● Double check that each of your citations are left-aligned and formatted using
hanging indentation
● Make sure that you have included 3 paragraphs for each citation
○ P1: Summary
○ P2: Evaluation using ALL ELEMENTS of the CRAAP Test
○ P3: Two-Three Sentences discussing your strategy for the source
Bilard, J., Ninot, G., & Hauw, D. (2011). Motives for Illicit Use of Doping Substances
Among Athletes Calling a National Antidoping Phone-Help Service: An Exploratory
Study. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(4), 359–367.
https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2010.502553
In this source, motives for the use of doping in athletic sports competitions are
studied. Specifically, the use of anabolic steroids is studied in order to determine if there
are any benefits that may outweigh the consequences of taking performance-enhancing
drugs. This study originated from a spike in calls to a national anti-doping phone help
service that offered anonymous assistance to anyone coping with addiction and the use
of performance-enhancing drugs. Between 2000 to 2005, 115 cyclists, 203
bodybuilders, and 40 footballers were analyzed. Motives include preserving health for
cyclists, increasing muscular strength for bodybuilders, and personal recreation for
footballers.
This scholarly journal was posted in 2011. It was last updated in 2017 after
another spike of performance-enhancing drug use in the 2016 Rio Olympics. The
research presented is very relevant to my field of study as a Kinesiology major. The
intended audience is not limited to college students, athletes, and researchers. The
authors of this information are researchers working alongside the national antidoping
phone service. The information is reliable as it takes testimonies from those who have
contacted the national antidoping phone agency, as well as research done among
thousands of athletes. This information exists because it explores the grey area of
doping in athletic sports. The information is meant to tell us about the effects of doping
and why people may resort to doping in even the highest levels of competition.
I will be using this source for the statistical information gathered. The information
presented in this source is very eye-opening, in my opinion, to all athletes that may or
may not have resorted to doping in sports. The statistical information is very useful in
determining how serious doping is, compared to something similar to the low rate of
cheating through other methods in elite athletic competitions.
Causanilles Llanes, A., Nordmann, V., Vughs, D., Emke, E., de Hon, O., Hernández, F.,
& de Voogt, P. (2018). Wastewater-based tracing of doping use by the general
population and amateur athletes. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 410(6),
1793–1803.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-017-0835-3
In this part of the paper we go through a series of sources in order to find out
whether or not there is another way to cope with the pain without the use of drugs. The
In this source, the use of chemical analysis is used to study wastewater at sites
where athletic competitions take place. This will allow researchers to assess the use of
doping substances among the general population and amateur athletes. Through the
use of chemical analysis, researchers were able to identify at least 15 substances used
in, but not limited to, anabolic steroids, weight loss products, and masking agents in
wastewater that were tested thoroughly. The use of these substances were visible just
prior and during the event days and in greater amounts than anabolic steroids or
masking agents. Chemical analysis of untreated wastewater reveals the use of
prohibited doping substances during amateur sporting events.
This source was first published in February 2018. Its relevance pertains to the
topic of doping as a whole and gives insight into when doping is most used. The
intended audience is scholars, students, and other researchers looking into the topic of
doping and the various substances that can identify whether or not doping is used
through wastewater testing. The authors of this information are independent
researchers that came together and shared their findings thus far as well as to see if
their research could further look into the issue of doping in athletic competitions that
would compromise competitive integrity. The accuracy of this information is held up by
the evidence found in the various amounts of wastewater tested within 24 hours of the
beginning and end of a competition. The purpose of this information is to show the
intended audience that there is most definitely use of doping before and during
competitions.
I will use this source as one of the various methods of detecting and identifying if
doping was used by athletes. It will most likely be used in a separate paragraph where I
go over the numerous methods and which methods are 99.5% accurate as required by
any research done in my field of study.
Docherty, J. R. (2008). Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World
Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). British Journal of Pharmacology, 154(3), 606–622.
https://doi.org/10.1038/bjp.2008.124
This source explores the various types of performance-enhancing drugs such as
stimulants, weight loss products, and other illicit substances. Commonly used
substances such as ephedrine can be found in over-the-counter medicine. Ephedrine is
commonly used for its ability to increase alertness and reduce fatigue. Some other illicit
substances such as amphetamines, cocaine, and hallucinogenic drugs. These specific
substances can commonly be found in prescription medicine or illegally modified into
other forms of drugs such as Xanax, MDMA, or other mood modifying substances.
The information presented in this article was first published in January 2009. The
information presented has been updated again in 2015 with the rise of drug overdoses
around the world. It was published by researchers working in the British
Pharmacological Society.
Gallucci, A. R., & Martin, R. J. (2015). Misuse of prescription stimulant medication in a
sample of college students: Examining differences between varsity athletes and
non-athletes. Addictive Behaviors, 51, 44–50.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.004
This source covers the misuse of prescription stimulants (MPS) among college
athletes and compares the results found between them and non-athlete students. Given
that stimulant medication is often taken in order to improve one’s reaction time, increase
focus, and overall performance. Despite the “common” knowledge that some athletes
resort to doping, very little information is available about the role that athletic status has
on substance abuse.
This source is currently relevant as it has been published in 2015 and is kept
updated until now. The relevance of this article pertains to college students and those
who participate in higher levels of athletic competitions. The authors of this source are
independent researchers from East Carolina University and Baylor University who
collaborated on this topic. This information comes from studies done in the researchers’
local areas in different states as well as their own universities. The evidence is
supported through the findings presented by each of the researchers in order to
conclude from two different areas that there is a big impact on substance misuse
depending on athletic status. The purpose of this article is to examine the various levels
of athletic skill and to research the misuse of substances.
I plan on using this source to inspire other ways to look at and study the topic of
doping in sports. The author has made a very good point on the fact that doping is only
really studied as a whole and not expanding through various cases such as the misuse
of prescription stimulants among top-tier athletes and amateurs.
Martínez-Sanz, J. M., Sospedra, I., Ortiz, C. M., Baladía, E., Gil-Izquierdo, A., &
Ortiz-Moncada, R. (2017). Intended or Unintended Doping? A Review of the Presence
of Doping Substances in Dietary Supplements Used in Sports. Nutrients, 9(10), 1093–.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101093
This source covers the substances found in athletes’ dietary supplements and if
athletes really know what they’re taking in order to “legally” enhance their athletic
performance. An example of these supplements is pre-workout, also known as creatine.
While pre-workout is safe to consume stimulants that must be FDA certified, the
ingredients vary between products. Certain FDA-certified products are still banned by
the World Anti-Doping Agency from use in athletic competitions due to certain
substances such as phenpromethamine (Vonedrine), oxilofrine, octodrine,
beta-methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA), and 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA) being
present in the supplements.
The source was first published in October 2017 after a long process of being
revised and waiting for approval earlier in 2017. This source is relevant because it
covers the various substances used to produce stimulants and other such
performance-enhancing supplements that are used by athletes worldwide. The intended
audience is everyone such as those looking into supplements but are unsure about their
effects and ingredients that may be harmful or banned in competitions. The authors of
this research were from the University of Alicante and the Department of Food Science
and Technology in Spain. The information presented is accurate, as this information had
to be reviewed countless times and then approved in order to be published.
Striegel, H., Ulrich, R., & Simon, P. (2009). Randomized response estimates for doping
and illicit drug use in elite athletes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 106(2), 230–232.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.026
This source covers certain protocols used in order to estimate the unknown
cases of doping in fitness sports, but not elite sports. In short, athletes would be
randomly chosen to complete a questionnaire or a randomized response technique test
in order to determine whether or not an athlete is under the influence of
performance-enhancing drugs. This is mainly explored in order to determine if previous
data collected from anti-doping investigations are truly accurate and if the data is valid
given that most athletes that resort to doping are not just going to admit to taking part in
illegal substance abuse.
The source was first published in January 2010 and has since been updated in
2017 after the Rio Olympics. This source is relevant because it contests the findings of
other researchers and whether or not their findings are accurate and need to be
reviewed for this field of study. The authors of this source are independent researchers
and scholars working with Science Direct. The information in this source is supported by
evidence as well as being supported by the scientific fact that there will always be
something to discover and research from a different perspective. The purpose of this
source is to inspire other researchers, students, and scholars to look at doping from a
whole different perspective and come up with more interesting findings that could lead
to a big discovery in this field.
I will be using this as inspiration for a potential research question at the end of
my research paper that looks into doping from another perspective. This source
contains valuable information that acts like a counterargument to the findings done by
previous research.
Strano Rossi, S., & Botrè, F. (2011). Prevalence of illicit drug use among the Italian
athlete population with special attention on drugs of abuse: A 10-year review. Journal of
Sports Sciences, 29(5), 471–476.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.543915
In this source, the overwhelming cases of illicit substance use among young
adults and athletes are studied. The study is conducted using data obtained from
100,000 urine samples between 2000 to 2009 collected by the World Anti-Doping
Agency. Of the samples tested, the most common substances found were
amphetamines, ephedrine, carphedon, modafinil, and anorexic compounds. These
substances have been blacklisted by the FDA and other agencies worldwide due
to their performance-enhancing characteristics that provide an unfair advantage
over others that do not take these substances.
This source was first published in January 2011. The intended audience is
everyone. The information is important as it covers the common substances
found in illicit substances that are commonly used in athletic competitions and
training. The authors of this information are researchers working under the World
Anti-Doping Agency as well as international scholars working with their
respective universities to conduct research on doping. The evidence is accurate
in this source because of the tedious review process that all researchers and
scholars must undergo in order to publish this information on official sites. The
purpose of this article is to present the findings of various international
researchers and scholars that are working under the World Anti-Doping Agency.
I will be using the findings of this research paper and the evidence provided as
information in my paper. I do not know what else to say except that there is
valuable information in this source.
Thomas, J. O., Dunn, M., Swift, W., & Burns, L. (2010). Elite Athletesʼ Perceptions of the
Effects of Illicit Drug Use on Athletic Performance. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine,
20(3), 189–192.
https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181df5f87
This source covers the effects of illicit drug use and how it affects an elite
athlete’s physical and cognitive performance as well as the downsides of using illicit
substances. The research was conducted on 974 elite athletes ranging from 18-34
years of age that are part of 8 national sporting organizations in Australia and the
Australian Institute of Sport. It was conducted via a self-administered survey in order to
study the perceived risks and benefits that athletes credit to performance-enhancing
drugs. The research took place at national sporting competitions or meetings. While
common knowledge is that doping results in performance enhancement, elite athletes
actually tend to believe that these substances are more harmful to an athletes
performance.
The source was first published