Handball: Conditioning for Players Adriano Vretaros Strength and Conditioning Coach 2020 São Paulo – BRAZIL avretaros@gmail.com Handball: Conditioning for Players Characteristics - I ● Olympic Team Ball Sport Intermittent and Acyclic ● ● Invasion and Evasion Game ● Intense Body Contact ● Open Motor Activity 2 Handball: Conditioning for Players Characteristics - II ● ● 2 periods of 30 minutes each ● (Half Time Break: 10 minutes) ● GAME COURT: ● 40m x 20m ● ● GAME: BALL: MALE Players: Circumference: 58-60cm – Weight: 425-475g ● FEMALE Players: Circumference: 54-56cm – Weight: 325-400g 3 Handball: Conditioning for Players Characteristics - III ● DISPLACEMENTS: 1)- Cyclic 2)- Acyclic 3)- With Ball 4)- Without Ball 4 Handball: Conditioning for Players Characteristics - IV ● MOVEMENTS: 1)- Running 2)- Jumping 3)- Sprinting 4)- Arm Throwing 5)- Hitting 6)- Blocking 7)- Pushing 8)- Passing 9)- Tackling 10)- Catching 5 Handball: Conditioning for Players Bioenergetic Systems ATP-PC *** 80% 10% Anaerobic Lactic Aerobic 10% (Bompa & Haff, 2012) 6 Handball: Conditioning for Players Travelled Distance - I 2000 – 6000 meters Position on the Field Tactical Offensive and\or Defensive Team Characteristics Game Situation (Cardinale, 2006) 7 Handball: Conditioning for Players Travelled Distance - II POSITION DISTANCE (m) Left Wing 3557 Right Wing 4083 Left Back 3464 Right Back 2857 Pivot 3531 (Adapted from Cardinale, 2006) 8 Handball: Conditioning for Players Travelled Distance - III Attack Frontal (m) 117,0 Lateral (m) 7,0 Diagonal (m) 59,0 Back (m) 67,0 Defense 102,0 67,0 75,0 81,0 Attackdefense Transition DefenseAttack Transition 51,0 3,0 7,0 13,0 52,0 2,0 7,0 5,0 (Adapted from Mais, 1989) 9 Handball: Conditioning for Players Motor Actions in Matches 485 High-Intensity Movements in 60 minutes 190 Rhythm Variations 279 Change of Directions 16 Jumps (Adapted from Cardinale, 2006) 10 Handball: Conditioning for Players Anthropometric Profile - I ● IMPORTANCE: 1)- Individual Players 2)- Tactical Position 3)- Skills Performance 4)- Game Style 5)- Competition Level 6)- And Other 11 Handball: Conditioning for Players Anthropometric Profile - II ● MALE Players TEAM AGE (years) Height (cm) Weight (kg) Body Fat (%) England 20,0 174,2 77,5 13,4 China 25,0 190,0 85,4 9,6 Japan 26,0 185,4 80,6 9,2 Korea 25,0 184,6 85,4 11,2 Kwait 26,0 181,6 87,6 12,9 Saudi 25,0 182,1 75,8 10,3 (Adapted from Hasan et al, 2007) 12 Handball: Conditioning for Players Anthropometric Profile - III ● FEMALE Players (n=20) AGE (years-old) BODY MASS (Kg) HEIGHT (cm) WINGSPAN (cm) Mean 18,1 64,86 170,23 168,84 MIN 15 53 160,00 159,00 MAX 25 79 180,00 179,00 (Adapted from Vargas et al, 2010) 13 Handball: Conditioning for Players Anthropometric Profile - IV ● n=130 ELITE FEMALE Spanish Handball Players CENTER BACK WING PIVOT Goalkeeper Age (yearsold) Years of Practice 27,94 25,40 24,85 25,68 26,47 15,79 15,18 14,38 14,44 15,32 Weight (Kg) 65,65 71,13 61,23 74,65 69,27 Height (cm) 169,95 174,19 164,59 176,19 174,96 (Adapted from Vila et al, 2011) 14 Handball: Conditioning for Players Anthropometric Profile - V ● SOMATOTYPE: PLAYERS Endomorph Mesomorph Ectomorph FEMALE 3,87 3,43 2,50 MALE 3,25 4,68 6,43 (Pelegrini & Silva, 2006 ; Vargas et al, 2010) 15 Handball: Conditioning for Players Physical Conditioning GENERAL Physical Preparation SPECIFIC Physical Preparation INDIVIDUALIZED by Tactical Position Team STYLE of PLAY 16 Handball: Conditioning for Players Athletic Condition Technical Domain Physical Domain Athletic Condition in Handball Collective Tactical Domain Individual Psychological Domain 17 Handball: Conditioning for Players Types of Training Technical Physical Technical-physical Tactical Technical-tactical Technical-tactical-physical 18 Handball: Conditioning for Players Biomotor Capabilities COORDENATIVE CONDITIONING COORDINATION ENDURANCE - ATP-PC - Anaerobic Lactic - Aerobic TRANSFER TO: - Eye-hand - Eye-foot - Laterality - Anticipatory Timing - Precision STRENGTH - Hypertropy - Maximal Strength - Power Endurance - Maximal Power FLEXIBILITY - Mobility - Elasticity AGILITY SPEED -Reaction - Displacement - Movement - Simple -Spatial - Temporal - Universal SPECIFIC SKILLS - Ball Control - Passing - Dribbling - Running - Jumping - Shooting - Etc 19 Handball: Conditioning for Players Fitness Assessment - I ● ● ● Anthropometry: Body Mass, Height, Wingspan, Body Fat, Somatotype, etc Metabolic Profile: VO2max, RAST, Wingate Test, etc Neuromuscular Profile: 1RM BP, 1RM SQ, CMJ, SJ, DJ, BJ, UHJ, UVJ, MBT, Isokinetic Testing, etc ● Speed: 5, 10, 15, 20 an 25 meters ● Agility: T-Test, Pro-Agility, Shuttle-Run, etc ● Flexibility: Goniometric Assessment, etc ● Movement Quality: FMS, YBT, SEBT, etc 20 Handball: Conditioning for Players Fitness Assessment - II Biochemical Tests ● ● Medical Cardiac Evaluation ● Medical Injury Evaluation ● ● ● Dental Evaluation Nutrition Evaluation Psychological Profile ● And Other 21 Handball: Conditioning for Players Fitness Assessment - III A)- Periodicity B)- Structural Resources C)- Staff Resources D)- Forms of Analysis 22 Handball: Conditioning for Players Fitness Assessment - IV 1)- Validity 2)- Reliability 3)- Accuracy 4)- Precision 23 Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - I ANAEROBIC System ATP-PC (jumps, short sprints, etc) LACTIC (long sprints, average displacements, etc) AEROBIC System Recovery (walking, standing, etc) 24 Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - II Physiological Demand Effort-Pause Relationship: ~1:1 ~2:1 (Alexander & Boreskie, 1989 ; Moreno, 1996) 25 Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - III VO2max – Male Elite Players VO2max (ml\Kg\min-1) TOTAL Wing Pivots Players 57,0 +\-4,1 58,3 +\-3,5 56,2 +\-5,8 Backcourt Players Goalkeepers 57,0 +\-4,5 55,1 +\-2,7 Adapted from Michalsik et al, 2015 26 Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - IV ● HEART RATE and LACTATE during matches - 80 to 90% of HRmax - 9 to 12 mM.L-1 (Alves et al, 2008) 27 Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - V ● VOLUME during matches Backs Wings Pivots Goalkeepers Standing\ Walking 57% 58% 62% 86% Jogging 25% 23% 25% 11% Run 14% 14% 10% 2% Sprints 3% 4% 2% 0,5% (Adapted from Sibila et al, 2004) 28 Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - VI ● Game-Based Handball Training vs. High-Intensity Interval Training *** (p<0,05) *** GBHT PRE GBHT POST HIIT PRE HIIT POST RSA-best (s) 6,19 +\-0,41 5,96 +\-0,31 6,27 +\-0,42 6,05 +\-0,37 RSA-mean (s) 6,48 +\-0,40 6,18 +\-0,35 6,52 +\-0,42 6,30 +\-0,36 RSA-dec (%) 4,10 +\-1,59 3,14 +\-0,92 3,43 +\-1,25 3,34 +\-1,03 Intermittent Endurance Index (iEI) -14,5 +\-5,1 -11,9 +\-3,8 -13,8 +\-2,6 -17,4 +\-5,3 (Adapted from Buchheit et al, 2009) 29 Handball: Conditioning for Players Endurance - VII ● Anaerobic Power - Wingate Arm Test – n=11 players *** p<0,05 *** T-01 T-02 Absolute Power (W) 615,9 +\-104,1 6,63 +\-1,07 6,27 +\-1,35 57,98 +\-4,39 627,3 +\-120,3 7,02 +\-1,31 5,64 +\-1,03 *** 58,97 +\-3,49 Relative Power (W\kg) Maximum Power Time (s) Fatigue (%) (Adapted from Souza et al, 2006) 30 Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - I ● ● Hipertrophy Maximal Strength ● ● Power Power Endurance 31 Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - II ABSOLUTE Strength RELATIVE Strength - Moving a external force (opponent, ball, etc) - Carrying bodyweight (accelerations, decelerations, jumps, landing, change-of-direction, etc) 32 Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - III GENERAL Strength HANDBALL TRAINING SPECIFIC Strength 33 Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - IV ● ● ● ● Weight Training Plyometric Training Ballistic Exercises Sports-Specific Force-Based Actions 34 Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - V ● HIPERTROPHY Hipertrophy in HANDBALL - Increased Muscle Strength; - Improve Strength of Tendons and Ligaments; - Increase Cross-Sectional Area; - Lean Mass Increase; - Body Fat Reduction; - Improves Balance and Functional Capacity; - Etc (Adapted from Perreira, 2016 ; Hermassi et al, 2010) 35 Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - VI ● Maximal Strength MAXIMAL STRENGTH in HANDBALL - Improved Neuromuscular Activation; - Intra and Intermuscular Coordination; - Concentric, Eccentric and Isometric Strength; - Precondition for Power Training; - Etc 36 Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - VII ● A Maximal Strength POWER (Maximum Maximorum Force) (Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2008) 37 Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - VIII HIPERTROPHY and MAXIMAL STRENGTH RPE Repetitions in Reserve (RIR) 10,0 Maximum Effort 9,5 No Further Repetitions But Could Increase Load 9,0 01 Repetition Remaining 8,5 01-02 Repetitions Remaining 8,0 02 Repetitions Remaining 7,5 02-03 Repetitions Remaining 7,0 03 Repetitions Remaining 5,0 - 6,0 04-06 Repetitions Remaining 3,0 - 4,0 Light Effort 1,0 - 2,0 Little to No Effort (Adapted from Zourdos et al, 2016) 38 Handball: Conditioning for Players Strength - IX n=26 elite male handball players – weeks AGE: 20,0+\-0,6 years-old n=26 male players – Program: 10 (02 sessions per week) PROTOCOL: Heavy Resistance Training (HR) – at 80-95% of 1RM (2 exercises – pull-over and bench ● ● press – 1-3 repetitions per set, 3-6 sets per exercise, with 3-4 min rest between sets). Moderate Resistance Training (MR) – at 55-75% of 1RM (2 exercises – pull-over and bench press – 3-6 repetitions per set, 2-4 sets per exercise, with 1-1,30 min rest between sets) DURATION: 10-weeks – 2 times per week Heavy Resistance vs. Moderate Resistance Training # p<0,01 $ p<0,001 (Adapted from Hermassi et al, 2010) 39 Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - I ● S Neuronal Motor Unit Synchronization Adaptation POWER PRODUCTION P=F.V\t Increases in Neural Activation (Adapted from Plummer et al, 2019) 40 Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - II Optimum Power Load Squat Jump Height (Adapted from Loturco et al, 2015 ) 41 Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - III - Relationship Between Force and Speed - Muscle Contraction Speed POWER ENDURANCE: - Fast Force Maintenance *** - Activated Muscle Contraction Force (Adapted from Vretaros, 2008) 42 Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - IV ● ● n=16 Team Handball Players TRAINING: 12 weeks (T-1 to T2) and DETRAINING: 7 weeks (T-3) T-1 T-2 T-3 T-1 – T-2 T-1 -T-3 T-2 -T-3 CMJ (cm) 36,82 +\-4,8 40,55 +\-5,09 41,62 +\-5,6 p<0,001 p<0,001 p<0,05 CMJ 20Kg (cm) CMJ 40Kg (cm) 25,41 +\-3,5 29,40 +\-4,4 30,69 +\-3,7 p<0,001 p<0,001 p<0,05 18,86 +\-3,1 21,49 +\-2,9 23,34 +\-3,5 p<0,001 p<0,001 p<0,001 (Adapted from Marques & Gonzáles-Badillo, 2006) 43 Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - V ● n=11 Female Players U-21 – One Season February April May June July November Horizontal Triple Jump (m) 5,60 5,37 5,36 5,65 5,63 5,97 3 kg Med Ball Throw (m) 2,98 2,84 2,90 3,10 2,84 3,34 (Adapted from Dechechi et al, 2010) 44 Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - VI How do French Handball Coaches Build their Training Programs to Improve Ball-Throwing Velocity? Power and Velocity Output: Concentric and Plyometric Training Muscle Contractions Ball Velocity: Shoulder Internal Rotation, Elbow Extension, Abdominal Oblique Muscles (Adapted from Debanne & Laffaye, 2013) 45 Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - VII ● Relationship: Throwing Velocity and The Concentric- Only Bench Press Exercise - 1RM Bench Press (r=0,637, p=0,14) - Peak Power 36Kg (r=0,586, p=0,028) - Peak Power 46Kg (r=0,582, p=0,029) - Peak Bar Velocity 26Kg (r=0,563, p=0,036) -Peak Bar Velocity 36Kg (r=0,625, p=0,017) 46 (Adapted from Marques et al, 2007) Handball: Conditioning for Players Power - VIII ● Effect of Core Training on Throwing Velocity (10 weeks) SITUATION PRE (km\h) POST (km\h) p ES 7 meters 76,1 80,0 0,001 0,371 7 meters + GK 75,5 79,4 0,001 0,473 9 meters 77,8 80,8 0,005 0,292 9 meters + GK 77,2 79,6 0,05 0,213 9 meters 3 steps 81,8 85,7 0,001 0,387 9 meters 3 steps + GK 83,4 86,5 0,001 0,320 9 meters jump 80,4 83,6 0,001 0,324 9 meters jump + GK 79,9 83,8 0,005 0,301 (Adapted from Manchado et al, 2007) 47 Handball: Conditioning for Players Speed - I ● REACTION (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) ● MOVEMENT (isolated actions) ● DISPLACEMENT (spatial) 48 Handball: Conditioning for Players Speed - II REACTION: - React a opponent's dribble - React to pass - Etc MOVEMENT: - Pass - Shooting - Jump - Etc SPEED ENDURANCE DISPLACEMENT: - Marking - Sprints -Etc 49 Handball: Conditioning for Players Speed - III INTERACTION NEURAL System Efferent and Afferent Responses SPEED in Handball Handbal - Technique - Coordination - Maximum Stregth - Power - Muscular Elasticity MUSCULAR System 50 Handball: Conditioning for Players Speed - IV ● Norwegian National Team Athletes 10m (s) 20m (s) 30m (s) 40m (s) Male Players 2,03 +\-0,04 3,27 +\-0,07 4,43 +\-0,10 5,58 +\-0,14 Female Players 2,15 +\-0,07 3,50 +\-0,13 4,77 +\-0,18 6,03 +\-0,24 (Adapted from Haugen et al, 2019) 51 Handball: Conditioning for Players Speed - V ● n=16 male elite players – National Handball Superleague *** p<0,001 *** Without a Ball With a Ball 5m sprint (s) 1,06 1,08 10m sprint (s) 1,80 1,90 20m sprint (s) 3,18 3,36 (Adapted from Pavlovic et al, 2018) 52 Handball: Conditioning for Players Speed - VI ● Sprint Mechanical Outputs in Norwegian National Teams Maximal Horizontal Force (N.Kg-1) VO (m.s-1) Maximal Horizontal Power (W.Kg-1) ForceVelocity Slope Ratio of Force Index of Force MALE Players 8,4 +\-0,4 9,1 +\-0,4 19,0 +\-1,1 -0,92 +\-0,06 46,9 +\-1,1 -8,5 +\-0,6 FEMALE Players 7,8 +\-0,5 8,2 +\-0,4 16,0 +\-1,6 -0,94 +\-0,04 43,8 +\-1,8 -8,9 +\-0,4 (Adapted from Haugen et al, 2019) 53 Handball: Conditioning for Players Agility - I ● Simple (spatial and temporal certainty and preplanned movement) ● Spatial (spatial uncertainty and preplanned movement) ● Temporal (temporal uncertainty and preplanned movement) ● Universal (total unpredictability and improvised movement) 54 Handball: Conditioning for Players Agility - II Physiological Capacities Biomechanical Abilities MULTI-DIRECTIONAL NATURE Advanced Cognitive Strategies (Adapted from Wheeler, 2009) 55 Handball: Conditioning for Players Agility - III n=20 Youth Players - Three Different Types of Training Protocols (Resistance Training, Plyometric Training and Complex Training) Agility T-Test *** p<0,05 *** Time (seconds) ● RT PT CT PRE-Test POST-Test (Adapted from Parnow et al, 2016) 56 Handball: Conditioning for Players Flexibility - I ELASTIC Components ELASTICITY FLEXIBILITY MOBILITY PLASTIC Components (Dantas, 1999 ; Achour Junior, 2004 ; Boyle, 2015) 57 Handball: Conditioning for Players Flexibility - II Global Active Stretching – n=33 players (male and female) Side Step Test – 08 sessions of GAS – 40 minutes *** p<0,05 *** Points ● PRE POST FEMALE Treatment FEMALE Control MALE Treatment MALE Control (Adapted from Silva et al, 2018) 58 Handball: Conditioning for Players Flexibility - III n=21 elite female players – AGE: – 14,0 to 18,0 years-old n=21 elite female players Gleunoumeral Joint STATIC STRETCHING: static stretching of the gleunoumeral joint in the dominant limb. ● DYNAMIC WARM-UP: dynamic exercises performed on dominant and non-dominant limbs. MED BALL THROW: the athlete throws a 2kg ball. HANDBALL THROWING TEST: the athlete throws an official ball at a distance of 7 meters from the goal. *** p≤0,05 *** (Adapted from Mascarin et al, 2015) 59 Handball: Conditioning for Players Coordination - I Different Skills Orientation Spatiotemporal Eye-hand Eye-foot Different Situations Decisionmaking Process Precision HANDBALL COORDINATION Multisegments Laterality Anticipatory Timing 60 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention - I How to Manage Sports Injuries? CORRECTIVE Platform PREDICTIVE Platform PREVENTIVE Platform (Vretaros, 2018) 61 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention - II ● CORRECTIVE Platform: - Cycle Injury-correction - Urgent Decision-making - Programmed decision- making 62 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention - III ● PREVENTIVE Platform: - Plan of Action - Continuous Monitoring - Improvement Recurring 63 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention - IV ● PREDICTIVE Platform: - Simple Calculations - Quick Interpretation - Simple Inferences - Heuristic - Black Swan Logic - Different Thought - Avoiding Errors Magnitude Unexpected - Non-linear Interpretations - Logarithmic Engineering - Complex Calculations - Artificial Intelligence (Adapted from Vretaros, 2018) 64 Handball: Conditioning for Players Types of Injuries CHRONIC Injuries INTRINSIC Factors ACUTE Injuries EXTRINSIC Factors 65 Handball: Conditioning for Players Mechanisms of Injuries ● n=2,227 competitives matches - Video-Analysis ● Seasons: 2010 - 2013 ● ● 25,1 % - Indirect Contact ● ● 56,8 % - Contact 18,1 % - Non-Contact 63,8 % - During Attacking Play (Luig et al, 2018) 66 Handball: Conditioning for Players Causes of Injuries - Contact with Opponent – 31% - 53% - Contact with Ball – 14% - 18% - Contact with Team Member - 3% - Running – 28% - 33% - Shooting – 25% - 31% (Andersson, 2018) 67 Handball: Conditioning for Players Top Injury Locations Male Players versus Female Players (%) 68 (Adapted from Luig et al, 2011) Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Ankle - I A ANKLE INJURIES (non-contact) ● LANDING SITUATIONS One-leg Landing from a Jump Shot Side-step Cutting (Adapted from Bere et al, 2018) 69 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Ankle - II ● Ankle Proprioception: Poor Balance vs. Normal Balance *** Pattern of Cocontraction of Ankle Plantarflexors and Dorsiflexors *** (Adapted from Han et al, 2015) 70 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Ankle - III ● n=16 Teams of European Young Female Players Group WITH Ankle Disc Traumatic Injuries: - 2,4 per 1000 hours of Match - 0,2 per 1000 hours of Practice PROTOCOL: Program combining the use of ankle disc with functional strength training Group WITHOUT Ankle Disc Traumatic Injuries: - 6,9 per 1000 hours of Match - 0,6 per 1000 hours of Practice (Adapted from Wedderkopp et al, 2003) 71 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Knee - I ACL● Injuries A (non-contact) MALE Players Medium Risk FEMALE Players High Risk ~ 2-3 times higher "approximately 80% of the injuries occur in a plant and cut situation or in a landing after a jump shot" (Adapted from Myklebust et al, 2003 ; Prodomos et al, 200772; Brophy et al, 2015) Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Knee - II ● ACL – Injury Mechanisms - Videotape (n=20 cases) FEMALE Players ● 12 Seasons (1988-2000) ACTIVITY \ CASES Speed Flexion Tibia Rotation Valgus Weight Distribution in Leg Injured (%) Contact Plant-and-Cut (12) Moderate to High 5 to 20 5 to -15 5 to 20 90 to 100 No and Indirect One-Leg Landing (04) High to Very High 15 to 25 5 to 15 10 to 15 100 No and Indirect Deceleration (02) Moderate to High 20 to 25 10 10 100 No and Indirect Running (01) High 20 10 10 100 Indirect Collision (01) --- --- --- --- --- Direct (Adapted from Olsen et al, 2004) 73 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Knee - III ● ACL - PREVENTIVE PROGRAM - FEMALE Players – ● 03 Seasons (1998-2001) MATCH Injuries MATCH Injuries TRAINING Injuries TRAINING Injuries Season All Divisions Elite Division All Divisions Elite Division 1998-1999 23 11 06 02 1999-2000 17 04 06 02 2000-2001 14 05 03 00 (Adapted from Myklebust et al, 2003) 74 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Hip - I ● RECTUS ABDOMINIS Muscle Injuries *** MAIN INJURY MECHANISM: *** Eccentric contraction during specific movement of throwing with the contralateral arm (Adapted from Balius et al, 2011) 75 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Spine - I HANDBALL TRAINING ● &a SPINE SPINAL LOADS Quality of POSTURE 76 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Spine - II ● POSTURE - n=125 players versus n=135 non-training individuals POSTURE – Young Female Players - a inclination of the thoracolumbar segment - a greater forward tilt of the torso - a correct pelvic alignment in the frontal plane - pelvis and scapulas asymmetries in the transverse plane (Adapted from Grabara, 2014) 77 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Spine - III ● “Posturometer-S” – Antero-Posterior Shape Analysis Kyphotic Types: 75,0% - handball players 61,5% - volleyball players SPORT n α Angle – Inclination of the Upperthoracic Segment β Angle – Inclination of the ThoracicLumbar Segment γ Angle – Inclination of the Lumbarsacral Segment Handball 16 Volleyball 12 14,9° +\-5,81 15,2° +\-4,26 8,5° +\-3,12 11,3° +\-1,92 7,7° +\-4,16 10,3° +\-3,91 (Adapted from Lichota et al, 2011) 78 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Spine - IV Prevalence of LBP (%) ● Low Back Pain in FEMALE Elite Players * During the previous 12 months * (Adapted from Tuna˚s et al, 2014 ) 79 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - I SHOULDER INJURIES: ~17% - 28% (one season) High Volume Throwing Overhead Athletes ** Reduced Velocity and Accuracy of the Throw ** ** Dominant Arm ** (Clarsen et al, 2014 ; Andersson et al, 2016) 80 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - II ● The Biomechanics of the Throwing Lead Foot Contact Wind-Up Stride Maximal External Rotation Arm Cocking Arm Acceleration Release Maximal Internal Rotation Arm Deceleraton FollowThough (Adapted from Van Den Tillaar, 2005 ) 81 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - III FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS: - Osseus Tissue - Soft Tissue Decrease Internal Rotation ROM Increase External Rotation ROM Decrease External Rotation Strength Scapular Dyskinesis (Fieseler et al, 2018) 82 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - IV Shoulder Pain and Dysfunction in Throwers: - Tendon Pathology; - Subacromial and Internal Impingement; - Glenoid Labrum Injuries; - Glenohumeral Joint Instability; - Acromioclavicular Joint Dysfunction - Etc (Clarsen et al, 2014) 83 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - V n=206 players in the Norwegian Elite Handball League ISOMETRIC STRENGTH - Pain Free Test: Internal Rotation (n=193) External Rotation (n=178) Abduction (n=182) - Painfull Test: Internal Rotation (n=0) External Rotation (n=15) Abduction (n=05) RANGE OF MOTION SCAPULAR CONTROL - Pain Free Test: Internal Rotation (n=194) External Rotation (n=194) - Pain Free Test: Flexion (n=205) Abduction (n=205) - Painfull Test: Internal Rotation (n=0) External Rotation (n=0) - Painfull Test; Flexion (n=01) Abduction (n=01) (Adapted from Clarsen et al, 2014) 84 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - VI HANDBALL PLAYERS – SHOULDER PROBLEMS: - Reduced External Rotation Strength; - Reduced Total ROM; - Scapular Dyskinesis; - Imbalanced Muscular Profile (IR\ER); - Reduced Glenohumeral Joint ROM - Anterior Shoulder Dislocations - SLAP Lesion - Reduced Kinetic Chain Function (?) - Limited Thoracic Mobility (?) (Adapted from Clarsen et al, 2014 ; Edouard et al, 2013 ; Andersson et al, 2016) 85 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Shoulder - VII PREVENTIVE PROGRAM: - Quality of Movement - Work Total Rotation Motion; - External Rotation Strength; - Stability and Control Scapular; - Thoracic Mobility; - Good Posture; - Core Stability; - Strength Balance between ER \ IR; - Control of Training Volume of Throwers; -And other (Adapted from Authors Collection) 86 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Elbow - I Shoulder Elbow ~ 48,000 throws each season - Eccentric Loads (initiate arm acceleration) OVERUSE INJURIES (Bere et al, 2018) 87 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Elbow - II DOMINANT ELBOW Hypertrophy "Handball Goalie's Elbow" Pain and Disability Repeated Hyperextension Traumas Bilateral differences in the thickness of the flexor-pronator tendon, extensor tendon, triceps tendon, and medial collateral ligament Repetitive Valgus Forces (Adapted from Popovic et al, 2001 ; Tyrdal et al, 1996) 88 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Elbow - III ● ULTRASOUND IMAGE – Tendon and Ligament Thickness n=40 professional male handball players. AGE: 25,75 years-old PROTOCOL: a bilateral comparative examination via ultrasound image. *** p<0,0001 *** Thickness (Adapted from Popovic et al, 2001) 89 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Wrist\Hand - I Wrist + Hand INJURIES Thumb and Pinkie Impact during a Block Catching the Ball *** 61,4% *** One-to-One Situations “ The thumb stabilizes the ball and the pinkie locks it into position” Goalkeeper: Forced Dorsiflexion during Catching (Adapted from Pesquer & Chick, 2018) 90 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Wrist\Hand - II Wrist + Hand TYPES OF INJURIES - Bone - Ligaments - Joints - Tendons - Scaphoid or Triquetrum Fractures - Scapholunate ligament, triangular fibrocartilage complex ligament, ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb - Capsuloligamentous structures and the volar plate of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints - Flexor and extensor tendon tears of the fingers (Adapted from Pesquer & Chick, 2018) 91 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Head - I Maxillofacial Injuries Nasal Fractures Dental Injuries Facial Lacerations 92 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Head - II ● n=112 handball players (28 females and 84 males) DENTAL TRAUMA (n) 93 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Head - III TYPES OF DENTAL INJURIES 94 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Head - IV n=138 Handball Athletes - 12% Nasal Bone Fractures - 57% Head and Neck Injuries - 32% Do Not Use Mouthguards - 68% Had Hear of Mouthguards - 4,5% Made Use of this Protection Device (Gialain et al, 2014) 95 Handball: Conditioning for Players Injury Prevention: Head - V Head Injuries in Handball “The most frequent cause of injuries are impacts with other players or with the ground” (Sane, 1988 ; Gialain et al, 2014) MAIN Preventive Strategy: The Use of Mouthguards. 96 Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - I ● MOVEMENTS: 1)- Lateral 2)- Diagonal 3)- Front ● STIMULUS: 1)- Visual 2)- Auditory 3)- Kinesthetic 4)- Decision Making 97 (Adapted from Dumitru, 2010) Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - II ● MALE Goalkeeper - Anthropometry STUDY Profile Age (years-old) Height (cm) Body Mass (Kg) Body Fat (%) Hasan et al, 2007 Asiatics\ Male 25,0 +\-1,9 186,5 +\-0,04 80,8 +\-7,0 10,5 +\-3,3 Glaner, 1999 Pan American\ Male 23,8 +\-4,7 182,9 +\-7,0 82,8 +\-9,6 14,9 +\-4,3 98 Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - III ● FEMALE Goalkeeper - Anthropometry STUDY Profile Age (years-old) Height (cm) Body Mass (Kg) Body Fat (%) Vila et al, 2011 Spanish\ Female 26,4 +\-5,9 174,9 +\-6,3 69,2 +\-7,6 --- Becerra et al, 2018 Spanish Beach\ Female 22,9 +\-4,05 167,8 +\-4,4 61,04 +\-3,9 14,4 +\-3,0 99 Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - IV a)- The LAST Defense b)- The FIRST Defender c)- The FIRST Attacker d)- The LAST Attacker (Dumitru, 2010) 100 Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - V ● PHYSICAL CONDITIONING: a)- Endurance (atp-cp, anaerobic lactic, aerobic) b)- Strength (hipertrophy, maximal) c)- Power (maximal, endurance) d)- Speed (reaction, displacement, movement) e)- Flexibility \ Mobility f)- Hand-Eye Coordination g)- Eye-Foot Coordination 101 Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - VI ● EFFECTIVENESS OF REACTION TIME (n=10, 09 weeks – 3 times per week – 100 shootings per goalkeeper) Av-01 Av-02 Av-03 Av-04 Av-05 TOTAL PRE Test 46,2% 47,4% 23,8% 36,9% 20,3% 33,9% POST Test 55,7% 65,1% 25,5% 46,0% 29,5% 43,2% (Adapted from Sá & Dias, 2019) 102 Handball: Conditioning for Players Goalkeeper - VII ● VISUAL AND AUDITORY REACTION TIME n=05 players VISUAL Reaction Time 0,246 AUDITORY Reaction Time 0,212 Years of Practice Standard Deviation 0,052 0,052 4,08 Coefficient of Variation (%) 18,97 24,43 49,83 Mean (s) 8,2 (Adapted from Souza et al,, 2010) 103 Handball: Conditioning for Players Periodization - I Off-Season Off-Season Pre-Season Season What MODEL of periodization? 104 Handball: Conditioning for Players Periodization - II Linear Structural Bells Reverse Conjugate MODELS Of Periodization Selective Loads Blocks Pendulous Tactical 105 Handball: Conditioning for Players Periodization - III MACROcycle MESOcycle MICROcycle Training UNIT 106 Handball: Conditioning for Players Periodization - IV Professional Level 70 – 100 matches a year\season (Laver et al, 2018) 107 Handball: Conditioning for Players Periodization - V Norway Elite Division Players PRACTICE: 5 to 10 times per week Each session: +\-1,5h PLAY: 60 to 80 matches per season (Adapted from Andersson, 2018) 108 Handball: Conditioning for Players Periodization - VI ACTIVITY *** (p<0.05) ● MALE a (n=168) FEMALE (n=161) Handball Training (minutes) 402 (381 to 423) *** 355 (339 to 370) Match Play (minutes) 35 (32 to 39) 34 (31 to 38) Strength Training (minutes) 106 (96 to 116) 93 (85 to 101) (Adapted from Andersson, 2017) 109 Handball: Conditioning for Players Fatigue - I PERIFERIC: - Cardiovascular - Metabolic - Neuromuscular FATIGUE in HANDBALL CENTRAL: - CNS 110 Handball: Conditioning for Players Fatigue - II VISIBLE Fatigue HIDDEN Fatigue RISK of Overreaching Non-Functional RISK of Overtraining (Adapted from Platonov, 2008) 111 Handball: Conditioning for Players Fatigue - III - Psychological - Physiological FATIGUE SYMPTOMS - Immunological - Biochemists 112 Handball: Conditioning for Players Detraining - I - Body Composition - Maximal Strength - Speed - VO2max DETRAINING in HANDBALL -??? - ??? - Power - Agility 113 Handball: Conditioning for Players Circadian Rhythm - I n= Diurnal Variations in● Physical Performance *** p<0,001 ** EFFECT SIZE: ZZTWB= -1,17 5SWB= -1,34 10SWB= -1,40 20SWB= -1,40 SJ= 0,73 (Adapted from Pavlovic et al, 2018) 114 Handball: Conditioning for Players Nutrition - I MACRO Nutrients - Carbohydrates - Proteins - Fats - Water - Vitamins - Mineral Salts MICRO Nutrients 115 Handball: Conditioning for Players Nutrition - II BODY COMPOSITION: - Monitor Training and Nutrition Effectiveness; - Young Athletes: changes during their growth spurts (height and weight); - Check the impact of lean muscle mass on power performance; - Body Fat; - Other 116 Handball: Conditioning for Players Nutrition - III ● Creatine Supplementation (20g.d-1 during 5 days) p<0,001 Kg 1RM Half Squat PLACEBO CREATINE (Adapted from Izquierdo et al, 2002) 117 Handball: Conditioning for Players Nutrition - IV ● n=16 Youth Players – HYDRATION Number of Athletes Types of Fluids Ingested Refrigerant Pre During er t a W e e c c i i c i u u J n J l l to a a r o i Is tr tu s a u N d In Post da o S er h t O (Mendes et al, 2016) 118 Handball: Conditioning for Players Recovery & Regeneration - I ACTIVE Resources Recovery & Regeneration PASSIVE Resources 119 Handball: Conditioning for Players Recovery & Regeneration - II Nutrition Electrostimulation Thermotherapy Acupuncture Cryotherapy Cupping Therapy Compression Garment Hyperoxia Therapy Slowdown Active Massage Compression Garment And More 120
