INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEFINED
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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
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information technology is the use of any
computer, storage, networking and other
physical device to create, process, store,
secure and exchange all forms of electronic
data.
focuses on the information processing from
the collection, to the processing, and the
sharing of information
deals with the methods and tools used in the
information processing.
Computer literacy is also known as digital
literacy and it’s the ability to find, evaluate,
and compose clear information through
writing and other media on various digital
platforms.
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PERIPHERAL DEVICES
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non- essential hardware components that
usually connect to the system externally.
(e.g. keyboard, mouse, microphone, web
cam, etc.)
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houses the electronic components to
process data.
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Motherboard- the main circuit
board of the system unit. The
motherboard is central to any
computer system.
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Processor- The Central
Processing Unit (CPU) is the
brain of the computer. It
controls what the computer
does and is responsible for
performing calculations and
data processing.
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Memory- – Electronic
component that store
instructions waiting to be
executed and data needed by
those instructions.
2 TYPES OF INTERNAL MEMORY.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
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used to permanently store
instructions that tell the
computer how to boot (startup) also known as BIOS (Basic
input/output system) operating
system.
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Information stored in ROM is
known as READ ONLY
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ROM is fast memory
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ROM is Non-Volatile memory.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
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RAM is used to temporarily
store information that is
currently in use by the
computer.
SYSTEM UNIT
WHY STUDY I.T.?
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we use these technologies in our everyday
lives, and we need to further understand
how these hardware and software are
working.
computer skills are needed regardless of
setting and field
you become self-sufficient whether you use
it for research, communications or time
management and in the years to come you’ll
have a strong base to support the
furtherance of your knowledge.
avoid unfamiliar situations and modernize
our skills to stay relevant in a dynamic work
environment.
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COMPUTER
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is a machine, a collection of parts that work
together.
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is a collection of parts, a computer combined
with hardware and software used to perform
desired tasks.
COMPUTER SYSTEM
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COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
HARDWARE
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the tangible, physical computer equipment
and devices which provide support for major
functions of the computer system
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INPUT DEVICES
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used to enter data or instructions into a
computer system.
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manual input devices need to
be operated by a human to
input data (e.g. keyboard,
mouse, microphone, scanner,
numeric keypad, light pen,
STORAGE DEVICES
webcam, touch screen, digital
camera, web cam)
automatic input devices can
input data on their own (e.g.
bar-code reader, magnetic
stripe reader, chip and pin
reader, magnetic ink character
recognition, optical
mark/character reader)
pieces of hardware that send this usable
information out of the computer.
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used to convey information from the
computer system to one or more people.
Output devices send information out
temporarily and permanently:
temporary output device (monitors,
speakers, projectors) and permanent
output devices (printers, plotter).
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can be read from and written
to and so the information
stored in RAM can change all
the time
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RAM is a fast memory. Data
can be written to and read from
RAM very quickly.
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generally measured in GB
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RAM is Volatile Memory and
stores date ‘nonpermanently’.
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The more RAM the faster it
can perform.
Holds data, instructions and information
permanently for future use.
Magnetic Storage Device - one of the most
popular types of storage used.
Optical Storage Device – uses lasers and
lights as its mode of saving and retrieving
data.
OUTPUT DEVICES
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Flash Memory Device – is now replacing
magnetic storage device as it is economical,
more functional and dependable.
Online and Cloud Storage – is now
becoming widespread as people access
data from different devices.
COMMUNICATION DEVICES
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Enables a computer to send and receive
data, instructions, and information to and
from one or more computers.
Bluetooth devices, Infrared devices, Modem
(over phone line), Network card (using
Ethernet), Smartphone, Wi-Fi devices (using
a Wi-Fi router)
SOFTWARE
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SYSTEMS SOFTWARE
includes the programs that are dedicated to
managing the computer itself (e.g. operating
system, file management utilities, and disk
operating system (or DOS).
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end-user programs that execute specific
tasks like (report generation, spreadsheet
management, running games, sending
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consists of individual facts or pieces of
USERS
information that are used by the computer
system to produce information
JACQUARD LOOM
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the operator of a computer is known as
‘peopleware’, other books call them
liveware, or human ware.
commands the computer system to execute
EARLY ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS (20TH
CENTURY)
on instructions
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COLOSSUS
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combination of hardware and software that
is designated to perform a highly specific
function
examples are washing machine, camera,
phones, microwaves, airplanes,
automobiles, and calculators.
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
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has a central processing unit (CPU) as a
microprocessor.
also known as personal computers (PC)
used for word processing, managing
databases or spreadsheets, graphics and
general office applications.
EMBEDDED COMPUTER
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MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (19TH CENTURY)
emails, and online research among other
functions)
DATA
has the most of the features and capabilities
of a large computer but more compact in
size.
used for process control and performing
financial and administrative tasks, such as
word processing and accounting. Some
machines were designed for medical
laboratory and teaching aids.
MICROCOMPUTER
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
PASCALINE
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referred to the large cabinets called “main
frames” that housed the central processing
unit and main memory of early computers.
contains the large memory, huge storage
space, multiple high-grade processors, so it
has ultra-processing power compare to
standard computer systems.
used in moderate data processing, banking,
and insurance. It handles bulk data
processing, statistics, and analysis them.
MINICOMPUTERS
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known as the series of related instructions
that make the computer perform tasks.
tells the computer what to do.
The term ‘program’ or ‘application’ refers to
ABACUS
any piece of software.
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allowed users to perform basic arithmetic
operations through the manipulation of
beads on rods.
roots dating back to around 2400 BCE in
ancient Mesopotamia and China.
invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642,
mechanical calculator capable of performing
addition and subtraction
gears and wheels to handle numerical
computations.
designed by Charles Babbage in the 1830s,
laid the groundwork for modern computing.
it featured basic arithmetic operations, loops,
and conditional branching.
in the early 1800s, Joseph-Marie Jacquard
developed Jacquard Loom
a loom that used punched cards to control
the weaving patterns, effectively introducing
COMPUTER TYPES AND VARIETIES
the concept of programming through
for big amount of computing power
cloud computing and the use of digital
systems
leading edge of data processing capability,
with respect to calculation speed
usually used on a large-scale operation like
industrial function, space exploration,
weather forecasting, and nuclear testing.
(high-performance computing) which crunch
numbers and data, while mainframes focus
on transaction processing.
SUPERCOMPUTER
punched cards.
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during World War II, British engineer Tommy
Flowers developed Colossus,
world's first programmable electronic digital
computer
used to break encrypted German codes and
played a crucial role in the Allied victory.
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
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ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND
COMPUTER (ENIAC)
like Pets.com and Webvan, which eventually
burst in the early 2000s.
ADVANCEMENTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
TRENDS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SMARTPHONES
QUANTUM COMPUTING
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE
LEARNING
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Completed in 1945
first general-purpose electronic computer
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used vacuum tubes for computation.
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the introduction of the iPhone in 2007
revolutionized mobile computing, leading to
a proliferation of smartphones and tablets.
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provide scalable and on-demand computing
resources over the internet, enabling
businesses and individuals to access data
and applications from anywhere.
such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) and
Microsoft Azure
led to breakthroughs in natural language
processing, image recognition, autonomous
vehicles, and more.
perform complex calculations exponentially
faster than traditional computers.
IBM and Google
CLOUD COMPUTING
INTERNET OF THINGS
UNIVAC I
AUGMENTED REALITY
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developed by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly in 1951,
first commercially available computer
used for scientific and business applications.
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THE BIRTH OF MODERN COMPUTING (1950S-1960S)
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VIRTUAL REALITY
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TRANSISTORS
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In 1947, the invention of transistors by John
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William
Shockley at Bell Labs revolutionized
computing
Replaced bulky vacuum tubes, making
computers smaller, faster, and more reliable.
Introduced in 1964
offered compatibility across models,
setting a new standard for computer
architecture.
In the late 1960s, the U.S. Department of
Defense's Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) created ARPANET,
the precursor to the modern internet
allowed computers to communicate with
AUTOMATION
each other for the first time.
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in 1975, became one of the first
commercially successful microcomputers,
Bill Gates and Paul Allen to develop
software for it.
introduced in 1977,
first mass-produced, user-friendly personal
computers,
significant impact on the home computing
market.
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launched in 1981,
became the industry standard,
accelerates the adoption of personal
computers in businesses and homes
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in 1989, Tim Berners-Lee invented the
World Wide Web,
the internet accessible to non-technical
users
transforms the way we access and share
information.
in late 1990s, a surge of internet-based
companies, leading to the dot-com bubble,
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IBM 360
into our real-world environments.
examples:pokemon go, historical
ARPANET
information, location based.
A complete immersion experience that
shuts out the physical world
examples : vr in military, sports, mental
health, education
digital information (the “block”) stored in
THE RISE OF MICROCOMPUTERS (1970S-1980S)
ALTAIR 880
a public database (the “chain”)
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example: cryptocurrency
APPLE II
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
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simulation of human intelligence in machines
that are programmed to think like humans
and mimic their actions
examples: self-driving cars, chatbots/ virtual
assistants, facial recognition, and language
translators
made up of devices that allows them to
communicate from their environments.
examples: smart home, smart farming, and
smart wearables
blending of interactive digital elements –
like dazzling visual overlays, buzzy haptic
feedback, or other sensory projections –
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the technique of making a system
operate automatically.
examples: robotic process automation, big
IBM PC
data, automated decision making, test
automation
A period of development in the latter half
of the 18th century, where there is change
THE INTERNET ERA (1990S)
WORLD WIDE WEB
from one economy to another.
involves technological, socioeconomic,
and cultural aspects which transforms
the way in which a society carries out the
DOT COM BUBBLE
INVENTION
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production and distribution of goods.
discovery of new products and processes.
the commercialization and improvement of
the existing products.
started in England during the late 18th
century, concentrated in Britain and
initially focused on textile manufacturing.
Significant evolutions: Cort’s puddling;
rolling process for making iron, Crompton’s
mule for spinning cotton, Watt steam engine
Products / Services – Vegetables, Coal,
Iron, Discovery of chemicals
Transportation – Railroads, Basic farming
Production System – Manual Labor to
mechanical
Communication - Printed materials
Significant evolution: Development of
electricity, Internal-combustion engine,
Railway, Chemical industry
Products / Services – electricity, chemicals,
petroleum, steel
Transportation – automobiles, aircrafts
Production System – machine-aided
equipment
Communication – telephone, telegraph
Started with the development of transistors
and the rise of electronics and digital
technology.
Products / Services – Internet, rise of
electronics, source of energy: nuclear power
Production System – Automation
Klaus Schwab described the fourth
industrial revolution as an era of
technological revolution that is blurring
the lines between the physical, digital
and biological spheres.
INOVATION
FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - 1765
SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - 1870
THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - 1969
FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION – 2000