•
ETHICS - (PHILOSOPHY)
ETHOS
/ ETHICOS - meaning character
PROMOTE GOOD IN HUMANS,
ANIMALS & ENVIRONMENT.
MORES - custom
•
ETHICS
•
•
•
•
•
Why of good & bad
External
Objective
•
Rules / Norms (*not all norms are moral
)
Society
•
•
•
•
SUPPORT OUR CASE /
ARGUMENT.
•
MENTAL PROBLEMS.
Internal
Practice of ethics
Subjective
Principle / Value
Individual / Self
Constant
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MORAL STAND
It is a moral standard when it
deals with serious wrong /
injuries or significant benefit of
humans, animals, environment.
2. Ought to be preferred over
1.
other values.
Not established by authority,
lies on reasoning.
4. Has a trait of universalizability.
5. Based on impartial
consideration.
6. Associated w/ special emotions
& vocabulary.
RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY
3.
- Respect the decision of other people.
- Decision is based on rational mind.
⮚
BENEFICENCE
- Everyone has the obligation to do
good.
- Must perform an act that is for the
t he
good of everyone.
- All actions must be good.
⮚
NON - MALEFICENCE
- Avoid harm.
⮚
JUSTICE
- Obligation to provide others what
they deserve / need.
NON MORAL STANDARDS :
⮚
RIGHTS
•
Ethics provide freedom due to the
norms that gives us our rights. (ex.
studying)
MORAL STANDARDS
⮚
Everyone has to follow.
WHAT IS A MORAL STANDARD?
⮚
⮚
Norms that an individual / group have
about the kind of actions they believe
to be morally right or wrong.
A virtue replaced to what we believe is
morally good or bad.
No ethical consideration.
IMPORTANCE OF MORALITY :
✓
Protects humans by regulating
behaviors. (set boundaries.)
✓
Guarantees everyone to have sense of
freedom and certain rights.
Produce sense of justice.
Healthy economic system.
FREEDOM
•
COMES FROM THE MIND OF
SOMEONE REASONABLE W/ NO
4 PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS :
⮚
THE VALIDITY OF WHAT IS
GOOD AND BAD COMES FROM
REASONING / ON HOW WE
Changing
•
Only moral bearing
MORALITY
•
MORAL STANDARDS ALSO
DEALS WITH BAD IN HUMANS,
ANIMALS AND ENVIRONMENT.
•
•
MORAL STANDARDS USUALLY
✓
✓
NORMS OF MORALITY :
(LAW AND CONSCIENCE)
LAW
•
•
Objective norm
Established
THREE TYPES OF LAW:
ETERNAL LAW
⮚
Divine reason
⮚
⮚
Will of God / by creator
⮚
⮚
According to St. Thomas : " Eternal law
is the exemplar of divine wisdom as it
directs all actions and wisdom."
Universal
Gives us a sense of reason
FORMATION OF CONSCIENCE :
✓
✓
✓
NATURAL LAW
⮚
Universal
⮚
⮚
Within human
Obligatory
⮚
Recognizable
Unchangeable
⮚
CONTENT OF NATURAL LAW:
•
•
⮚
⮚
⮚
- What we ought to be as a person.
⮚
Knowledge (will)
MATERIAL NORM
- What kind of actions we ought to
⮚
Reason
⮚
perform.
⮚
Voluntary
examples : looking /listening
Are formulated by humans, designated
by society or state.
Supplement provision in the natural
law.
Dependent on community.
CONSCIENCE
•
⮚
Freewill
Actual human acts
Psychological
Choices
1. Human law accordance w/ Eternal law.
2. Human law accordance w/ Natural law.
3. Human law must promote common
good.
4. Human law must have universal
character.
•
⮚
⮚
PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LAW :
•
properly.
HUMAN ACT VS. ACT OF MAN
HUMAN ACT
FORMAL NORM
- Related to the character of a person.
HUMAN ( POSITIVE ) LAW
⮚ CHURCH LAW & STATE LAW
⮚
✓
Study, search for the truth. (
Right/Wrong)
Cultivate Good habits.
Mitigate, Condemn, Fight against doing
bad habits.
One must learn how to use freedom
ACT OF MAN
⮚
Involuntary
⮚
⮚
Physiological
Animal Related
⮚
Instinct
⮚
examples : hearing / seeing
MORAL DETERMINANCE OF HUMAN ACT :
1. OBJECT OF THE ACT
- What is the action performed.
- An action is good when it is
inconformity with reason.
-*REASONING AGE :
- CHURCH : 12
-LAW : 18
2. CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE ACT
- Refers to the event, occassion,
condition when the action was done.
- Reason why the action was done.
- Either increases / decreases the
morality of the act. However, it will not
change the specific nature of the act.
To know (w/ knowledge)
Practical judgement of reason deciding
upon an individual's action as good/bad
According to St. Augustine: " Conscience
is an inner voice of God in men."
KINDS OF CONSCIENCE :
Right Conscience (TRUE)
Erroneous Conscience (FALSE)
Certain Conscience
3. THE INTENTION
- Motive of the agent when he/she
performed the act.
- Purpose of doing the act.
- Does not change the value of the act.
⮚
Doubtful Conscience
Lax Conscience
✓
⮚
Scrupulous Conscience
⮚
⮚
⮚
⮚
⮚
⮚
Anticedent
Consequent
THE ACTION CAN ONLY BE
DETERMINED GOOD OR BAD IF IT'S A
HUMAN ACT.
✓
✓
ACT OF MAN CANNOT BE DETERMINED
TO BE GOOD OR BAD DUE TO LACK OF
•
MORALITY. (because it is automatic.
automatic.))
PURE & ABSOLUTE DILEMMA
- Situation that is present involve a
EVEN IF THE ACTION IS GOOD, ACTION
conflict of ethical/moral
ethical/moral principle.
IS STILL CORRUPTED BECAUSE OF EVIL
✓
TYPES OF DILEMMA:
•
INTENTION.
GOOD INTENTION WITH WRONG
- Conflict between values, laws, &
policies.
ACTION MAY DIMINISH IT'S
WRONGNESS, BUT CANNOT FULLY
REMOVE THE ACT.
✓
APPROXIMATE DILEMMA
- When the situation requires a decision
.
HOW TO RESOLVE DILEMMAS:
ACTION ITSELF HAS ITS OWN
✓
CONSULT COMPANY CODE OF ETHICS
GOODNESS AND BADNESS DEPENDING
✓
SHARE DILEMMA TO BOSS
ON THE EVALUATION OF REASON.
✓
TALK TO COLLEAGUES, FRIENDS
✓
READ PAST NEWS OR ACTIVITIES THAT
*MORALITY IS NOT LEGALITY*.
MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACT :
⮚ IGNORANCE - absence of knowledge
⮚ CONCUPICENCE - action performed out
TALKS ABOUT YOUR DILEMMA
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
of passion.
(6 STAGES, 3 LEVELS)
⮚
FEAR
LEVEL 1: PRECONVENTIONAL MORAL
⮚
VIOLENCE - no sense of freedom,
DEVELOPMENT
⮚
performs act against will
HABITS - done repeatedly and
frequently
⮚
STAGE 1 : OBEDIENCE & PUNISHMENT
ORIENTATION
⮚
MORAL DILEMMA
FEATURES OF MORAL DILEMMA:
1. In moral dilemma, the agent is required
⮚
According to Kohlberg
Self centered, self serving
What the self can gain
⮚
REWARD IS NOT ALWAYS WHAT YOU
to do the action.
2. There are diff. course of action that the
agent have to choose from but the
agent can only do one. Not both or all.
3. Whatever action the agent performs,
he/she was able to compromise /
⮚
WANT.
STAGE 2 : INDIVIDUALISM / PLEASURE
transgress a certain moral principle.
⮚
⮚
LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA:
⮚ PERSONAL DILEMMA - Individual
⮚
⮚
SEEKING
⮚
⮚
⮚
Reciprocity
Self interest
When an action is not reciprocated, we
tend to think that it's wrong.
RECIPROCITY - reward is something you
really aspire.
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL MORAL
dilemma, subjective.
DEVELOPMENT (more concerned w/ what
ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA -
others will tell them)
individual but related to a certain
course, association, organization,
profession.
STRUCTURAL DILEMMA - involves not
an individual, but an institution, group,
department,
departmen
t, or multiple institutions.
- multi-sectiona
multi-sectional.
l.
- other sector outside your sector.
⮚
STAGE 3 : GOOD BOY, NICE GIRL
⮚
When the people around you applauds
you, action is good.
⮚
STAGE 4 : AUTHORITY / LAW & ORDER
SOCIAL ORIENTATION
⮚
If the action is against the law, it is bad.
If action is in accordance with the law, it
is good.
⮚
85% of population commonly reaches
this level of morality.
LEVEL 3:POST CONVENTIONAL MORAL
ADVANTAGES OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM AS
DEVELOPMENT
BASIS OF MORALITY :
⮚
Own judgment.
We think about the action itself.
⮚
STAGE 5 : SOCIAL CONTRACT
⮚
ORIENTATION
⮚
⮚
⮚
⮚
⮚
⮚
⮚
No judgment of of other people's
WEAKNESSES OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM :
1. Discourages critical thinking
2. Does not promote tolerance (nothing to
wrongdoings.
be tolerated because all of the options
Still recognize the minority.
are considered good.)
Cannot recognize right/wrong based
3. Self defeating (because it says that
only on the doings of majority.
there is no absolute truth but is
Recognizes social contract but respects
promoting absolutism - (all have to
minority rights.
FILIPINO
follow moral code.) (everything is
STAGE 6 : UNIVERSAL ETHICAL
MORALITY
relative)
PRINCIPLES
KAPWA
Basis of action is ethical principles.
Value human life & dignity.
•
Western - OTHERS
MORAL RELATIVISM
•
1. Teaches us not to be judgemental/
2. teaches us to be open minded.
3. Tea
Teach
ches
es us tto
o be to
tole
lera
rant
nt..
•
Filipinos - CORE VALUE
•
ACCOMODATIVE SURFACE VALUES :
Implies good/bad dependent on
✓
HIYA
personal perspectives, cultures, society
and group.
✓
✓
UTANG NA LOON (reciprocity)
PAKIKISAMA (good relation
w/others)
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
•
goodness/badness of an act depends on
•
the culture.
what is right in some cultures might not
be right in other cultures.
MORAL SUBJECTIVISM
•
individual determination of good/bad.
SIX MAJOR CLAIMS OF CULTURAL RELATIVISM:
1. Diff. societies/cultures have diff moral
codes.
2. No objective standard can be used to
judge one societal code better
better than the
other.
3. Moral code of our own culture have no
special status, it is one of many. ( no
superior conduct.)
4. Ther
There
e is n
no
o uni
univer
versal
sal tru
truth.
th. Ther
There
e is n
no
o
moral truth that holds for all people at
all times.
5. Moral code of culture/society
determines what is right/wrong within
the society/culture.
society/culture.
6. It is mere arrogance for a certain
culture to judge other people in other
cultures.
•
FILIPINOS EVOLVE FOLLOWING THESE
SURFACE VALUES.
PHILOSOPHY
⮚
⮚
⮚
Studies causes of things
Reason
Good human can think & feel
FEELINGS
⮚
⮚
Motivates person to do certain action.
(Christian Philo) Feelings must be a
ground/root of action.
ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM
⮚ Focuses on emotion.
⮚
All statements are true but it depends
on the individual.
⮚
FEELINGS
⮚
Whatever you feel makes the action
GOOD/BAD.
⮚ No facts.
EMOTIVISM
⮚
⮚
⮚
Not stating facts.
Means to influence others.
Expression of speaker's attitude.
SIMILARITY OF THE TWO :
FEELINGS/EMOTIONS
FEELINGS/EMOTI
ONS AS BASIS OF MORALITY.