TOF Calculations EQ and
MS
LHO
Time:
109 minutes
Marks:
98 marks
Name:
________________________
Class:
________________________
Date:
________________________
Comments:
Page 1 of 29
Q1. A sample of antimony is analysed in a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer and is found to
contain two isotopes,121Sb and 123Sb
After electron impact ionisation, all of the ions are accelerated to the same kinetic energy (KE)
and then travel through a flight tube that is 1.05 m long. A 121Sb+ ion takes 5.93 × 10–4 s to travel
through the flight tube.
The kinetic energy of an ion is given by the equation KE =
mv2
KE = kinetic energy / J
m = mass / kg
v = speed / m s–1
Calculate the mass, in kg, of one 121Sb+ ion.
Calculate the time taken for a 123Sb+ ion to travel through the same flight tube.
The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
Mass of one 121Sb+ ion ____________________ kg
Time taken by a 123Sb+ ion ____________________ s
(Total 5 marks)
Q2. This question is about atomic structure.
(a)
The figure below is a model proposed by Rutherford to show the structure of an atom.
Page 2 of 29
State two features of the current model that are not shown in the Rutherford model.
Feature 1 of the current model __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Feature 2 of the current model __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)
A sample of tin is analysed in a time of flight mass spectrometer.
The sample is ionised by electron impact to form 1+ ions.
The table below shows data about the four peaks in this spectrum.
m/z
Percentage abundance
112
22.41
114
11.78
117
34.97
120
To be determined
Give the symbol, including mass number, of the ion that reaches the detector first.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of tin in this sample. Give your answer to 1 decimal
place.
Symbol of ion _______________
Page 3 of 29
Relative atomic mass ______________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q3. In a time of flight mass spectrometer, molecule X is ionised using electrospray ionisation.
What is the equation for this ionisation?
A X(l) + e– → X+(g) + 2 e–
B X(g) + e– → X+(g) + 2 e–
C X(l) + H+ → XH+(g)
D X(g) + H+ → XH+(g)
(Total 1 mark)
Q4. This question is about time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry.
(a)
Define the term relative atomic mass.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)
A sample of krypton is ionised using electron impact.
The mass spectrum of this sample of krypton has four peaks.
The table shows data from this spectrum.
m/z
82
83
84
86
Relative intensity
6
1
28
8
Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of this sample of krypton.
Give your answer to 1 decimal place.
Page 4 of 29
Ar _______________
(2)
(c)
In a TOF mass spectrometer, ions are accelerated to the same kinetic energy (KE).
The kinetic energy of an ion is given by the equation
Where:
KE = kinetic energy / J
m = mass / kg
v = speed / m s–1
In a TOF mass spectrometer, each 84Kr+ ion is accelerated to a kinetic energy of
4.83 × 10−16 J and the time of flight is 1.72 × 10−5 s
Calculate the length, in metres, of the TOF flight tube.
The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1
Length of flight tube _______________ m
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Q5. This question is about the isotopes of chromium.
(a)
Give the meaning of the term relative atomic mass.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)
A sample of chromium containing the isotopes 50Cr, 52Cr and 53Cr has a relative atomic
mass of 52.1
Page 5 of 29
The sample contains 86.1% of the 52Cr isotope.
Calculate the percentage abundance of each of the other two isotopes.
Abundance of 50Cr ______________ %
Abundance of 53Cr ______________ %
(4)
(c)
State, in terms of the numbers of fundamental particles, one similarity and one difference
between atoms of 50Cr and 53Cr
Similarity ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Difference __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
The sample of chromium is analysed in a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer.
(d)
Give two reasons why it is necessary to ionise the isotopes of chromium before they can
be analysed in a TOF mass spectrometer.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(e)
A 53Cr+ ion travels along a flight tube of length 1.25 m
The ion has a constant kinetic energy (KE) of 1.102 × 10–13 J
m = mass of the ion / kg
v = speed of ion / m s–1
Calculate the time, in s, for the 53Cr+ ion to travel down the flight tube to reach the
Page 6 of 29
detector.
The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
Time _______________ s
(5)
(Total 15 marks)
Q6. Time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry is an important analytical technique.
A mixture of three compounds is analysed using a TOF mass spectrometer.
The mixture is ionised using electrospray ionisation.
The three compounds are known to have the molecular formulas:
C3H5O2N
C3H7O3N
C3H7O2 NS
(a)
Describe how the molecules are ionised using electrospray ionisation.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b)
Give the formula of the ion that reaches the detector first in the TOF mass spectrometer.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c)
A sample of germanium is analysed in a TOF mass spectrometer using electron impact
ionisation.
Page 7 of 29
Give an equation, including state symbols, for the process that occurs during the
ionisation of a germanium atom.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d)
In the TOF mass spectrometer, a germanium ion reaches the detector in
4.654 × 10–6 s
The kinetic energy of this ion is 2.438 × 10–15 J
The length of the flight tube is 96.00 cm
The kinetic energy of an ion is given by the equation
where
m = mass / kg
v = speed / m s–1
The Avogadro constant L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
Use this information to calculate the mass, in g, of one mole of these germanium ions.
Use your answer to state the mass number of this germanium ion.
Mass of one mole of germanium ions ________________________ g
Mass number of ion __________________________
(5)
(Total 10 marks)
Q7. A sample of bromine was analysed in a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer and found to contain
two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br
After electron impact ionisation, all of the ions were accelerated to the same kinetic energy (KE)
and then travelled through a flight tube that was 0.950 m long.
(a)
The 79Br+ ions took 6.69 × 10–4 s to travel through the flight tube.
Page 8 of 29
Calculate the mass, in kg, of one ion of 79Br+
Calculate the time taken for the 81Br+ ions to travel through the same flight tube.
The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1
KE =
mv2
where m = mass (kg) and v = speed (m s–1)
where d = distance (m) and t = time (s)
Mass of one ion of 79Br+ ____________________ kg
Time taken by 81Br+ ions ____________________ s
(5)
(b)
Explain how ions are detected and relative abundance is measured in a TOF mass
spectrometer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q8. Which statement about time of flight mass spectrometry is correct?
A
The current in the detector is proportional to the ion
abundance
B
Sample particles gain electrons to form positive ions
C
Particles are detected in the order of their kinetic
energies
D
Ions are accelerated by a magnetic field
Page 9 of 29
(Total 1 mark)
Q9. A sample of titanium was ionised by electron impact in a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer.
Information from the mass spectrum about the isotopes of titanium in the sample is shown in the table.
(a)
m/z
46
47
48
49
Abundance / %
9.1
7.8
74.6
8.5
Calculate the relative atomic mass of titanium in this sample.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
Relative atomic mass of titanium in this sample ____________________
(2)
(b)
Write an equation, including state symbols, to show how an atom of titanium is ionised by
electron impact and give the m/z value of the ion that would reach the detector first.
Equation ___________________________________________________________
m/z value ___________________________________________________________
(2)
(c)
Calculate the mass, in kg, of one atom of 49Ti
The Avogadro constant L = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1
Mass ____________________ kg
(1)
(d)
In a TOF mass spectrometer the time of flight, t, of an ion is shown by the equation
In this equation d is the length of the flight tube, m is the mass, in kg, of an ion and E is
the kinetic energy of the ions.
Page 10 of 29
In this spectrometer, the kinetic energy of an ion in the flight tube is 1.013 × 10−13 J
The time of flight of a 49Ti+ ion is 9.816 × 10−7 s
Calculate the time of flight of the 47Ti+ ion.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.
Time of flight ____________________ s
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q10. Magnesium exists as three isotopes: 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg
(a)
In terms of sub-atomic particles, state the difference between the three isotopes of
magnesium.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)
State how, if at all, the chemical properties of these isotopes differ.
Give a reason for your answer.
Chemical properties __________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Reason ____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c)
25
Mg atoms make up 10.0% by mass in a sample of magnesium.
Magnesium has Ar = 24.3
Use this information to deduce the percentages of the other two magnesium isotopes
present in the sample.
Page 11 of 29
24
Mg percentage = ________ %
26
Mg percentage = ________ %
(4)
(d)
In a TOF mass spectrometer, ions are accelerated to the same kinetic energy (KE).
where m = mass (kg) and v = velocity (m s−1)
where d = distance (m) and t = time (s)
In a TOF mass spectrometer, each 25Mg+ ion is accelerated to a kinetic energy of
4.52 × 10−16 J and the time of flight is 1.44 × 10−5 s.
Calculate the distance travelled, in metres, in the TOF drift region.
(The Avogadro constant L = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1)
Distance = __________________ m
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
Q11.
(a)
A sample of sulfur consisting of three isotopes has a relative atomic mass of 32.16. The
following table gives the relative abundance of two of these isotopes.
Mass number of isotope
32
33
Relative abundance / %
91.0
1.8
Use this information to determine the relative abundance and hence the mass number of
the third isotope.
Give your answer to the appropriate number of significant figures.
Mass number = ____________________
(4)
(b)
Describe how ions are formed in a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer.
___________________________________________________________________
Page 12 of 29
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c)
A TOF mass spectrometer can be used to determine the relative molecular mass of
molecular substances.
Explain why it is necessary to ionise molecules when measuring their mass in a TOF
mass spectrometer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q12. A sample of ethanedioic acid was treated with an excess of an unknown alcohol in the presence of
a strong acid catalyst. The products of the reaction were separated and analysed in a time of flight (TOF)
mass spectrometer. Two peaks were observed at m / z = 104 and 118.
(a)
Identify the species responsible for the two peaks.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)
Outline how the TOF mass spectrometer is able to separate these two species to give two
peaks.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Page 13 of 29
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q13.
(a)
Explain how ions are accelerated, detected and have their abundance determined in a
time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b)
Calculate the mass, in kg, of a single 52Cr+ ion.
Assume that the mass of a 52Cr+ ion is the same as that of a 52Cr atom.
(The Avogadro constant L = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c)
In a TOF mass spectrometer the kinetic energy (KE) of a 52Cr+ ion was
1.269 × 10−13 J
Calculate the velocity of the ion using the equation.
(m = mass/kg and v = velocity/ms−1)
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d)
Bromine has two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, in approximately equal abundance. In a TOF
mass spectrometer bromine forms ions with formula [Br2]+
Sketch the pattern of peaks you would expect to see in the mass spectrum of a sample of
bromine.
Page 14 of 29
(2)
(e)
A sample of xenon has Ar = 131.31. The sample consists of four isotopes. The
abundances of three of the isotopes are shown in the table below. The data for one of the
isotopes, mXe, is missing.
Isotope
%
abundance
129
Xe
28.0
131
Xe
132
25.0
Xe
27.0
m
Xe
To be
calculated
Use the data to calculate the abundance of isotope mXe and calculate m, the mass
number of mXe. Show your working.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 15 of 29
Mark schemes
Q1.
Mass of one ion of 121Sb+ =121 / (1000 × 6.022 × 1023)
= 2.009 × 10–25 kg
1
V = d/t
= 1.050 / 5.93 × 10–4
= 1770.658 (m s–1)
Alternative method
KE = ½ m d2/t2
1
KE = ½ m v2
= ½ × 2.009 × 10–25 × (M2)2 (or = ½ × M1 × (M2)2)
= 3.1493 × 10–19 (J)
m121/t1212 = m123/t1232
1
V123 =
= √ [2(M3) / 2.0425 × 10–25]
= √ 3083769.889
= 1756.07 (m s–1)
T1232 = 123/121 x t1212
= 3.57 x 10–7 (s2)
1
t=d/v
= 1.050 / (M4)
= 5.98 × 10–4 s
t123 = √M4
1
[5]
Q1. EC
This was generally done well by students, although they should be encouraged to set out
working with a clear explanation of each step in a calculation rather than just writing
down a set of different numerical expressions. A common error was not converting the
mass in grams to the mass in kilograms. There were a number of incorrect
rearrangements of the expression involving kinetic energy and students appeared to be
less comfortable when working on values in standard form.
Q2.
(a)
Current model includes: neutrons and protons
Rutherford model does not include neutrons and protons
Page 16 of 29
1
Current model shows electrons in different energy levels/orbitals
Rutherford model does not show electrons in different
orbitals/energy levels
Allow 1st energy level only holds 2 electrons
1
(b)
M1:
112
Sn+
1
M2
M3
missing abundance = 30.84%
If M2 missing then allow M3 if denominator = 69.16
1
1
M4 RAM = 116.5 answer must be to 1dp
Allow M4 ecf
1
[6]
Q3.
D
X(g) + H+ → XH+(g)
[1]
Q4.
(a)
The average mass of an atom of an element
(Weighted) average mass of all isotopes of an element
1
Compared to 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon-12
1
(b)
R.A.M. =
M1 for working
1
= 3615 / 43
= 84.1
M2 for answer to 1 decimal place 36.2 scores 1/2
1
(c)
M1
M2
m = (84/1000)/6.02 x 1023 (= 1.395 x 10-25 kg)
Alternative method
M1: m = (84/1000)/6.02 x 1023 (= 1.395 x 10-25 kg)
v2
= 2ke/m = 2 x (4.83 × 10−16) / (1.395 x 10-25)
M2: d2 = 2 ke t2/m
Page 17 of 29
M3
v
= √(6924731183) = 83214.97
M3: d2 = 2 x (4.83 × 10−16) x (1.73 x 10–5)2 / 1.395 x 10-25 d2 =
2.07
M4
d
= v x t = 83214.97 x 1.72 × 10−5 = 1.43 (m)
M4 = 1.44 (m)
Allow answers in range 1.43 – 1.44 m
If m not converted to kg, then d = 0.045 m for max 3
4
[8]
Q5.
(a)
Average / mean mass of 1 atom (of an element)
1
1/12 mass of one atom of 12C
1
If moles and atoms mixed, max = 1
Mark top and bottom line independently. All key terms must
be present for each mark.
OR
Average / mean mass of atoms of an element
1/12 mass of one atom of 12C
OR
Average / mean mass of atoms of an element × 12
mass of one atom of 12C
OR
(Average) mass of one mole of atoms
1/12 mass of one mole of 12C
OR
(Weighted) average mass of all the isotopes
1/12 mass of one atom of 12C
OR
Average mass of an atom/isotope compared to/relative to C−12 on a scale in which
an atom of C−12 has a mass of 12
This expression = 2 marks
(b)
M1
% of 50Cr and 53Cr = 13.9%
Let % of 53Cr = x% and Let % of 50Cr = (13.9 - x)%
If x used for 50Cr and 53Cr or x and y, max 2 marks = M1 and
M4
Alternative M2
Let % of 53Cr = (13.9%-x)% and % of 50Cr = x%
1
Page 18 of 29
M2
52.1 =
OR
3x = 37.8
M2 52.1 =
OR
3x = 3.9
1
M3
x = % of 53Cr = 12.6%
1
M4
% of 50Cr = 1.3%
M4 = M1- M3
1
(c)
M1
(Same) number of protons OR electrons
Do not allow same electronic configuration for M1
1
M2
(Different) number of neutrons
1
(d)
M1
(Ions will interact with and) be accelerated (by an electric field)
Allow (ions) accelerated to a negative plate
Do not allow magnetic field
1
M2
Ions create a current when hitting the detector OR ions create a current in the
detector/electron multiplier.
Allow (ions) can be detected
1
(e)
M1
Mass of ion = 8.8. x 10-26 kg
M1 Mass of ion in kg
1
M2
M2 Rearrangement
Alternative M2
1
M3
M3: Calculating v by taking
1
M4
Page 19 of 29
M4: Recall of v = d/t
1
M5
t = 7.9(0) x 10-7 (s) (2sf or more)
M5: Calculating t
1
Alternative
M1
Mass of ion = 8.8. x 10-26 kg
Alternative
M1 Mass of ion in kg
1
M2
M2 Recall of v = d/t
1
M3
t2 =
M3 Rearrangement
1
M4
t2 = 6.24 x 10−13
M4: Correct calculation to get t2
1
M5
t = 7.9(0) x 10-7 (s) (2sf or more)
M5: Calculating t by taking square root of M4
Allow answers consequential on incorrect M1 If mass in g
calculated = 8.8. x 10-23 , then t = 2.5 x 10-5 s (4 marks)
1
[15]
Q5. EC
Part (a) was not well answered; common incorrect answers often omitted reference to
the average mass of an atom.
In (b), most students deduced that the percentage of the missing isotopes added up to
13.9, but many students were unable to write an expression in terms of one unknown
and could make no further progress. Most students who calculated a value of the
abundance for one isotope could find the percentage of the other.
Most students answered part (c) well.
In (d), most students stated that there had to be ions for detection but fewer talked
about the need for acceleration; some students failed to gain marks through giving
incorrect detail, eg acceleration by a magnetic field.
Although many students scored full marks in part (e), common errors included a failure
to calculate the mass of the ion in kg or a failure to use the Avogadro number correctly.
The kinetic energy was often transcribed incorrectly.
Page 20 of 29
Q6.
(a)
(Sample is) dissolved (in a volatile solvent)
Allow named solvent (eg water/methanol)
1
(Injected through) needle/nozzle/capillary at high voltage/positively charged
Ignore pressure
1
Each molecule/particle gains a proton/H+
Allow M3 from a suitable equation (ignore state symbols)
Do not allow atoms gain a proton for M3
Ignore references to electron gun ionisation
Mark each point independently
1
(b)
C3H6O2N+ / C3H5O2NH+
Must be charged
1
(c)
Ge(g) + e– → Ge+(g) + 2 e–
OR
Ge(g) → Ge+(g) + e–
State symbols essential
(d)
M1 v = length/t = 0.96 / 4.654 × 10–6
v = 206274 m s–1
m = 2KE/v2
M1 = working (or answer)
1
M2 mass of one ion = 1.146 × 10–25 kg
M2 = answer conseq on M1
1
M3 mass of 1 mole ions = 1.146 × 10–25 × 6.022 × 1023 = (0.06901 kg)
M3 = M2 × 6.022 × 1023
1
M4 = 69(.01) g
M4 = M3 × 1000
M3/M4 could be in either order
1
M5 mass number = 69
M5 must have whole number for mass no
1
[10]
Q6. EC
Page 21 of 29
(a)
Students were not always able to describe the process for electrospray ionisation,
with a large number describing the process for electron impact ionisation. Both
ionisation methods are described in the student guide on the subject pages of the
website.
(b)
Few students gave the formula of an ion in response to this question, although
many appreciated that the lightest particle would reach the detector first.
(c)
This question was answered well by students, with the majority scoring the mark,
although there were a good number of cases where students did not include state
symbols or gave incorrect state symbols.
(d)
This question proved challenging for students. The velocity was frequently
calculated well, although a number of students did not convert the length of the
flight tube into metres. Similarly, students were not always able to rearrange the
expression for kinetic energy correctly to make mass the subject. Many students
realised the need to convert the mass into grams by multiplying by 1000, but a
good number were not able to use Avogadro’s constant correctly to determine the
mass of one mole of ions; it appeared that the mass of a mole was not well
understood by students. Most students who reached the end of the calculation
realised that the mass number should be a whole number.
Q7.
(a)
= 79 / (1000 × 6.022 × 1023) = 1.31 × 10–25 kg
1
Then either follow method 1 (or method 2 below)
Do not mix and match methods
Method 1
= 0.950 / 6.69 × 10–4
= 1420 ms–1
In method 1, M2 can be awarded in M3
1
KE = ½ mv2
= ½ × 1.312 × 10–25 × (1420)2
= 1.32 × 10–19 J
Mark consequential to their velocity and mass. Allow mass of
79 etc.
1
V81 =
= √ 1.963 × 106
= 1.40 × 103 ms–1
(allow 1.398 × 103 - 1.402 × 103)
Page 22 of 29
Mark consequential to their velocity and mass. Allow mass of
81 etc.
1
= 6.80 × 10–4 s
Mark consequential to their M4
Accept 6.77 – 6.80 × 10–4 s
1
Method 2
m1(d/t1)2 = m2 (d/t1)2
or
m1 / t12 = m2 / t22
1
t22 = t12 (m2/m1)
Or
t22 = (6.69 × 10–4)2 × (81/79)
1
t22 = 4.59 × 10–7
Mark consequential to their M3
1
t = 6.77 × 10–4 s
Mark consequential to their M4
Accept 6.77 – 6.80 × 10–4 s
1
(b)
ion hits the detector / negative plate and gains an electron
1
Not positive plate
(relative) abundance is proportional to (the size of) the current
1
[7]
Q7. EC
(a)
This question proved demanding for most students. A good number were able to
calculate the mass of the 79Br+ ion. Very few students realised that most of the
quantities cancelled down during the calculation and took time to calculate the
velocity of the 79Br+ ion in order to then work out the kinetic energy. This velocity
was frequently calculated well but the remaining marks then proved a challenge
for students. Some completed numerous calculation steps only to give a time for
the 81Br+ ion that was the same as the time for the 79Br+ ion.
(b)
Only a few students understood that when the ion reaches the detector it gains an
electron, whereas many understood that the size of the current was proportional
to the abundance of the ion.
Page 23 of 29
Q8.
A
[1]
Q8. EC
48.5% of students scored this mark; the most common wrong answer was D, showing
that some students thought that a magnetic field is involved in TOF mass spectrometry.
Q9.
(a)
1
= 47.8
Correct answer scores 2 marks.
Allow alternative methods.
Allow 1dp or more.
Ignore units
1
(b)
Ti(g) → Ti+(g) +e−
or Ti(g) + e−→ Ti+(g) +2e−
or Ti(g) − e−→ Ti+(g)
State symbols essential
Allow electrons without − charge shown.
1
46
1
(c)
8.1(37) × 10−26
1
(d)
M1 is for re-arranging the equation
Allow t α square root of m
1
Or
d = 1.5(47)
This scores 2 marks
Page 24 of 29
Allow this expression for M2
1
= 9.6(14) × 10−7
Correct answer scores 3 marks.
1
[8]
Q9. EC
(a)
This was generally well answered, though a few students added the abundances
incorrectly.
(b)
Most students gave the correct equation, but some used the wrong state symbols
or omitted them. The identity of the isotope was well known but some students
lost a mark by using the symbol for the atom rather than the m/z value.
(c)
The most common error was a failure to convert from grams into kilograms.
(d)
Only the best students gained all three marks. All marks were available, even for
those students who had not answered part (c), or who had the wrong answer for
it. Some students were unable to re-arrange the equation. Students who
appreciated that the distance travelled was common to both ions usually went on
to get the correct answer, but a large number of students scored zero or one
mark.
Q10.
(a)
24
Mg has 12n; 25Mg has 13n; 26Mg has 14n
OR They have different numbers of neutrons
1
(b)
No difference in chemical properties
1
Because all have the same electronic structure (configuration)
OR they have the same number of outer electrons
1
(c)
If fraction with mass 24 = x
Fraction with mass 26 = 0.900 − x
Fraction with mass 25 = 0.100
1
Ar = 24x + (25 × 0.100) + 26(0.900 − x)
1
24.3 = 24x + 2.50 + 23.4 −26x
2x = 1.60
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x = 0.800 i.e. percentage 24Mg = 80.0(%) (80.0% 3sf)
1
26
Mg = 0.900 − 0.800 = 0.100 ie percentage 26Mg = 10.0(%)
1
(d)
m=
1
v2 = 2ke/m or v2 =
1
1
D = vt =1.48 × 105 × 1.44 × 10−5
D = 2.13 (m)
1
[11]
Q11.
(a)
Abundance of third isotope = 100 – 91.0 –1.8 = 7.2%
1
= 32.16
1
7.2y = 32.16 × 100 – 32 × 91 – 33 × 1.8 = 244.6
1
y = 244.6 / 7.2 = 33.97
y = 34
Answer must be rounded to the nearest integer
1
(b)
(for electrospray ionisation)
A high voltage is applied to a sample in a polar solvent
1
the sample molecule, M, gains a proton forming MH+
1
OR
(for electron impact ionisation)
the sample is bombarded by high energy electrons
1
the sample molecule loses an electron forming M+
1
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(c)
Ions, not molecules, will interact with and be accelerated by an electric field
1
Only ions will create a current when hitting the detector
1
[8]
Q12.
(a)
[CH3OCOCOOH]+
Allow names
1
[CH3OCOCOOCH3]+
Do not allow molecular formula
1
(b)
Positive ions are accelerated by an electric field
1
To a constant kinetic energy
1
The positive ions with m / z of 104 have the same kinetic energy as those with
m / z of 118 and move faster
1
Therefore, ions with m / z of 104 arrive at the detector first
1
[6]
Q13.
(a)
(Ions accelerated by) attraction to negatively charged plate /
electric field
Mark independently
1
Ions detected by gaining electrons
Allow the transfer of electrons
1
Abundance determined by (size) of current flowing
(or amount of electrons gained) in the detector
Allow current is proportional to abundance
1
(b)
Mass =
Mass = 8.6(4) × 10−26
1
(c)
V2 = (2 × 1.269 × 10−13) / 8.64 × 10−26
Allow correct rearrangement for V or V2
1
V = 1.71 × 106 ms−1
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Allow ecf from (b) (note if 8.6 × 10−23 in (b) leads to approx.
5.4 × 104 ms−1)
1
(d)
Sketch with peaks at 158, 160, 162
Mark independently
1
In ratio 25%:50%:25%
Allow approx. ratio 1:2:1
1
(e)
% abundance mXe = 20(%)
Working must be shown
1
131.31 = (0.28*129) + (0.25*131) + (0.27*132) + (0.20*m)
1
131.31 – 104.51 = 0.2m
1
Mass number = 134
Answer must be an integer
1
[12]
Q13. EC
For Question (a) many students wrote a lot of unnecessary detail about aspects of a
time of flight mass spectrometer but on the whole it was quite well answered.
Questions (b) and (c) proved mathematically difficult for many although consequential
marking allowed large numbers to score on (c). The use of probability to predict the
ratio of peaks in question (d) proved very difficult for students. Some scored 1 mark for
giving three peaks but the 1:2:1 ratio was only seen from 11.3% of students. Question
(e) was answered well with over 60% of students scoring all 4 marks.
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Examiner reports
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