker late => later 2) If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, write the consonant again, then writeer. But never write a w twice. big => bigger new => newer (NOT newwer) thin => thinner slow => slower (NOT slowwer) slim => slimmer My brother is thinner than me. 3) If an adjective has two syllables and ends in y, change the y to i and add er. funny => funnier silly => sillier Which of these books is funnier? 5) Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms. These are listed below. good => better bad => worse far => further Add than after a comparative adjective to compare one thing with another. However, this is not always necessary. My house is smaller than yours. My house is smaller than yours. Definite and indefinite articles Common mistakes: 1) Some students use the when they talk about things in general. Use: I love the romantic films! => I love romantic films! 1) Use a before a singular noun. I've got a brother and a sister. Use an if the noun begins with a vowel. I've got an aunt in Texas. 2) Use plural nouns or uncountable nouns to talk about things in general. Don't use an article here. I like cats. Dolphins are very intelligent. Crime is increasing. 3) Use the to talk about one particular thing, or a particular group of things. Books are interesting. The book on the table is interesting. Children are noisy. The children in this class are noisy. 4) Use a to introduce a new thing or person. Use the when you already know this person or thing. There is a restaurant near my house. The restaurant serves good food. 5) Use the when there is only one of these things. The moon is very big tonight. My dad is the only doctor in our village. Joe is the best student in the class. 6) Use the when there are many things, but it is clear which one you mean. Let's go to the pub! We need to go to the supermarket. 7) Most 'general' nouns do not use an article. Life is not the same as it used to be NOT: The life… Health is important to everyone. NOT: The health… We're worried about pollution. NOT: The pollution… But some general nouns use the: the environment People are increasingly worried about the environment. the weather What's the weather like today? the countryside I love walking in the countryside. the sea / ocean I'd love to live near the sea. the radio There's an interesting programme on the radio. the theatre / cinema We went to the theatre last night. the economy The economy is affecting everyone. 2) Some students use singular nouns without a or the. I want book about the weather. => I want a book about the weather. 3) Some students use the when they talk about things in general. I want the book about the weather. => I want a book about the weather. First Conditional Gerunds and Infinitives Use: The first conditional structure is used to talk about something which will or may happen in the future as a result of something else. 1) A gerund is a verb in its –ing form, used as a noun. Example: If it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay at home. For example: Form: eating, going, seeing Gerunds are used: Make the first conditional in this way. If When Use: I you he she... a) As the subject of a sentence. present simple , will / won’t verb might / might (infinitive not form) I you he she... Smoking is bad for you. b) After some verbs, such as: like, hate, enjoy, quit, suggest, dislike, deny I like cooking. I enjoy fishing. A good learner’s dictionary will tell you whether a verb is followed by a gerund or not. Examples: If I see Tom, I will tell him the news. When you visit, we might go to the park. c) After prepositions. Or I will / won’t you might / might he not she... verb if I (infinitive form) when you he she... present simple Examples: She’ll be late if she doesn’t hurry up. You might not pass your exams if you watch television all the time. Common Mistakes: I’m interested in buying a computer. I’m scared of walking alone in the dark. 2) The infinitive form of the verb is the original verb. It can be with or without ‘to’. For example: (to) eat, (to) go, (to) see. The infinitive form is used: a) After some verbs, such as; agree, arrange, ask, promise, decide, afford I agreed to do the work. I arranged to see the doctor, They decided to get married. A good learner’s dictionary will tell you whether a verb is followed by an infinitive or not. 1) Don’t use will or might directly after will or might. If I will arrive first, I’ll make lunch. => If I arrive first, I’ll make lunch. b) To show the reason why you did something. 2) Always use an infinitive verb after will and might. Tony went to the post office to pay a bill. I might to go out tonight, if I’m not too tired. c) After adjectives. => I might go out tonight if I’m not too tired. I was surprised to see Erica. I’m pleased to meet you. 3 a) Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive with NO CHANGE in meaning: For example: start, begin, hate, like, prefer, continue She started to cry = She started crying. I hate watching horror films = I hate to watch horror films. b) Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or a infinitive, but there is a change in meaning. For example: try, remember, stop I tried to get into the house. (Getting into the house is your goal or objective). I tried climbing through the window. (Climbing through the window is one thing you tried Have to in order to obtain your final objective.) I stopped cleaning the windows. (I was cleaning the windows and then I stopped). I stopped to clean the windows. (I was driving, and I stopped driving in order to clean the windows). Use: Use have to to talk about something you must do. I have to start work at eight. I remembered to lock the door. (I remembered, and after that I locked the door). I remember locking the door. (I remember (now) that I locked the door (in the past)). Use don’t have to to talk about something that is not necessary. You don’t have to work tomorrow, it’s Saturday. Form: The positive, negative and question forms are shown in the table. Positive have to I, you, we, they verb (infinitive form) (go, sleep, work) he / she / it has to Negative I, you, we, they don’t he / she / it doesn’t have to verb (infinitive form) (go, sleep, work) Question I, you, we, they Do have to verb (infinitive form) ? (go, sleep, work) Does he / she / it Common mistakes 1) Some students think that don’t have to means must not, but this is not correct. You don’t have to use your mobile phone in class. → You mustn’t use your mobile phone in class. 2) Some students use haven’t / hasn’t to make negative sentences and questions. My sister hasn’t to work today. Have you to leave now? now? → My sister doesn’t have to work today. → Do you have to leave How questions Imperative Forms Use: Use: Use How to get information about numbers and quantities. Use the imperative form to give instructions, orders and warnings. You can use it to find out about age, size, length, cost and much more. Must is often used in signs and notices to give instructions. Form: Form: 1) Dimensions 1) Use How big to find out about size. Do not use a subject when giving orders. You wash your hands. => Wash your hands. How big is your car? Use How long to find out about length, and How wide to ask about width. Always use the infinitive form of the verb, without to. How long is the River Nile? How wide is it? To sit down please. Use the words long and wide in your answers to make them clear. Use Don’t to make the negative form. It’s a hundred miles long. It’s a mile wide. Don’t sit there! 2) 2) Age => Sit down please. Written instructions on signs often use Do not, not Don’t. Use How old to find out about age. Do not cross this line. How old is your sister? 3) You can reply: ‘She’s ten’ or ‘She’s ten years old’ NOT ‘She’s ten years’. this is usually only done in spoken English. 3) First you put the mixture into a bowl, and then you add two eggs. Then you whisk it. Time Also use How long to ask about time. How long is the film? How long does it take to get there? 4) 4) It’s about two hours long. When giving instructions to a friend, you can soften the order by using ‘you’. However, Some written signs use Must / Must not. All visitors must wear a badge. About three hours. Quantity Passengers must not talk to the driver. Notice how plural nouns (visitors / passengers) are generally used in signs. Use How much to ask about cost. Also use How much with uncountable nouns. Common mistakes: Remember to put any uncountable nouns directly after ‘much’. 1) How much is this bag? Don’t to go in that door. How much money do you have? NOT How much do you have money? Use How many to ask about countable nouns. Remember to put any countable nouns directly after ‘many’. How many people are coming? NOT How many are coming people? How many questions often use the word there. How many people are there in your class? class? NOT How many people are in your Some students use to after Don’t / Must => Don’t go in that door. Inseparable phrasal verbs 3) Some phrasal verbs contain three words and an object. look up to someone = respect someone I look up to my teachers. Use: look forward to something = be excited about (a future event) Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and one or more prepositions. They are often used, especially in I’m looking forward to the party. informal spoken English. The meaning of phrasal verbs is often completely different from the get on with someone = be good friends with someone meaning of the verb alone. I don’t get on with Karen. Form: get on with something = continue doing something 1) Some phrasal verbs never use an object. Please be quiet and get on with your work. get up = get out of bed put up with something = tolerate I get up at seven o’clock every morning. I can’t put up with that noise any longer! take off = leave the ground The plane took off on time. look out = beware! be careful! Look out! That car is going to hit you! get on = be good friends My dad and my brother don’t get on. break down = stop working (for vehicles) Our car broke down on the way home from Scotland. make up = become friends again after an argument The kids often fight but they always make up afterwards. 2) Some phrasal verbs need an object. get on / off something = exit transport Get off the bus at the next stop. look after someone / something = take care of someone / something Please can you look after our cats while we’re on holiday? see to something = do, arrange, prepare, organise Don’t worry about dinner. I’ll see to it. look into something = investigate There has been a burglary at the school. Police are looking into it. get to = arrive at When you get to the end of the street, turn right. KET (A2) Grammar topics Past continuous These are topics you need to study to pass an exam at A2 level, such as Cambridge English Use: KET: 1) Use the past to ‘set the scene’ of a story before describing what happened. ‘It was raining. I was walking in the park. Some kids were playing football nearby. Adjectives – comparative, – use of than and definite article Adjectives – superlative – use of definite article Suddenly…’ Adverbial phrases of time, place and frequency – including word order 2) Use the past continuous to talk about an action which happened for some time in the past and Adverbs of frequency was then interrupted. Use the past simple tense to talk about the interruption. Articles – with countable and uncountable nouns Countables and Uncountables: much/many I was cooking dinner when suddenly there was a knock at the door. 3) Use the past continuous to talk about events that were in progress at a certain time. Gerunds Going to Imperatives Modals – can/could Modals – have to Modals – should At 5 o’clock yesterday afternoon, I was driving home from work. Note the difference in meaning: When James got home, I cooked dinner:- I started cooking AFTER he got home. When James got home, I was cooking dinner: - I started cooking BEFORE he got home. Form: Positive Past continuous Past simple Phrasal verbs – common I was You were He / She / It was We / They were verb+ing Possessives – use of ‘s, s’ Prepositional phrases (place, time and movement) Prepositions of time: on/in/at Present continuous Present continuous for future Negative Present perfect How Questions I wasn’t Verb + ing/infinitive: like/ You weren’t He / She / It wasn’t We / They weren’t verb+ing want-would like Wh-questions in past Will / won't Zero and 1st conditional Question Was Were I you verb+ing ? Was he / she / it Were we / they Past simple Use: Use the past simple to talk about finished events in the past. Use it to tell stories, jokes and Spelling Rules: anecdotes. If a verb ends in e, delete the e before you add –ing. Form: have =>I was having lunch. 1) If a verb ends in one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant (except w and y). want => wanted get =>He was just getting up. start => started play =>We were playing. If a verb ends in e, just add d (liked, hoped). Many past tense verbs are formed by adding -ed to the end of the verb. Common mistakes If a verb ends in y, delete y and add ied (studied, carried). But don’t do this if the verb ends in 1) Some students remember the verb be but forget ‘ing’. avowel + y (played, NOT plaied. stayed, NOT staied) I was watch television. =>I was watching television. But a lot of past tense verbs are irregular. You need to learn each one separately. Here are some 2) Some students make spelling mistakes. examples. I was studing. =>I was studying. We were eatting =>We were eating. have => had make => take => took sit => sat get => got feel => felt made Past simple verbs are the same for all persons. I went; you went; he went; she went; they went; we went... 2) Form negatives this way: I, you, he , she, we, they... didn’t infinitive verb know, see, go Don’t use the past verb in negative sentences. I didn’t had dinner. => I didn’t have dinner. 3) Form questions this way: I, you, he , she, we, they... Did infinitive verb know, see, go Common mistakes: Some students use the past verb in questions. Did you saw the film? => Did you see the film? Present continuous Common mistakes 1) Some students forget the verb be. I watching television. Use: She not coming. 1) Use the present continuous to talk about actions which are happening now. 2) Ellen is having a bath at the moment. 3) Form: I am / ‘m You are / ‘re He / She / It is / ‘s We / They are / ‘re verb+ing Negative I ‘m not You aren’t / ‘re not He / She / It isn’t / ‘s not We / They aren’t / ‘re not verb+ing Question I Am Are you Is he / she / it Are we / they Spelling Rules: If a verb ends in e, delete the e before you add –ing. come => I’m coming. have => He’s having lunch. verb+ing => Is she working? Some students make spelling mistakes. I’m studing law. => Positive I’m watching television. She’s not coming. Some students make questions incorrectly. She is working? Right now, Mark is talking to her manager. => => I’m studying law. Present Continuous for Future Present Perfect Use: Use: The present perfect is used for several reasons: The present continuous tense has two uses: 1) Use it to describe events that happened in the past and are still true now because you can see 1) Use it to describe what is happening at the moment. the result. I’ve broken my leg! ‘Where’s dad?’ David has painted his house. ‘He’s watching TV in the living room’. 2) Use it to describe plans and arrangements in the future. 2) Use it to describe experiences in your life. I’ve been to New York three times in my life. ‘Tom is arriving on the three o’clock train tomorrow’. Form: However, you cannot use the present perfect to describe experiences in someone’s life if that Make the present continuous in this way. person has died. Michael Jackson performed in Britain many times. Positive I am / ‘m you / they / we are / ‘re he / she / it is / ‘s NOT verb-ing Michael Jackson has performed in Britain many times. 3) Use it to describe events that started in the past and are still happening now. I’ve lived here all my life (and I live here now). John has worked here for 10 years (and he works here now). Examples: I’m going / He’s going / We’re going to Spain next week. Never refer to a finished time with a present perfect verb. Negative I ‘m not you / they / we aren’t / ‘re not Make the present perfect in this way. he / she / it isn’t / ‘s not Positive verb-ing Examples: I’m not going / You’re not going / She isn’t going to the meeting. Questions Are Is Form: I / you / they / we he / she / it you / they / we verb-ing? he / she / it Examples: past participle has / ‘s I’ve seen him; they’ve gone; she’s taken my bag. Negative Examples: Are you coming / Is James coming to the party? I / you / they / we Common Mistakes: 1) Some students use will to talk about future plans. However, present continuous is the correct tense to use. I’ll visit my cousin in Paris this weekend. have / ‘ve he / she / it Examples: => I’m visiting my cousin in Paris this weekend. haven’t / ‘ve not past participle hasn’t / ‘s not I haven’t seen him; they haven’t gone yet; she’s not been here. Questions Have you / they / we past participle? Has Examples: Separable phrasal verbs he / she / it Have you seen him? Has she taken my bag? Use: Common mistakes: 1) Don’t use the present perfect to refer to a finished time. Separable phrasal verbs consist of two parts. They always require an object. I’ve hurt my arm yesterday. They are often used, especially in informal spoken English. The meaning of phrasal verbs is often John’s been to New York last month. => => I’ve hurt my arm. John’s been to New York. completely different from the meaning of the verb alone. Form: 1) The object of a phrasal verb can go either between the verb and the preposition or after the preposition. I handed in my homework. I handed my homework in. 2) If the object of the sentence is a pronoun, it must go between the two parts of the phrasal verb. I handed it in NOT I handed in it. Examples: Some common separable phrasal verbs: pick someone/something up = collect Please can you pick me up from the station? drop someone/something off = take and leave/ deposit I dropped John off outside his school. throw away = discard I threw all my old school papers away. write down = note I wrote Sally’s phone number down on a piece of paper. make up = invent Henry likes to make stories up about dinosaurs. take back = return This shirt is too small. I’m going to take it back to the shop. let down = disappoint James studied hard because he didn’t want to let his parents down. turn down = reject The company offered me a job, but I turned it down. wash up = wash (dishes) Can you wash your plates up please? take off = remove (clothes) Please take off your shoes before you come inside. put on = dress in (clothes) Should and Ought to You’ll need to put a coat on. It’s cold. turn up / down = increase / decrease volume/ temperature Can you turn the music down please? It’s very loud. Use: try on = wear and test (clothes) Use Should and Ought to give advice. Please can I try on these trousers? Examples: give up = stop doing something. You ought to find a new job. She smokes a lot, but she wants to give it up. Form: take up = start doing something (a new hobby) Should I’ve decided to take up running. Should is a modal verb, like can and will, so it follows the same rules. You should see a doctor. 1) Do not add ‘s’ to the third person singular. He should buy a new car. NOT He should buys a new car. 2) To form a negative, add not / n’t after should. You shouldn’t do that! 3) To form questions, invert should and the subject. What time should we arrive? 4) Should is always followed by a verb in the infinitive form. I should to go. =>I should go. 5) You can also use should in the continuous form. Use should + be + verb-ing. Why are you watching TV? You should be working! Ought Ought is a semi-modal verb. It is similar to should in some ways: 1) Do not add ‘s’ to the third person singular. He oughts to buy a new car. => He ought to buy a new car. 2) To form a negative, add not / n’t after ought. You ought not to do that! However, ought is not often used in negative sentences 3) To form questions, invert ought and the subject. What time ought we to arrive? However, ought is not often used in questions. Ought is different to should because: 1) Ought is always followed by to + a verb in the infinitive form. I ought go. =>I ought to go. some / any / much / many I haven’t got some brothers or sisters. → Do you have some brothers or sisters? → Some and any Use: Use some before plural nouns or uncountable nouns. There are some children in the street. There is some money in my pocket. Use any, not some, in negative sentences and questions. There aren’t any children in the street. There isn’t any money in my pocket. Are there any children in the street? Is there any money in your pocket? However, Some is possible in offers and requests. Please can I have some chocolate? Would you like some tea? Much and Many Use: Use many in negative sentences and questions. We don’t often use it in positive sentences, especially in informal situations. We use a lot of / lots of. Use many with plural nouns. Are there many Chinese students in your class? I haven’t got many CDs. There are many cars on the road today. → There are a lot of cars on the road today. However, we can use Many of Not Many before the subject of the sentence. Many people think that trains are too expensive. Not many people know that you can get free coffee here! We use much in negative sentences and questions with uncountable nouns. We don’t often use it in positive sentences. We say a lot of / lots of. Have you got much money with you? I haven’t got much money with me. I have much money. → I have a lot of money. Common mistakes 1) Some students use many with uncountable nouns. I don’t have many money. 2) → I don’t have much money. Some students use some in negative sentences and questions. I haven’t got any brothers or sisters. Do you have any brothers or sisters? Subject and object questions When classroom? are / were we / you / they / my keys? these / those? Use: at the party / in the Some questions ask about the object of a sentence. Who did you see? => classroom? I saw Helen. Helen is the object of the sentence. Who saw you?=> Who is it? When was it? Where was my bag? Who was at the party? Nobody saw me. Where are my keys? What are those? Nobody is the subject of the sentence. 3)Use (Question word) + auxiliary verb before a subject + verb Subject and Object questions have different structures. Question word auxiliary verb Subject Form: doing seeing Where is / are was / were you going eating Who do / does he do see What did she go eat do see go eat Subject Questions 1)To be Use to be before a subject + nouns, adjective or place. to be Subject Is / Was he / she / it / Tom When Why we / you / they / your parents can / could we a teacher / a student? will / would happy / cold / tired / ready? should at the party / in the have / has done saw classroom? had gone eaten here / there? Are / Were it they Where are you going? Who did you see? What did you do? When will we go? Why have they teachers / students? gone? happy / cold / tired / ready? Object Questions at the party / in the classroom? 1)Object questions have no subject in the question. Any present / past simple verbs should go in here / there? the past / present simple tense, not the infinitive form. Is Tom a teacher? Is it cold? Was he at the party? Is she here? Are you students? Were you tired? Are they in the classroom? Were you parents there? 2)Use Question word + to be before nouns, pronouns, places and this / that. Question word Where Only What and Who can be used in this kind of question. Question word verb object Who likes / needs / wants me / you / him / her / us / them? is following / calling the film? be is / was saw / called he / she / it / my bag? Who this / that? What at the party / in the What happened (to me / you / him / her / us / them?) Superlatives is happening (to Use: Who likes me? What happened to you? Use the superlative form to describe something that is greater than any other thing. In the present tense, always use the third person singular form of the verb. The Amazon is the longest river in the world. Helen is the most intelligent student in the class. What happens next? NOT What happen next? Common mistakes: 1) Some students use an auxiliary verb in an subject question. What did happen? => What happened? Who did meet you at the station?=> Form: 1) Write the before all superlatives. 2) If an adjective is short and has one syllable, add est to the end. If it ends in e already, just add st. Who met you at the station? tall thick 2) => => the tallest the thickest nice late => => the nicest the latest If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, write the consonant again, then write est. But never write a w twice. big => the biggest thin => the thinnest slim => the slimmest new => the newest(NOT newwest) slow => the slowest(NOT slowwest) The biggest cat in the world is the lion. 3) If an adjective has two syllables and ends in y, change the y to i and add est. funny => the funniest silly => the silliest It’s the silliest film I’ve ever seen! 4) For other adjectives with two or more syllables, DON’T add est. Write most before the adjective. interesting => the most interesting surprising => the most surprising It’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read. 5) 6) Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms. These are listed below. good => the best bad => the worst far => the furthest a) In is often (but not always) used after a superlative adjective to describe where this statement is true. London is the biggest city in England. Uncountable Nouns Everest is the highest mountain in the world. My brother is the tallest person in my family. Use: Some nouns are countable – you can count them. These include: apples, books, cars, trees Some nouns are uncountable – you cannot count them. These include: water, oil, rice, fruit, bread, information, money Uncountable nouns have different grammar rules from countable nouns. countable singular nouns countable plural nouns uncountable nouns e.g. apple e.g. apples e.g. fruit Singular countable nouns Plural countable nouns do not Uncountable nouns do not always need a determiner: need a determiner. need a determiner. a, this, that, my, the etc. I like apples. I like fruit. Look at that cat! Dogs are friendly. But they can use singular Can I have an apple? But they can be used with determiners: Is this your bag? determiners: This fruit is nice. Where are my shoes? Are those pens yours? You can count countable You cannot count nouns. uncountable nouns. Can I have five apples Can I have five breads please? please? Use singular verbs and Use plural verbs and Use singular verbs and determiners. determiners. determiners. This apple is nice. These apples are nice. This bread is nice. Some determiners can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. some, a lot of, lots of, loads of, plenty of, any We’ve got some potatoes. We need some bread. will / won’t We don’t have any potatoes. We don’t have any bread. Some determiners can only Some determiners can only be used with countable nouns: be used with uncountable Use: Will and won’t are used to talk about the future. Will is positive and won’t is negative. several, various, a few, nouns: I will be late tomorrow. many much, a bit of, a little John won’t be at the party next Saturday. Use will and won’t to: a) Make predictions. In the year 2050, people will live under the sea. b) Make an offer or promise. I’ll buy you a drink. John will help you with that box. c) Make a decision about the future at the same time as you speak. Sorry, we don’t have any tea. That’s OK, I’ll have coffee. Form: 1) Will is the same for all persons. I will go, you will go, he / she will go, we will go, they will go. 2) Always write a verb in the infinitive form after will. You will happy when you hear the news. => You will be happy when you hear the news. 3) You can contract will to ‘ll for pronouns. I’ll buy it. We’ll be late. He’ll be take today. They’ll be delighted. But don’t contract will with names. Mark’ll be late. => Mark will be late. 4) To write questions, write will before the subject. Will you buy me a drink? Will Tom get the job? 5) The short answer for Will questions is: Yes, I/you/he/she/he/they/we will No, I/you/he/she/he/they/we won’t. Do not contract will in short answers. Will John be late? Would like/ like Yes, he’ll.=> Yes, he will. Common mistakes: 1) Some students forget to write will before the subject in questions. Use: You will be late? => Will you be late? 1) 2) Many students use will to talk about their plans. But you should use going to or the present You can use it in sentences and questions. continuous. I’d like a biscuit. I will meet my friends on Friday. => I’m meeting my friends on Saturday. Would you like some tea? I’m going to meet my friends on Saturday. 2) Would like means want, but it is more polite. You can also use it to talk about your dreams and ambitions. I’d like to go to Japan. I wouldn’t like to live here! You can also use I’d love and I’d hate to talk about dreams. I’d hate to live in the countryside. I’d love to work with Simon. Form: 1) Would like is the same for all persons. I would like some tea. You would like some tea. He / she / James would like some tea. We would like some tea. They / our clients would like some tea. 2) To make questions, invert the subject and would. Would you / James / your clients like some tea? 3) Use wouldn’t to make the negative form. I wouldn’t like to work there. 4) Would like can be followed by a noun or to + verb. noun: Would you like a biscuit? verb: Would you like to go to Malaysia? 5) In positive sentences, you can contract would to ‘d. I would like to go to the USA. => I’d like to go to the USA. But NOT in negative sentences: I’dn’t like to work in a factory. => And NOT in short answers: Would you like to have a horse? Yes, I’d. => Yes, I would. I wouldn’t like to work in a factory. 6) Be careful not to confuse would like and like. Zero Conditional Use like to talk about things you like all the time. I like chocolate cake. It’s my favourite food. Use: Use would like to talk about things you want now, or at some time in the future. The first conditional structure is used to talk about something which is always true. It always I’d like a cup of coffee please. happens, on the condition that something else happens. I’d like to work in a chocolate factory. Example: If it rains a lot, our garden floods. Form: 1. Make the first conditional in this way. If When Unless I you he she... Examples: present simple , I you he she... present simple If you fly on a budget airline, you have to buy your own drinks. When we visit Geoff, he always cooks us a roast dinner. Or I present simple you he she... Examples: if when unless I you he she... present simple You have to buy your own drinks if you fly on a budget airline. Geoff always cooks us a roast dinner when we visit him. 2. You can also form the zero conditional with the imperative form. If you have a membership card, enter through the door on the left. Enter through the door on the left if you have a membership card. 3. You can also form the zero conditional using a modal verb. If the alarm goes off, we should leave the building. If it’s rainy and sunny at the same time, you can often see a rainbow. 4. Different tenses can be used in the If / When (‘condition’) clause. However, only the present simple, a modal or imperative form can be used in the ‘result’ clause. If we’ve finished all our work, we can leave early. If people are getting enough exercise, they usually feel better emotionally as well as physically.
