Security studies 11092019 Levels of analysis Realism Liberalism International System Level of Analysis Alliances Intergovernmental Organizations International norms/rules Multinational Corporation Realist Claims Individuals are selfish & powerseeking States pursue national interest International system is anarchy Goal is to reduce insecurity Rely on balance of power & deterrence Key Assumptions Humans organize in groups (groupism) Humans are concerned about themselves (egoism) Humans seek to dominate others (power-centrism) Classical Realist Assumptions about Human Nature & Human Relations People seek power People are selfish People are antagonistic Neorealism International Structure Anarchy State capabilities Balance of Power International cooperation difficult Domestic politics irrelevant Other Types of Realism Defensive realism Offensive realism Neoclassical realism What causes international stability? Individual freedom Political participation Private property Equality of opportunity International Peace & Security Democratic states Trade International Organizations Economic Interdependence & Peace Leaders avoid costs of war Private businesses pressure government Neoliberal Institutionalism People cooperate out of self-interest International institutions mitigate conflict How do international institutions mitigate conflict? Cooperate to promote peace Mediate disputes or provide arbitration Monitor compliance with agreements Promote conflict-reducing norms Conclusion Levels of Analysis Realism Liberalism New class woo Outline Concept Philosophies of War Functions of War Causes of War Concept of War Groups using organized violence for collective purpose. War is connected to core sources of human identity such as heroism, sacrifice, honour & peace. Although war is possible because people are biologically predisposed for violence, biology is not destiny. Political Act of violence intended to compel opponent to fulfill will Rational instrument to achieve a goal Goal is victory in battle Key actors are people, government, military Eschatological Teleological view of history "Final" war leading to unfolding of grand design Examples: Crusaders, Nazi doctrine of master race, global caliphate Cataclysm War is catastrophe Ethnocentric - war affects "us" Global - war affects humanity as a whole New Wars Cannot tell combatant and civilian Driven by economic aspirations Asymmetric actors, military capabilities, methods of warfare Exclusive concpetions of identity used to seize political power New forms of international terrorism Conclusion Concept Philosophies of War Functions of War Causes of War