#separator:tab #html:false #notetype column:1 #tags column:3 Basicwhat elements can protein contain?c,h,o. NITROGEN and sometimes sulfur (common but its not always there) Basicwhat are proteins used for?hormones, enzymes, many thingsprotein Basicother than cho, what elements do nucleic acids contain?nitrogen and phosphorusnucleicAcid Basicis nucleic acid or nucleotide the subunit(smaller)?nucleotidenucleicAcid Basicwhat 3 main parts are nucleotides made of? (covalently bonded)base, sugar, phosphatenucleicAcid Basichow can we see if a nucleotide is rna or dna?look at the ribose sugar. deoxy = dna, oxy = rnanucleicAcid Basicwhat is the general structure of an amino acid.(its amine not amino idk why it says that)aminoAcid Basicwhat is amine (chemical formula w elements)NH2aminoAcid Basichow can you recognize a fatty acid?carboxyl, CH3 (methyl) and chain of CH2 (methhylene) in betweenfattyAcids Lipids Basichow do we know if a fatty acid is (mono/poly)unsaturated or saturatedthe amount of double bonds between carbons. carboxyl doesnt count . its saturated because no more hydrogen can be added. no double bonds = unsaturated one double bond = monounsaturated 2 or more = polyunsaturatedfattyAcids Lipids Basichow can we know if its alpha or beta glucose? (if have another way of remembering replace)look at the first carbon, if H is on top its alpha, if OH is on top/ H is on bottom then its beta.carbs glucose Basicwhat is condensationwater releasing (used for anabolic reactions; building molecules)condensation metabolism Basicwhat is hydrolysisit splits water. catabolic reactions need water to happen (break down molecules)hydrolysis metabolism Basicwhats a glycosidic bond?bw 2 monosaccharides. the 1st carbon and 4th carbon bondmetabolism Basicwho discreidted vitalism by synthethically creating ureafrederich wohlermetabolism Basicwhat was wohler trying to create when he made ureaammonium cyanateurea vitalism Basicwhat is vitalismbelief that organic molecules are made with a vital force and not physical elementsvitalism Basicwhat enzyme breaks down proteins into amino acidsproteaseenzyme protein proteins Basicdescribe a peptide bondtake out OH of carboxyl and one H of the methyl(CH3) (so it makes H20). then the nitrogen and carbon are connected, combining the 2 amino acids.peptide protein proteins Basicwhat enzyme catabolizes lactose into galactose and glucoselactase (and water) . it breaks the glycosidic bondcarbs enzyme Basicwhat is thisglucose Basicwhat is the differnece between the structure of glucose and galactoseswitch OH and H on the 4th carbon Basicis fructose a hexose or pentosehexose. it looks like a pentose but theres a extra CH2OH Basicwhat are the three most common forms of monosaccharidestrioses, hexoses, pentoses Basicwhat monosaccharides is maltose made up of2 glucose Basicwhat is lactosesugar foudn in milk. made of glucose and galactosecarbs Basicwhat is sucrosetable sugar. glucose and fructosecarbs Basicconnection between 1st and 4th carbonsa glycosidic bond - straight chainbonds carbs glycosidicBonds Basicconnection bw 1st and 6th carbonglycosidic bond - bentbonds carbs glycosidicBonds Basicwhat is the differnece between a straight/bent chain glycosidic bondstraight = bw 1st and 4th carbons bent = bw 1st and 6th carbonsbonds carbs glycosidicBonds Basicwhere is galactose found (real life)milk, and cerealscarbs Basicwhere is fructose found in real lifefruits and honeycarbs Basichow sweet is fructosesweetest naturally occuring carbcarbs Basicwhat are polysaccharides often (length and shape)long, maybe branchedcarbs Basicwhat type of molcules is cellulose made up of (spec type of monosaccahride)β-glucosecarbs cellulose Basichow are the molecules in cellulose bondedhydrogen bondscarbs cellulose Basicwhat are bundles of cellulose calledcellulose microfibrilscarbs cellulose Basicwhat is THE special trait of cellulose (hint: structure )high tensile stregnth. this precents pplant walls from bursting even under high water pressurecarbs cellulose Basicwhy cant i eat grass???!!!??!?!?!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?humans do not have the neccessary enzymes to break down bonds bw β-glucose molecules. Grazing anaimls and bacteria in their gut have the enzymes (why not meeeeeeee)carbs cellulose Basicwhat type of monosaccharide are amylose and amylopectin made ofalpha glucoseamylose&Amylopectin carbs Basichow are molecules in amylose+amylopectin oriented and whats an effect of thisthey are oriented the same way. this means the molecule is curvedamylose&Amylopectin carbs Basichow are the carbons linked (which to which) on amylose+ amylopectin1-4 via condensationamylose&Amylopectin carbs Basicamylopectin: what type of chain and its effect on shape and sizebranched; globular shape, it can be biggeramylopectin amylose&Amylopectin carbs Basicis amylose branched/unbranched and its effect on shapeunbranched; forms a helixamylose amylose&Amylopectin carbs Basicwhat is another name for starch (2) (what its made up of)amylose and amylopectinamylose&Amylopectin carbs Basicwhat is the more common name for amylose/amylopectin. (what it makes up)starchamylose&Amylopectin carbs Basicdo plants or animals make starchplants. animals can digest/useamylose&Amylopectin carbs Basicis starch solubleyes; but too large to be soluble in wateramylose&Amylopectin carbs Basicwhat is starch's effect on osmotic balance of cellsosmotic balance: cause too much water to enter cells it does not affect itamylose&Amylopectin carbs Basicwhy is starch useful for energy storageit is easy to add and remove glucose from it. in potatos/seeds glucose is held as starchamylose&Amylopectin carbs Basichow is starch used in leaf cellsa temporary store when there is too much glucose being madeamylose&Amylopectin carbs Basicglycogen formula(C6H10O5)ncarbs glycogen polysaccharide Basichow many subunits does glycogen have usually~30,000carbs glycogen polysaccharide Basicdescribe the sturcture of glycogen (bent, etc. )it branches many times and its compact bc Condensation reactions link carbons 1-4 on the next α-glucose. •If branches occur where a condensation reaction is, then it links carbon atom 1 – 6. it coils so it is good for storagecarbs glycogen polysaccharide Basicwho makes glycogenanimals and also some fungicarbs glycogen polysaccharide Basicwhere is glycogen stored in humansliver and some muscles. its used when large amounts of glucose would cause problemscarbs glycogen polysaccharide Basicwhy is glycogen used as a energy storage (osmotic balance )•Glycogen does not affect the _osmotic__ balance of cells, i.e. cause too much water to enter them •It is easy to add or remove extra glucose molecules to glycogen •Therefore glycogen is useful in cells for glucose, and consequently energy, storage.carbs glycogen polysaccharide Basicwhat functional groups do all fatty acids containcarboxyl, methyl (CH3)Lipids Basictrans fat has bend or nono bend. trans = straightLipids Basicare the hydrogen on the same side in cis isomeryesLipids Basicare cis or trans fats more commoncisLipids Basicwhat is an effect of bends in moleculesmakes it more loosely packedLipids Basicwhat state of matter are cis isomers lipids usually inliquidLipids Basicwhat state of matter are trans isomers lipids usually insolidLipids Basicare trans isomers loosely or densely packeddense. tightlyLipids Basicno double bonds - Saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated?saturatedLipids Basic1 double bond - Saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated?monounsaturatedLipids Basic5 double bonds - Saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated?polyunsaturatedLipids Basicgive examples of foods high in monounsaturated fat●Olive, peanut, and canola oils ●Avocados ●Nuts such as almonds, hazelnuts, and pecans ●Seeds such as pumpkin and sesame seedshealth Lipids Basicgive exmaples of food high in polyunsaturated fats●Sunflower, corn, soybean, and flaxseed oils ●Walnuts ●Flax seeds Fishhealth Lipids Basicwhat is coronary heart diseasecoronary arteries being blocked by fat depositshealth Lipids Basicwhat is the bond between glycerol and fatty acids calledester bondsLipids Basicwhat hydrolyzises triglycerides (enzyme)lipaseLipids Basicfunction of lipidsinsulation, protection, storageLipids Basicfuntion of phospholipidsstructure - they ae a main component of cell membranesLipids Basicmain purpose of steroidshormone signalling (testorone)Lipids Basicwhat type of tissue are lipids stored inadipose tissue (fat) - located immediately beneath skin and around some organs (kidneys)Lipids Basichow does the amount of energy released (in cell respiration )from lipids compared to carbs/proteinlipids release double the amount 2:1Lipids Basichow much denser in terms of energy storage is lipids compared to carbs1/6Lipids Basicwhy is glycogen neccesary when we have fatits faster. too much glucose at once is badcarbs Lipids Basicwhat is one thing (energy storage) that glucose does that fats/fatty acids cantanaerobic. aerobic - fatty acids and glucose can docarbs Lipids Basicwhat level storage molecule is glycogenintermediatecarbs Basicbmi formulabmi Basichow much bmi for each weight catergory? Basicwhat dieseases are associated with a high bmi Basicwhat are some problems with low BMI Basiclist some problems with BMI- not a good indicator of metabolic health (30%) - doesnt account for muscle mass, water, etc. - its for populations not individuals Basicpeptide bondc-n (add more) Basicwhat are do all polypeptides have in commonthey are all made up of a combo of the same 20 amino acids Basicwhat happens in ribosomespolypeptide synthesisprotein proteinSynthesis Basichow do ribosomes know what polypeptide to makemessenger RNA (mRNA)protein proteinSynthesis Basicwhat is the primary structure for protein (1st stage of synthesis)amino acid sequence. its the order formed by covalent peptide bondsprotein proteinSynthesis Basicwhats another word for unbranchedstraight chain