Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Chapter 8 : Thought and Language
Chapter Quiz Questions
1. According to classical categorization, people use specific _____ to decide if an object belongs to a specific
category.
A) prototypes
B) schemas
C) rules
D) grades
QuestionID: 08-1-01
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: C) rules
2. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that
A) the way we think about categories affects the language we use.
B) our perception influences the language we use.
C) words are organized mentally based on their relationship to each other.
D) the language that we use affects how we think about the world.
QuestionID: 08-1-02
Objective: 8.1e Analyze the claim that the language we speak determines how we think.
Answer: D) the language that we use affects how we think about the world.
3. When Kwan's computer stopped working, he called the company's technical support line. The technician
followed a predetermined set of steps from a manual to diagnose and help Kwan fix his computer over the
phone. The steps that the technician followed are an example of a(n)
A) algorithm.
B) mental set.
C) semantic network.
D) heuristic.
QuestionID: 08-1-03
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A) algorithm.
4. People often overestimate the danger of shark attacks because it is often easy to think of news stories and
reports of shark attacks. This is an example of how the _____ can sometimes lead to poor judgments.
A) availability heuristic
B) anchoring effect
C) conjunction fallacy
D) representativeness heuristic
QuestionID: 08-1-04
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A) availability heuristic
5. Han and Bert both bought the same new cell phone. Han spent several weeks reviewing the dozens of different
phones and reading reviews online, trying to find the best phone possible for his needs. Bert simply bought the
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
first phone that met his needs. Given the research on maximizers and satisficers, which is most likely to be the
outcome?
A) Han and Bert will end up equally satisfied about their purchases.
B) Han will be more satisfied with his purchase than Bert.
C) Bert will be more satisfied with his purchase than Han.
D) Han will spend less time researching his purchase next time.
QuestionID: 08-1-05
Objective: 8.2d Apply your knowledge to determine if you tend to be a maximizer or a satisficer.
Answer: C) Bert will be more satisfied with his purchase than Han.
6. The smallest units of language that convey meaning are known as
A) semantics.
B) morphemes.
C) phonemes.
D) syntaxes.
QuestionID: 08-1-06
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: B) morphemes.
7. Seth tells his friend that he got two tickets to a big concert next week, to which his friend replies, "Get out of
town!" Because of the context, Seth knows his friend is expressing excitement and doesn't really want him to
leave town. This is an example of
A) pragmatics.
B) linguistic relativity.
C) semantics.
D) syntax.
QuestionID: 08-1-07
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: A) pragmatics.
8. Wernicke's area is most closely associated with
A) speech production.
B) muscle control of the mouth and tongue.
C) cognitively composing words.
D) understanding language.
QuestionID: 08-1-08
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: D) understanding language.
9. The "sensitive period" for language refers to
A) a period of time in our ancestral past when language first evolved.
B) a period of time during gestation when the language areas of the brain develop.
C) a time during which an individual is learning a new language.
D) a time during childhood when children are especially wired to learn language.
QuestionID: 08-1-09
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
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Answer: D) a time during childhood when children are especially wired to learn language.
10. Studies in which researchers have attempted to teach language to non-human animals have generally found
that
A) chimpanzees and gorillas are the only animal species that can fully learn language.
B) some animals are capable of learning elements of human language.
C) animals are incapable of learning even the most basic elements of human language.
D) dolphins are the only animal species that can fully learn language.
QuestionID: 08-1-10
Objective: 8.3e Analyze whether species other than humans are able to use language.
Answer: B) some animals are capable of learning elements of human language.
Essay Questions
1. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using heuristics for problem-solving. Within your explanation, be
sure to include definitions of the following terms: heuristics, availability heuristic, and representativeness
heuristic.
QuestionID: 08-2-01
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points. Examples will vary (there are many excellent real-world
examples).
- Heuristics are problem-solving strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess as to what is
the most likely solution.
- Heuristics are often quite efficient, usually accurate, and allow us to find solutions and make decisions quickly. There is
nothing inherently wrong with using heuristics; they simply allow individuals to obtain quick answers based on readily
available information. In fact, heuristics often lead to correct assumptions about a situation.
- However, heuristics can lead to certain biases and mistakes. Two such errors stem from the availability heuristic and the
representativeness heuristic.
- The availability heuristic entails estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind.
In other words, we assume that if examples are readily available, then they must be very frequent.
- The representativeness heuristic involves making judgments of likelihood based on how well an example represents a
specific category.
2. Describe the costs and benefits of bilingualism. Based on the information provided in the textbook, is it better
to be bilingual or unilingual?
QuestionID: 08-2-02
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: A good answer will include some of the following. It should outline at least a couple of costs and benefits and
conclude that the benefits outweigh the costs.
Costs:
- Bilingual children tend to have a smaller vocabulary in each language than unilingual children.
- In adulthood, compared to unilingual adults, bilingual adults are slower at naming pictures, have more difficulty on tests
that ask them to list words starting with a particular letter, have more tip-of-the-tongue experiences in which they can't
quite retrieve a word, and are slower and less accurate when making word/non-word judgments.
Benefits:
- Bilingual individuals are much better than their unilingual counterparts on tests that require them to control their attention
or their thoughts.
- Bilinguals score better than unilinguals on tests of executive control throughout their lifespan.
- Bilingualism has also recently been shown to have important health benefits. Their brains have more back-up systems if
damage occurs. In fact, being bilingual seems to help protect against the onset of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Conclusion: Benefits of bilingualism clearly outweigh the costs.
3. Using the information and examples from the textbook, describe four critical differences between humans and
non-human primates, in terms of their language usage.
QuestionID: 08-2-03
Objective: 8.3e Analyze whether species other than humans are able to use language.
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
Some researchers who have worked closely with language-trained apes observed too many critical differences between
humans and chimps to conclude that language extends beyond our species. For example:
- One major argument is that apes are communicating only with symbols, not with the phrase-based syntax used by
humans. Although some evidence of syntax has been reported, the majority of their "utterances" consist of single signs, a
couple of signs strung together, or apparently random sequences.
- There is little reputable experimental evidence showing that apes pass their language skills to other apes.
- Productivity—creating new words (gestures) and using existing gestures to name new objects or events—is rare, if it
occurs at all.
- Some of the researchers become very engaged in the lives of these animals and talk about them as friends and family
members. This tendency has left critics to wonder the extent to which personal attachments to the animals might interfere
with the objectivity of the data.
Fill-in-the-blank Questions
1. Many people mistake salamanders, a type of amphibian, for lizards. This is likely because salamanders share
many features with most people's __________ for the category lizard.
QuestionID: 08-3-01
Objective: 8.1b Understand theories of how people organize their knowledge about the world.
Answer: a. prototype
2. According to the idea known as __________ , the vocabulary and grammar of the language you speak can
affect the way you think about the world.
QuestionID: 08-3-02
Objective: 8.1e Analyze the claim that the language we speak determines how we think.
Answer: a. linguistic relativity
3. Problem-solving strategies based on prior experience that lead to an 'educated guess,' are known as
__________ .
QuestionID: 08-3-03
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: a. heuristics
4. Dominica is trying to spoon soup from a big pot into a bowl, but does not have a ladle. Although a large coffee
cup is sitting on the counter in front of her, she does not think of using it to transfer the soup from the pot to her
bowl. This scenario illustrates an example of __________ .
QuestionID: 08-3-04
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: a. functional fixedness
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5. An extreme __________ is an individual who attempts to evaluate every option for every choice until they find
the perfect fit.
QuestionID: 08-3-05
Objective: 8.2d Apply your knowledge to determine if you tend to be a maximizer or a satisficer.
Answer: a. maximizer
6. provides the rules that allow words to be combined into almost infinite combinations to create entirely new
meanings.
QuestionID: 08-3-06
Skill:
Objective: 8.3b Understand how language is structured.
Answer: a. Syntax
7. Damage to the region of the cortex known as __________ area is most likely to produce difficulty speaking, but
will have relatively little effect on understanding speech.
QuestionID: 08-3-07
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: a. Broca's
8. Children's brains appear to go through a __________ , during which their brains are primed to acquire
language.
QuestionID: 08-3-08
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: a. sensitive period
9. Frida is a four-year-old child. One day, her mother points to an object and explains that it is a statue. Despite
the fact that this is the first and only time someone explains what a statue is to Frida, she now understands the
meaning of the word. Frida is demonstrating __________ , a process believed to help children learn language.
QuestionID: 08-3-09
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: a. fast mapping
10. Research with the KE family has led scientists to hypothesize that the __________ gene is involved with
coding for language function.
QuestionID: 08-3-10
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: a. FOXP2
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. A _____________ is the mental representation of an object, event, or idea.
A) mental set
B) concept
C) algorithm
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D) prototype
QuestionID: 08-4-01
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: B) concept
2. A group of interrelated concepts is a called a ____________.
A) category
B) super-concept
C) mental set
D) prototype
QuestionID: 08-4-02
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: A) category
3. The concepts of dog, cat, and goldfish can be grouped together to form a _____________ called pets.
A) prototype
B) mental set
C) super-concept
D) category
QuestionID: 08-4-03
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: D) category
4. Concepts and categories are important because they allow us to
A) classify objects or ideas as belonging to one single group and no others.
B) avoid using prototypes in most situations.
C) develop mental sets which help us solve new problems.
D) organize and manage tremendous amounts of information.
QuestionID: 08-4-04
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: D) organize and manage tremendous amounts of information.
5. The use of specific rules to categorize objects is an example of
A) graded membership.
B) linguistic relativity.
C) functional fixedness.
D) classical categorization.
QuestionID: 08-4-05
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: D) classical categorization.
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6. Mandi shares her frozen dessert with her sister. "Wow!" says her sister, "What type of ice-cream is this?"
Mandi explains that, because it does not contain any dairy, the dessert is a sorbet and not an ice-cream. Mandi's
use of the technical definition for ice-cream to classify the dessert is an example of
A) graded membership.
B) classical categorization.
C) functional fixedness.
D) linguistic relativity.
QuestionID: 08-4-06
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.1b Understand theories of how people organize their knowledge about the world.
Answer: B) classical categorization.
7. One problem with the theory of classical categorization is that it does not allow for
A) formal definitions.
B) basic-level categorization.
C) graded membership.
D) mental sets.
QuestionID: 08-4-07
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: C) graded membership.
8. For most people, a dog is a better fit than a tarantula for the category of pets. This is an example of
____________.
A) linguistic relativity
B) graded membership
C) classical categorization
D) functional fixedness
QuestionID: 08-4-08
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: B) graded membership
9. Classical categorization involves typically involves the use of ______________, while categorization using
prototypes involves _____________.
A) comparison; definitions
B) definitions; comparison
C) concepts; graded memberships
D) graded memberships; concepts
QuestionID: 08-4-09
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1b Understand theories of how people organize their knowledge about the world.
Answer: B) definitions; comparison
10. Many people categorize tomatoes as a vegetable, even though they technically meet the scientific definition
for a fruit. A likely reason for this is that
A) they are using classical categorization to define a vegetable.
B) within their semantic network, tomatoes are a basic-level category.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
C) tomatoes are closer to most people's prototype for a vegetable than for a fruit.
D) the tomato is a common prototype for fruit.
QuestionID: 08-4-10
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.1d Apply your knowledge to identify prototypical examples.
Answer: C) tomatoes are closer to most people's prototype for a vegetable than for a fruit.
11. Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit?
A) banana
B) apple
C) raspberry
D) olive
QuestionID: 08-4-11
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.1d Apply your knowledge to identify prototypical examples.
Answer: D) olive
12. Most people take longer to identify a platypus as a mammal than it takes them to identify a cat as a mammal.
This is likely because a cat is closer to most people's _______________ for the concept of mammal.
A) superordinate category
B) prototype
C) classical categorization
D) basic-level category
QuestionID: 08-4-12
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1b Understand theories of how people organize their knowledge about the world.
Answer: B) prototype
13. Mental representations of an average category member are called _____________ and allow for "classification
by resemblance."
A) classical categories
B) semantic networks
C) algorithms
D) prototypes
QuestionID: 08-4-13
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.1b Understand theories of how people organize their knowledge about the world.
Answer: D) prototypes
14. Research indicates that people categorize concepts by using
A) classical categorization, not prototypes.
B) prototypes, not classical categorization.
C) both classical categorization and prototypes.
D) algorithms rather than classical categorization or prototypes.
QuestionID: 08-4-14
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.1b Understand theories of how people organize their knowledge about the world.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: C) both classical categorization and prototypes.
15. In cognitive psychology, a(n) __________________ is an interconnected set of nodes (or concepts) and the
links that join them to form a category.
A) semantic network
B) lexical decision tree
C) algorithm
D) representativeness heuristic
QuestionID: 08-4-15
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: A) semantic network
16. In a semantic network, the ____________ represent concepts, and the _______________ represent the
structure of a category.
A) nodes; links
B) links; nodes
C) algorithms; prototypes
D) prototypes; algorithms
QuestionID: 08-4-16
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: A) nodes; links
17. In a semantic network, what is the correct hierarchical order from broad to the most specific?
A) basic, subordinate, superordinate
B) subordinate, basic, superordinate
C) superordinate, basic, subordinate
D) superordinate, subordinate, basic
QuestionID: 08-4-17
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: C) superordinate, basic, subordinate
18. Because semantic networks are arranged ________________, they show which categories are more specific
than others.
A) algorithmically
B) hierarchically
C) categorically
D) congruently
QuestionID: 08-4-18
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: B) hierarchically
19. Which of the following is most likely to be a basic-level category?
A) 1967 Ford Mustang
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
B) vehicle
C) convertible
D) car
QuestionID: 08-4-19
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: D) car
20. Which of the following is NOT true of basic-level categories?
A) They are the most general category in a semantic network.
B) They are the level at which most thinking occurs in a semantic network.
C) They are the level at which most prototypes exist in a semantic network.
D) They are the most specific category in a semantic network.
QuestionID: 08-4-20
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: A) They are the most general category in a semantic network.
21. Which of the following is most likely to be a basic-level category?
A) animal
B) striped
C) cat
D) Siamese
QuestionID: 08-4-21
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: C) cat
22. When tested in a laboratory study, Reese identified the statement, "Cows make milk" as true, faster than she
did the statement "Cows breathe air." What does this likely indicate about the relationship between categories in
her semantic network?
A) Cows and breathing air are closer together than milk and breathing air.
B) Milk is a basic-level category.
C) Cows and milk are closer together than cows and breathing air.
D) Animals that breathe air is a basic-level category.
QuestionID: 08-4-22
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.1b Understand theories of how people organize their knowledge about the world.
Answer: C) Cows and milk are closer together than cows and breathing air.
23. On his way to work, Charlie sees a sign for an upcoming concert for the band Cake. Without even realizing it,
the word cake has made Charlie think of baked sweets, which makes him think of getting a donut. This is an
example of ______________.
A) classical categorization
B) priming
C) the linguistic relativity hypothesis
D) an availability heuristic
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QuestionID: 08-4-23
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: B) priming
24. If someone walked up to you and said, "Milk," and then asked you to quickly name an animal, you would
likely say, "cow." This illustrates the concept of
A) priming.
B) classical categorization.
C) hierarchies.
D) the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
QuestionID: 08-4-24
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: A) priming.
25. Which of the following is true about priming effects?
A) Priming is an effective form of behaviour control.
B) Priming effects can only be reproduced in a laboratory setting.
C) Priming effects are ineffective at influencing behaviour.
D) Priming can occur without conscious awareness.
QuestionID: 08-4-25
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: D) Priming can occur without conscious awareness.
26. Individuals with category-specific visual agnosia (CSVA) lend support to which of the following statements?
A) Specialized groups of circuits exist in the brain for each category a person has.
B) Specialized groups of circuits exist in the brain for small groups of categories.
C) Specialized groups of circuits exist in the brain for animal and vegetable categories only.
D) Specialized groups of circuits exist in the brain for categories of other humans (e.g., races) only.
QuestionID: 08-4-26
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1c Understand how experience and culture can shape the way we organize our knowledge.
Answer: B) Specialized groups of circuits exist in the brain for small groups of categories.
27. According to your textbook, in which way do Americans and the Japanese tend to differ?
A) Americans tend to use basic-level categories whereas Japanese tend to focus on superordinate level categories.
B) Americans tend to focus on a single characteristic, whereas Japanese people tend to view objects in relation to
their environment.
C) Japanese people tend to focus on a single characteristic, whereas Americans tend to view objects in relation to
their environment.
D) Americans tend to use prototypes, whereas the Japanese tend to use classical categorization.
QuestionID: 08-4-27
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1c Understand how experience and culture can shape the way we organize our knowledge.
Answer: B) Americans tend to focus on a single characteristic, whereas Japanese people tend to view objects in relation
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
to their environment.
28. The ___________ hypothesis states that language influences how we view the world.
A) classical categorization hypothesis
B) cultural categorization hypothesis
C) linguistic relativity hypothesis
D) category-specific visual hypothesis
QuestionID: 08-4-28
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.1e Analyze the claim that the language we speak determines how we think.
Answer: C) linguistic relativity hypothesis
29. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that
A) an individual's language determines their pattern of thinking and view of the world.
B) an individual's thinking and view of the world determines the structure of their language.
C) within the animal kingdom, humans are uniquely suited to learn and produce language.
D) our understanding of syntax is directly related to our use of semantic networks.
QuestionID: 08-4-29
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.1e Analyze the claim that the language we speak determines how we think.
Answer: A) an individual's language determines their pattern of thinking and view of the world.
30. Based on the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following would most likely be true?
A) People from New Brunswick and New Zealand think very differently.
B) People from London, Ontario, and London, England, think very differently.
C) People from Paris, France, and Paris, Ontario, think very differently.
D) People from Canada and America think very differently.
QuestionID: 08-4-30
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.1e Analyze the claim that the language we speak determines how we think.
Answer: C) People from Paris, France, and Paris, Ontario, think very differently.
31. Research on the Inuit has revealed that
A) they conceptualize different types of snow in the same way as English-speaking Canadians.
B) they have a more complex understanding of snow than English-speaking Canadians.
C) they have dozens of different words for snow.
D) when taught English as a second language, their concepts for different types of snow change.
QuestionID: 08-4-31
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.1e Analyze the claim that the language we speak determines how we think.
Answer: A) they conceptualize different types of snow in the same way as English-speaking Canadians.
32. In the field of psychology, problem solving is defined as
A) a cognitive obstacle that occurs when an individual is faced with a challenge.
B) finding ways to cope with life stressors.
C) accomplishing a goal when the solution is not clear.
D) the use of formal, rules-based strategies to find precise solutions.
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QuestionID: 08-4-32
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: C) accomplishing a goal when the solution is not clear.
33. A formula is an example of a(n)
A) mental set.
B) algorithm.
C) fallacy.
D) heuristic.
QuestionID: 08-4-33
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: B) algorithm.
34. Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door. She is using what
type of problem solving strategy?
A) an algorithm
B) a heuristic
C) a semantic network
D) a mental set
QuestionID: 08-4-34
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A) an algorithm
35. ______________ are problem-solving strategies based on a series of rules, while ______________are more
like educated guesses based on prior experience.
A) Algorithms; heuristics
B) Heuristics; algorithms
C) Algorithms; mental sets
D) Heuristics; mental sets
QuestionID: 08-4-35
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A) Algorithms; heuristics
36. Computers are particularly well-suited for using ________________ to solve problems.
A) mental sets
B) heuristics
C) prototypes
D) algorithms
QuestionID: 08-4-36
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: D) algorithms
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37. Kendra has been a professional chef for 20 years. Instead of following recipes step-by-step, she uses her
experience to guide her cooking, adding a pinch of salt here, or a little extra oil there. Kendra's approach to
cooking is an example of
A) functional fixedness.
B) using heuristics.
C) using a mental set.
D) using an algorithm.
QuestionID: 08-4-37
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2e Analyze whether human thought is primarily logical or intuitive.
Answer: B) using heuristics.
38. Which of the following is a heuristic-based approach to determining how many brownies to make for a party?
A) Make the same number as you did for your last party because you recall that number being about right.
B) Multiply the number of people invited by the number of brownies you want each person to have.
C) Determine the number of brownies in each batch and then determine which multiple of that number is closest to
the estimated number of brownies needed.
D) Estimate the number of brownies each invitee will eat and then sum the estimates.
QuestionID: 08-4-38
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2e Analyze whether human thought is primarily logical or intuitive.
Answer: A) Make the same number as you did for your last party because you recall that number being about right.
39. Which of the following is true regarding cognitive obstacles?
A) Cognitive obstacles are often self-imposed.
B) Cognitive obstacles can be overcome by using a mental set.
C) Cognitive obstacles can be overcome by using an algorithm.
D) Cognitive obstacles can be overcome by using functional fixedness.
QuestionID: 08-4-39
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.2c Understand how obstacles to problem solving are often self-imposed.
Answer: A) Cognitive obstacles are often self-imposed.
40. In the nine-dot problem, the rules do not specify that the lines cannot extend beyond the dots; however, most
people try to find a solution that follows this non-existent rule anyway. This is an example of
A) the anchoring effect.
B) the conjunction fallacy.
C) an algorithm.
D) a cognitive obstacle.
QuestionID: 08-4-40
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.2c Understand how obstacles to problem solving are often self-imposed.
Answer: D) a cognitive obstacle.
41. The tendency to solve problems using procedures or strategies that worked in the past with similar problems
is called
A) an availability heuristic.
B) the anchoring effect.
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C) a mental set.
D) the representativeness heuristic.
QuestionID: 08-4-41
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: C) a mental set.
42. When Howie's old girlfriend used to get upset with him, he could smooth things over by buying flowers or
chocolates for her. He keeps trying this strategy with his current girlfriend, but she gets angry with him each
time. It appears that Howie has developed _______________, which is interfering with the development of a new
relationship strategy.
A) a mental set
B) functional fixedness
C) a prototype
D) a representativeness heuristic
QuestionID: 08-4-42
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A) a mental set
43. Johannes has been a car mechanic for many years and is very good at diagnosing problems with cars.
However, when an electric car comes into the garage, his approach to diagnosing the problem is unsuccessful.
Johannes failure is likely the result of
A) a conjunction fallacy.
B) an availability heuristic.
C) functional fixedness.
D) a mental set.
QuestionID: 08-4-43
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: D) a mental set.
44. When someone does not see that a tool can be used for something other than its intended purpose, they are
likely experiencing ________________.
A) a conjunction fallacy
B) belief perseverance
C) functional fixedness
D) confirmation bias
QuestionID: 08-4-44
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: C) functional fixedness
45. When Arya tries to hang her degree in her office, she realizes that she doesn't have a hammer to secure the
nail to the wall. She thinks for a moment and then takes off her shoe and uses it to bang in the nail. Arya has
overcome which cognitive obstacle?
A) confirmation bias
B) belief perseverance
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C) a conjunction fallacy
D) functional fixedness
QuestionID: 08-4-45
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: D) functional fixedness
46. The television character MacGyver was famous for using everyday objects to get out of trouble. In one
episode, for example, MacGyver used the aluminum foil wrapper from a stick of gum to replace a blown electrical
fuse. The MacGyver character clearly did NOT suffer from what cognitive obstacle to problem solving?
A) the anchoring effect
B) confirmation bias
C) functional fixedness
D) the representative heuristic
QuestionID: 08-4-46
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: C) functional fixedness
47. A loose screw on the glove compartment causes it to drop down while Ben drives, but he keeps forgetting to
take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When the compartment falls open again, he reaches into his pocket for a
dime to use to tighten the screw. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?
A) belief perseverance
B) functional fixedness
C) conjunction fallacy
D) the representative heuristic
QuestionID: 08-4-47
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: B) functional fixedness
48. Research has shown that jokes often involve some form of problem solving. The initial step of identifying that
some aspect of the set-up is unexpected is known as _________.
A) incongruity resolution
B) cognitive elaboration
C) incongruity detection
D) comprehension-elaboration
QuestionID: 08-4-48
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: C) incongruity detection
49. Researchers have suggested that beyond simply comprehending a joke, a person must __________ to find it
"humorous."
A) elaborate or identify with it
B) break it down and analyze its components
C) observe someone else laughing at it
D) be surprised by the outcome
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
QuestionID: 08-4-49
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A) elaborate or identify with it
50. A(n) _______________ occurs when an individual believes the probability of finding a specific member in two
overlapping categories is more likely than finding any member of one of the larger, general categories.
A) anchoring effect
B) representativeness error
C) confirmation bias
D) conjunction fallacy
QuestionID: 08-4-50
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: D) conjunction fallacy
51. In a research study, participants are told that Louis has lived in Boston his whole life. They are then asked
which is more likely: A) Louis is a baseball fan, or B) Louis is a baseball fan who roots for the Boston Red Sox.
Which of the following is true?
A) Participants who answer "A" have committed an availability heuristic error.
B) Participants who answer "A" have committed the conjunction fallacy.
C) Participants who answer "B" have committed an availability heuristic error.
D) Participants who answer "B" have committed the conjunction fallacy.
QuestionID: 08-4-51
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: D) Participants who answer "B" have committed the conjunction fallacy.
52. Suppose 40% of all of the books in a library are fiction and 2% of all of the books are about the Roman
Empire. Wanda is a big fan of historical fiction novels. Which of the following is she LEAST likely to leave the
library with?
A) a fiction book
B) a book that involves the Roman Empire
C) a fictional book that takes place in the Roman Empire
D) the answer cannot be determined from the information given
QuestionID: 08-4-52
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: C) a fictional book that takes place in the Roman Empire
53. When people make the conjunction fallacy, it is most likely because
A) they are using an algorithmic approach.
B) their judgment is being affected by an anchor.
C) they are using the representativeness heuristic.
D) they are using a mental set.
QuestionID: 08-4-53
Skill: Factual
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: C) they are using the representativeness heuristic.
54. Which decision-making strategy involves making judgments of likelihood based on how well an example
represents a specific category?
A) an algorithm
B) a conjunction heuristic
C) the representativeness heuristic
D) the availability heuristic
QuestionID: 08-4-54
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: C) the representativeness heuristic
55. Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described
as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why might people think this description refers to a male student?
A) They are using a conjunction fallacy.
B) They are using the representativeness heuristic.
C) They are being influenced by framing effects.
D) They are being influenced by confirmational biases.
QuestionID: 08-4-55
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: B) They are using the representativeness heuristic.
56. Frank mistakenly believes that there are more words that begin with the letter "k" than there are with the letter
"k" in the third position due to __________________.
A) the representativeness heuristic
B) the availability heuristic
C) a conjunction fallacy
D) confirmation bias
QuestionID: 08-4-56
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: B) the availability heuristic
57. When using the availability heuristic, people tend to judge the probability of an event based on
A) their previously existing beliefs about the likelihood of the event.
B) their step-by-step analysis of the situation.
C) how well the example represents a specific category.
D) the ease with which they can think of examples.
QuestionID: 08-4-57
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: D) the ease with which they can think of examples.
58. Nate thinks that Conservatives and the NDP almost never work together in the Senate. He believes this
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
because he finds it much easier to think of examples of politicians from the two parties not working together than
to think of examples them working together. It is likely that the ______________ has caused Nate to
underestimate how frequently Conservative Party and NDP politicians work together.
A) availability heuristic
B) confirmation bias
C) representativeness heuristic
D) anchoring effect
QuestionID: 08-4-58
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A) availability heuristic
59. When people attempt to solve a problem involving numbers, they may find themselves using another number
called a(n)____________ to keep their response within a limited range.
A) anchor
B) mental set
C) frame
D) ground
QuestionID: 08-4-59
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A) anchor
60. When negotiating with a potential buyer, Tela always starts by suggesting a price that is much higher than
she expects to receive. She's noticed that when she suggest a specific number, the buyer is likely to counter with
an offer that is relatively close to her initial suggestion. This is an example of
A) a framing effect.
B) a mental set.
C) an availability effect.
D) an anchoring effect.
QuestionID: 08-4-60
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: D) an anchoring effect.
61. A real-estate agent is asked by her clients how much they should ask for their house. She just sold a house
for $300 000, so she finds herself suggesting an amount within the same range. This is an example of
_____________.
A) belief perseverance
B) confirmation bias
C) the representativeness heuristic
D) the anchoring effect
QuestionID: 08-4-61
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: D) the anchoring effect
62. Which of the following is an example of a framing effect?
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
A) Assuming a young, blonde woman is more likely to be from California and a surfer, rather than just a surfer or just
from California.
B) Being more worried about dying in a plane crash than in a car crash.
C) A patient being more upset with a 60% chance of dying than a 40% chance of survival.
D) Not using a cup to hold soup when a bowl isn't available.
QuestionID: 08-4-62
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: C) A patient being more upset with a 60% chance of dying than a 40% chance of survival.
63. Belief perseverance states that
A) if a person believes they have the correct answer they will maintain their belief even in the face of contradictory
evidence.
B) an individual will attempt to solve a numerical problem using previous knowledge to stay within a limited range.
C) a person will make a decision based on how the question is framed (focusing on gains or losses).
D) a person will search for (and attend to) only information that confirms their previously held beliefs.
QuestionID: 08-4-63
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A) if a person believes they have the correct answer they will maintain their belief even in the face of
contradictory evidence.
64. When reading information that challenges one's beliefs, one tends to minimize the strengths of such claims.
__________ accounts for this barrier to reasoning rationally.
A) Belief perseverance
B) The availability heuristic
C) The framing effect
D) The conjunction fallacy
QuestionID: 08-4-64
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A) Belief perseverance
65. What term do psychologists use to describe the tendency to search for evidence that supports one's beliefs
and to ignore evidence that might disprove them?
A) confirmation bias
B) conjunction fallacy
C) availability heuristic
D) representativeness heuristic
QuestionID: 08-4-65
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A) confirmation bias
66. ________________ is the search for evidence that only supports a preexisting belief, whereas
______________ involves accepting preexisting evidence only if it confirms a belief.
A) Confirmation bias; the representativeness heuristic
B) Belief perseverance; the representativeness heuristic
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C) Belief perseverance; confirmation bias
D) Confirmation bias; belief perseverance
QuestionID: 08-4-66
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: D) Confirmation bias; belief perseverance
67. Harmony believes that vaccines are dangerous. Rather than taking into consideration all of the evidence
demonstrating their safety and efficacy, Harmony searches for the occasional studies that suggest that there
may be risks associated with vaccines. This is an example of a
A) a confirmation bias.
B) a conjunction fallacy.
C) belief perseverance.
D) functional fixedness.
QuestionID: 08-4-67
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: A) a confirmation bias.
68. Tim believes the attacks on 9/11 were an inside job. Although his friend Max, has shown him numerous
studies, reviews, and assessments that suggest it could not have been an inside job, Tim rejects the validity of
the research and holds firm in his beliefs. This is an example of
A) a confirmation bias.
B) a conjunction fallacy.
C) belief perseverance.
D) functional fixedness.
QuestionID: 08-4-68
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: C) belief perseverance.
69. Satisficers are individuals who
A) despite rigorous planning, are never satisfied with their decision.
B) make decisions that are "good enough."
C) evaluate every possible option prior to making a decision.
D) attempt to please as many people as possible with their decisions.
QuestionID: 08-4-69
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.2d Apply your knowledge to determine if you tend to be a maximizer or a satisficer.
Answer: B) make decisions that are "good enough."
70. Maximizers are individuals who
A) are only satisfied if their decision is perceived by others to be the "best."
B) make decisions that are "good enough."
C) evaluate every possible option prior to making a decision.
D) select the fastest reasonable option in an effort to maximize their time.
QuestionID: 08-4-70
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.2d Apply your knowledge to determine if you tend to be a maximizer or a satisficer.
Answer: C) evaluate every possible option prior to making a decision.
71. Kyle is buying a new mattress for his bed. Instead of spending hours or days finding the perfect mattress,
Kyle buys the first mattress that is in his price range, and feels as though it's "good enough". Kyle's behaviour is
typical of a(n)
A) maximizer.
B) true believer.
C) denier.
D) satisficer.
QuestionID: 08-4-71
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2d Apply your knowledge to determine if you tend to be a maximizer or a satisficer.
Answer: D) satisficer.
72. Jenny is deciding on which invitations to use for her wedding. If Jenny is a maximizer, she is most likely to:
A) choose the invitation design that is the most extravagant.
B) choose the design she thinks will impress the most people.
C) choose the first invitation design she sees that she likes.
D) weigh all her options prior to selecting an invitation design.
QuestionID: 08-4-72
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2d Apply your knowledge to determine if you tend to be a maximizer or a satisficer.
Answer: D) weigh all her options prior to selecting an invitation design.
73. Research indicates that ______________ are typically happier with their decisions than _______________.
A) maximizers; satisficers
B) satisficers; maximizers
C) true believers; maximizers
D) satisficers; true believers
QuestionID: 08-4-73
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2d Apply your knowledge to determine if you tend to be a maximizer or a satisficer.
Answer: B) satisficers; maximizers
74. One way to investigate the way language is processed in the brain is to study patients with
________________, language disorders caused by damage to the brain structures that support using and
understanding language.
A) agnosias
B) apraxias
C) aphasias
D) ataxias
QuestionID: 08-4-74
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: C) aphasias
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
75. _________________ is involved in speech production, while ___________________ is associated with the
meaning of words.
A) Aphasia; agnosia
B) Agnosia; aphasia
C) Wernicke's area; Broca's area
D) Broca's area; Wernicke's area
QuestionID: 08-4-75
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: D) Broca's area; Wernicke's area
76. Following a stroke, Rahul's grandfather lost the ability to understand when people would ask him questions.
In addition, when his grandfather spoke, the individual words made sense, but the sentences did not. The stroke
appears to have damaged which area of the brain?
A) left frontal lobe
B) FOXP2 receptors
C) Wernicke's area
D) Broca's area
QuestionID: 08-4-76
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: C) Wernicke's area
77. A person with damage to Broca's area is likely to have difficulty_______________, but should still be able to
_____________ relatively well.
A) speaking; understand the speech of others
B) understanding the speech of others; speak normally
C) learning a new language; speak normally in his or her native language
D) using pragmatics; speak normally
QuestionID: 08-4-77
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: A) speaking; understand the speech of others
78. Asha was involved in a skiing accident that damaged her left frontal lobe. What symptoms is she likely
experiencing?
A) difficulty remember previously learned words
B) difficulty producing words that others can understand
C) difficulty comprehending what others are saying
D) difficulty forming understandable sentences but the ability to produce clear words
QuestionID: 08-4-78
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: B) difficulty producing words that others can understand
79. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between language and communication?
A) All forms of communication are examples of language.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
B) Only organisms with language are capable of communicating.
C) Language is a special form of communication.
D) Language involves the production of sounds, whereas communication involves specific sets of rules.
QuestionID: 08-4-79
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: C) Language is a special form of communication.
80. Which of the following is a unique property of language that helps to distinguish it from other forms of
communication?
A) Language can convey information about the past or future.
B) Language uses combinations of sounds create meaning.
C) Language can be used to pass on information between individuals.
D) Without language, survival would be impossible.
QuestionID: 08-4-80
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: A) Language can convey information about the past or future.
81. The ability to communicate information about the past, future, and other locations is a unique property of
A) syntax.
B) pragmatics.
C) communication.
D) language.
QuestionID: 08-4-81
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: D) language.
82. The most basic of units of spoken language are called
A) morphemes.
B) phonemes.
C) pragmatics.
D) syntax.
QuestionID: 08-4-82
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: B) phonemes.
83. The sounds /t/, /th/, and /sh/ are examples of
A) morphemes.
B) pragmatics.
C) syntax.
D) phonemes.
QuestionID: 08-4-83
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.3d Apply your knowledge to distinguish between units of language such as phonemes and morphemes.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: D) phonemes.
84. Language is based on basic sound units called ___________, which typically have no meaning by
themselves.
A) phonemes
B) morphemes
C) words
D) syntax
QuestionID: 08-4-84
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3b Understand how language is structured.
Answer: A) phonemes
85. What are the smallest meaningful units of language?
A) words
B) syntax
C) phonemes
D) morphemes
QuestionID: 08-4-85
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3b Understand how language is structured.
Answer: D) morphemes
86. You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. You have gotten to the point where you can
sound out the words written in the Cyrillic alphabet, but you do not understand what any of the words mean. It
appears as though you have mastered the _______ but still need to work on the _________?
A) syntax; morphemes
B) phonemes; morphemes
C) morphemes; phonemes
D) morphemes; syntax
QuestionID: 08-4-86
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.3d Apply your knowledge to distinguish between units of language such as phonemes and morphemes.
Answer: B) phonemes; morphemes
87. Which of the following is an example of a morpheme?
A) /th/
B) it's
C) /-s/
D) cats
QuestionID: 08-4-87
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.3d Apply your knowledge to distinguish between units of language such as phonemes and morphemes.
Answer: C) /-s/
88. Which of the following is both a phoneme AND a morpheme?
A) the "th" at the beginning of think
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
B) the "s" at the end of cats
C) the word "mom"
D) the "psy" in psychology
QuestionID: 08-4-88
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.3d Apply your knowledge to distinguish between units of language such as phonemes and morphemes.
Answer: B) the "s" at the end of cats
89. Greta is an academic who studies how people come to understand meaning from words and how they are
arranged. Greta's research likely focuses on ___________.
A) semantics
B) pragmatics
C) sensitive periods
D) Broca's area
QuestionID: 08-4-89
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.3d Apply your knowledge to distinguish between units of language such as phonemes and morphemes.
Answer: A) semantics
90. The rules for combining words and morphemes into meaningful phrases and sentences are called _________.
A) syntax
B) heuristics
C) pragmatics
D) algorithms
QuestionID: 08-4-90
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3b Understand how language is structured.
Answer: A) syntax
91. The difference between a well-formed and an ill-formed sentence usually comes down to _____________.
A) phonemes
B) morphemes
C) pragmatics
D) syntax
QuestionID: 08-4-91
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.3b Understand how language is structured.
Answer: D) syntax
92. Lex is in the second grade. As part of a homework assignment, he is asked to write a sentence to describe a
picture of a dog playing fetch. Lex writes the sentence, "Ball the dog has." Lex is clearly having trouble with
A) phonemes.
B) morphemes.
C) pragmatics.
D) syntax.
QuestionID: 08-4-92
Skill: Applied
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 8.3d Apply your knowledge to distinguish between units of language such as phonemes and morphemes.
Answer: D) syntax.
93. One interesting property of ___________ is that we usually know when it is not being used correctly, but
people often cannot explain exactly why.
A) phonemes
B) morphemes
C) syntax
D) pragmatics
QuestionID: 08-4-93
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: C) syntax
94. ______________ is the study of nonlinguistic elements of language use.
A) Semantics
B) Aphasia
C) Syntax
D) Pragmatics
QuestionID: 08-4-94
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: D) Pragmatics
95. Young children sometimes literally interpret sentences like "Do you know where your mommy is?" by
answering "Yes." They failed to understand the ________ of the question.
A) pragmatics
B) morphemes
C) syntax
D) semantics
QuestionID: 08-4-95
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: A) pragmatics
96. Miranda asks her teacher, "Can I go to the bathroom?" to which she replied, "I don't know, can you?"
Miranda's teacher was purposely ignoring the ______________ of Miranda's question to make a point about
grammar.
A) pragmatics
B) morphemes
C) syntax
D) semantics
QuestionID: 08-4-96
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: A) pragmatics
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
97. Humans appear to lose the ability to hear sounds related to a non-native language, around the age of
A) 7 years old.
B) 8–10 months old.
C) 4–6 months old.
D) 8–10 years old.
QuestionID: 08-4-97
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: B) 8–10 months old.
98. Why do young children appear to acquire language more easily than adults?
A) There is a sensitive period during childhood during which children's brains are primed to develop language.
B) Until around 12–16 years of age, children can hear sounds associated with languages of many different cultures,
not just their own.
C) Children are typically exposed to a greater variety of vocabulary words than adults.
D) This is a common myth; children do not have an easier time learning language than adults do.
QuestionID: 08-4-98
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: A) There is a sensitive period during childhood during which children's brains are primed to develop language.
99. A child's ability to map words onto concepts or objects after only a single exposure to them is called
____________.
A) semantic sensitivity
B) pragmatic adjustment
C) morpheme sensitivity
D) fast mapping
QuestionID: 08-4-99
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: D) fast mapping
100. Brenda is worried about having her six-year-old daughter learn Spanish, because she fears that learning a
second language will interfere with her daughter's mastery of English. What advice should you give Brenda?
A) Children should not try to learn "opposing" languages (e.g., English and Chinese), but because Spanish and
English are so similar, learning a second language should not have a negative effect.
B) Learning a second language during childhood is actually beneficial to the development of language skills.
C) Children younger than 8–10 months old should not be exposed to a second language, but there should be no
negative effects on a six-year-old.
D) Waiting is a good strategy; it is best for a child to master their native language first, then focus on learning a new
language.
QuestionID: 08-4-100
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: B) Learning a second language during childhood is actually beneficial to the development of language skills.
101. What is FOXP2?
A) A computer program that is capable of learning the pragmatics of language.
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B) A brain region involved in the comprehension of language.
C) A gene believed to be involved in language production.
D) A brain region involved in the language production.
QuestionID: 08-4-101
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: C) A gene believed to be involved in language production.
102. Some members of the KE family discussed in your textbook have trouble putting thoughts into words. This
deficit appears to be caused by
A) an inherited brain abnormality affecting the left frontal lobe.
B) an inherited degenerative disease that targets Wernicke's area.
C) an inherited degenerative disease that targets Broca's area.
D) an inherited mutation of the FOXP2 gene.
QuestionID: 08-4-102
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: D) an inherited mutation of the FOXP2 gene.
103. Which of the following conclusions is the most logical to draw from the fact that mice and songbirds have
versions of the FOXP2 gene that is very similar to the form found in humans?
A) Mice and songbirds use language to communicate.
B) The FOXP2 gene is likely involved with producing meaningful sounds.
C) The FOXP2 gene is not involved in language, but likely in non-verbal communication.
D) The FOXP2 gene is solely responsible for the ability of humans to communicate.
QuestionID: 08-4-103
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: B) The FOXP2 gene is likely involved with producing meaningful sounds.
104. A chimpanzee named _______________ learned to use approximately 200 signs from American Sign
Language.
A) Washoe
B) Viki
C) Kanzi
D) Cheetah
QuestionID: 08-4-104
Skill: Factual
Objective: 8.3e Analyze whether species other than humans are able to use language.
Answer: A) Washoe
105. Which of the following interpretations is consistent with results of many studies to teach human language to
animals?
A) Animals cannot learn to associate words, signs, and symbols with specific meanings.
B) Animals are capable of learning human language, but are resistant to training.
C) Animals do not appear to use syntax or create new words or phrases.
D) When trained from birth, animals can learn language just as easily as a human child.
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QuestionID: 08-4-105
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 8.3e Analyze whether species other than humans are able to use language.
Answer: C) Animals do not appear to use syntax or create new words or phrases.
106. While searching for a French soup recipe on the internet, Mike remembered a scientific discovery that took
place in 19th century France and started to read about it. Then he clicked on link about another scientific
discovery that took place during the World War II in England. Finally, he ended up reading an article on recent
changes in aviation technology. Why was Mike's internet experience shaped by these changes?
A) Internet is designed to distract users from one topic with another.
B) Although facts or bodies of knowledge exist separately, the internet connects them together.
C) Even if an internet site is designed to keep user's attention focused, it is impossible to stay focused when reading
on screen.
D) All facts and bodies of knowledge are interconnected; Mike's experience reflects this.
QuestionID: 08-4-106
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.1b Understand theories of how people organize their knowledge about the world.
Answer: D) All facts and bodies of knowledge are interconnected; Mike's experience reflects this.
107. In general, Eric likes to find products in the market that are good enough and appeal to him, and then he
buys those products. However, Bella spends time reviewing alternative products, visiting multiple stores, and
finally purchases the best available product based on her detailed analysis. What can be predicted about their
satisfaction levels after their different shopping experiences?
A) Eric will likely be more satisfied than Bella because he doesn't have high expectations.
B) Bella will likely be more satisfied than Eric because she found the best product in the market.
C) Both will be equally satisfied.
D) There is not enough information to make predictions about their satisfaction levels.
QuestionID: 08-4-107
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2d Apply your knowledge to determine if you tend to be a maximizer or a satisficer.
Answer: A) Eric will likely be more satisfied than Bella because he doesn't have high expectations.
108. In an experiment, medical students are taught to diagnose different skin conditions using written rules and
photographs of those diseases. If their diagnostic skills are tested on a series of new skin conditions, which
would they rely on more, written rules or photos? Why?
A) They would rely on both sources of information, because of the time spent during training.
B) They would be more likely to rely on the previously viewed photographs than the rules, because of to their
experience and memory.
C) They would be more likely to rely on the rules than the previously viewed photographs, because of their
knowledge of rules.
D) There is not enough information to make sound predictions about what they would rely on.
QuestionID: 08-4-108
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.1c Understand how experience and culture can shape the way we organize our knowledge.
Answer: B) They would be more likely to rely on the previously viewed photographs than the rules, because of to their
experience and memory.
109. When asked how much they worry about the crime rates in their neighbourhoods, surveys indicate that
residents in the safest neighbourhoods tend to worry more than residents in less safe neighbourhoods with
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higher rates of crime. What BEST explains this surprising result, according to your textbook?
A) Residents of unsafe neighbourhoods can be less sensitive to crimes as a cohort because of their upbringing and
personalities.
B) Residents of safe neighbourhoods can be more sensitive to crimes as a cohort because of their upbringing and
personalities.
C) Infrequent crimes in safe neighbourhoods can be more shocking and emotional, and thus may become
psychologically available.
D) Frequent crimes in unsafe neighbourhoods are emotionally overwhelming but people tend to deny their existence
after a certain period of time.
QuestionID: 08-4-109
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2c Understand how obstacles to problem solving are often self-imposed.
Answer: C) Infrequent crimes in safe neighbourhoods can be more shocking and emotional, and thus may become
psychologically available.
110. Question: Why can't university students take exams at the zoo? Answer: There are too many cheetahs. Most
jokes like this one work within a process of
A) illogical violation of expectations and resolving the violation.
B) acceptable violation of expectations and being unable to resolve the violation.
C) unacceptable violation of expectations and being unable to resolve the violation.
D) benign violation of expectations and resolving the violation.
QuestionID: 08-4-110
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8.2b Understand the characteristics that problems have in common.
Answer: D) benign violation of expectations and resolving the violation.
Supplementary Questions
1. Why do individuals from Mexico easily categorize avocados as a fruit whereas western Europeans do not?
A) What is considered to be typical of a category depends on cultural and social experience.
B) Categorizations are somewhat independent of previous knowledge and experience.
C) Familiarity with an item increases use of cognitive schemas and mental shortcuts.
D) Taxonomic hierarchies are dependent on basic features of a category and may result in miscategorization.
QuestionID: 08-5-01
Objective: 8.1b Understand theories of how people organize their knowledge about the world.
Answer: A) What is considered to be typical of a category depends on cultural and social experience.
2. Which scenario challenges the Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity?
A) Some non-western cultures have few basic colour terms, yet they can distinguish among many shades of colour.
B) Bilingual Japanese immigrants recall events that happened in Japan more accurately when speaking their native
language.
C) Koreans have terms for "tight fit" versus "loose fit," which allows them to better discriminate between the two.
D) The Inuit have a greater number of words for snow, which allows them to perceive many more distinctions among
types of snow.
QuestionID: 08-5-02
Objective: 8.3b Understand how language is structured.
Answer: A) Some non-western cultures have few basic colour terms, yet they can distinguish among many shades of
colour.
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3. Rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution but may help bring one within reach are called
A) functional sets.
B) heuristics.
C) algorithms.
D) problem states.
QuestionID: 08-5-03
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: B) heuristics.
4. Ivan is a consultant who has been asked to solve a technical problem for an electronics firm. When he arrives
at the firm, he finds that the problem is exactly like a problem he has solved before. The first time he solved the
problem, it took him 37 hours. This time, it takes him 26 hours. The MOST likely reason for his faster solution this
time is
A) means-end analysis.
B) hill-climbing.
C) mental set.
D) creating subgoals.
QuestionID: 08-5-04
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: C) mental set.
5. By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by a fire, insurance salespeople are especially
successful at selling large homeowners' policies. They are most clearly exploiting the influence of
A) belief perseverance.
B) the representativeness heuristic.
C) overconfidence.
D) the availability heuristic.
QuestionID: 08-5-05
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: D) the availability heuristic.
6. Julie is fairly quiet and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and loves researching the background
information on many topics. She belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine business people,
and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Julie must be one of the three librarians would illustrate
the powerful influence of
A) confirmation bias.
B) the framing effect.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) the belief perseverance phenomenon.
QuestionID: 08-5-06
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: C) the representativeness heuristic.
7. Which scenario provides the strongest support for both the nature and nurture aspects of language
acquisition?
A) All babies have the innate capacity for language in the brain but are dependent on the environment to be able to
express and produce any speech sounds or words.
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B) Without attention and reinforcement from their parents, babies would fail to develop language past the point of
non-specific babbling sounds.
C) All babies initially share the same basic phoneme categories but only use phonemes specific to the language they
have heard by about 10 months of age.
D) Babies cannot process speech sounds and noise until approximately 5 months of age as their temporal lobes and
auditory cortices are still forming and developing neural connections.
QuestionID: 08-5-07
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: C) All babies initially share the same basic phoneme categories but only use phonemes specific to the language
they have heard by about 10 months of age.
8. A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called
A) cooing.
B) telegraphic speech.
C) holophrasing.
D) babbling.
QuestionID: 08-5-08
Answer: D) babbling.
9. Which individual would most likely be able to learn a second language more easily than the others?
A) 27-year-old Zeke speaks Italian and is trying to learn Spanish.
B) 14-year-old Carlos is trying to learn English and has only spoken Spanish until now.
C) 9-year-old Chantelle speaks French and needs to learn Japanese because her family is moving to Japan.
D) 5-year-old Luca speaks English and is trying to learn German.
QuestionID: 08-5-09
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: D) 5-year-old Luca speaks English and is trying to learn German.
True-False Questions
1. A concept is the mental representation of an object, event, or idea.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-6-01
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: a. True
2. One problem with the theory that individuals use prototypes to categorize is that it does not allow for the
possibility of graded membership.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-6-02
Objective: 8.1a Know the key terminology associated with concepts and categories.
Answer: b. False
3. An example of a superordinate category would be golden retriever, while an example of a subordinate-level
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category would be animal.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-6-03
Objective: 8.1b Understand theories of how people organize their knowledge about the world.
Answer: b. False
4. The Inuit's use of dozens of different words for snow is evidence that language determines how people
categorize the world.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-6-04
Objective: 8.1e Analyze the claim that the language we speak determines how we think.
Answer: b. False
5. An algorithm is a problem-solving strategy based on a series of rules.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-6-05
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: a. True
6. People tend to judge the probability of an event by how easy it is to think of examples of the event.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-6-06
Objective: 8.2a Know the key terminology of problem solving and decision making.
Answer: a. True
7. Maximizers tend to be more satisfied than satisficers with their purchases because maximizers spend
additional time making sure they find the best product.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-6-07
Objective: 8.2d Apply your knowledge to determine if you tend to be a maximizer or a satisficer.
Answer: b. False
8. All forms of communication can be considered types of language.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-6-08
Objective: 8.3a Know the key terminology from the study of language.
Answer: b. False
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9. Children's brains appear to be especially primed to acquire language in a way that adult brains are not.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-6-09
Objective: 8.3c Understand how genes and the brain are involved in language use.
Answer: a. True
10. Research with chimpanzees has clearly demonstrated that nonhumans are capable of acquiring language.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 08-6-10
Objective: 8.3e Analyze whether species other than humans are able to use language.
Answer: b. False
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Chapter 9 : Intelligence Testing
Chapter Quiz Questions
1. Which of the following is the best psychological definition of intelligence?
A) how much information an individual can correctly recall
B) the ability to think, understand, reason, and cognitively adapt to obstacles
C) an individual's score on a standardized intelligence test
D) the ability to quickly and efficiently learn new material in an unknown environment
QuestionID: 09-1-01
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: B) the ability to think, understand, reason, and cognitively adapt to obstacles
2. Using the original formula for the intelligence quotient, an 8-year-old child with a mental age of 10 would have
an IQ that
A) is exactly 100.
B) is greater than 100.
C) is less than 100.
D) cannot be determined without more information.
QuestionID: 09-1-02
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: B) is greater than 100.
3. _________ was heavily influenced by the introduction of intelligence tests, and refers to the belief that some
individuals have "superior" genes than others.
A) Stereotype threat
B) Anthropometrics
C) Eugenics
D) Ravens Progressive Matrices
QuestionID: 09-1-03
Objective: 9.1b Understand the reasoning behind the eugenics movements and its use of intelligence tests.
Answer: C) Eugenics
4. Carla is asked to take a math test by a job placement company. As she sits down to take the test, Carla begins
to think about how women are often viewed as being worse at math than men. These thoughts cause Carla to
experience discomfort and anxiety during the test, which then have a negative impact on her test result. Carla's
dilemma is an example of what psychologists call
A) the Flynn effect.
B) covert discrimination.
C) stereotype threat.
D) confirmation bias.
QuestionID: 09-1-04
Objective: 9.1d Analyze why it is difficult to remove all cultural bias from intelligence testing.
Answer: C) stereotype threat.
5. Whereas _____ intelligence tends to decrease in later life, _____ intelligence generally does not decline, and
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
may even continue to increase.
A) general; crystallized
B) general; fluid
C) crystallized; fluid
D) fluid; crystallized
QuestionID: 09-1-05
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: D) fluid; crystallized
6. Heritability indicates the extent to which __________ of intelligence score(s) of a(n) _________ can be
attributed to the differences in genes.
A) variability; sample
B) level; individual
C) variability; individual
D) level; sample
QuestionID: 09-1-06
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: A) variability; sample
7. What does the Flynn effect refer to?
A) the increase in average IQ test scores over decades
B) the decrease in average IQ test scores over decades
C) the higher IQ test average scores for Asian Americans compared to European Americans
D) the lower IQ test average scores for African Americans compared to European Americans
QuestionID: 09-1-07
Objective: 9.3c Apply your knowledge of environmental and behavioural effects on intelligence to understand how to
enhance your own cognitive abilities.
Answer: A) the increase in average IQ test scores over decades
8. Differences between men and women on mental rotation and verbal fluency tests may reflect differences in
_____ levels in the brain.
A) testosterone
B) estrogen
C) serotonin
D) dopamine
QuestionID: 09-1-08
Objective: 9.2c Understand intelligence differences between males and females.
Answer: A) testosterone
9. Which of the following statements supports the theory that intelligence is determined in part by genes?
A) The correlation between IQ scores is stronger for fraternal twins than it is for identical twins.
B) Diet and lifestyle factors have a substantial influence on intelligence.
C) Offspring raised by their biological parents are more similar to them than when they are raised by foster parents.
D) Identical twins separated by adoption still have highly correlated IQ scores.
QuestionID: 09-1-09
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
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Answer: D) Identical twins separated by adoption still have highly correlated IQ scores.
10. Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between brain size and some aspects of
intelligence?
A) Brain size is moderately related to intelligence.
B) There is no relationship between brain size and intelligence.
C) Brain size is an almost perfect predictor of intelligence.
D) The number and size of cerebral gyri, but not overall brain size, are related to intelligence.
QuestionID: 09-1-10
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: A) Brain size is moderately related to intelligence.
Essay Questions
1. Alfred Binet's insight regarding a method of measuring achievement had an international impact in the
twentieth century. What was the original purpose of his test and how did he quantify (measure) achievement?
What scoring system did later researchers base on Binet's method, and how was it originally calculated?
QuestionID: 09-2-01
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: The French government asked Alfred Binet to develop a test that would assist with identifying school children
who may need extra help. Binet thought that intelligence allows a person to think, understand, reason, and adapt to
overcome obstacles. He also thought that it was the result of a complex interaction of processes including memory,
attention, and comprehension. Binet and his colleague, Theodore Simon, developed thirty tasks of increasing difficulty
that, when completed, would demonstrate the child's current abilities. The researchers gave the tests to children of
different ages thus creating a "standard score" for each age. When the test was administered to a child, the score was
compared to Binet's standards to determine the child's "mental age." The mental age was divided by the child's actual age
to create an "intelligence quotient" (IQ). The notion of dividing a test score by a standard score was carried over to the
United States in the form of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test. However, administrators of this test claimed it measured
innate intelligence instead of current abilities (which was the premise of Binet's tests).
2. One reason individuals from certain populations underperform on aptitude tests is stereotype threat. Explain
what stereotype threat is and then describe three different ways it can lower test scores.
QuestionID: 09-2-02
Objective: 9.1d Analyze why it is difficult to remove all cultural bias from intelligence testing.
Answer: Stereotype threat is the observation of lower test scores in a population where there is a commonly held belief
that the members lack ability in the area being tested. A common example of stereotype threat is seen when girls believe
that they are worse at math than boys and consequently do worse on math tests than boys. Stereotype threat can lower
test scores in three ways. Firstly, the group may avoid the subject and thus perform worse on tests. Secondly, the
evaluators may be biased against one group (e.g. girls) and mark tests lower as a result. Finally, the test taker may
influence her own performance and do worse on a test simply because she does not believe she is capable of doing well.
3. Some researchers, including Howard Gardner, have proposed the idea that there are multiple types of
intelligences. Explain Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences and give three examples of evidence that
supports this theory.
QuestionID: 09-2-03
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences claims that there are different forms of intelligence, with each being
independent from the others. Those intelligences include: verbal/linguistic, logical/mathematical, visual/spatial,
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bodily/kinesthetic, musical/rhythmical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, and existential.
There are many individuals who show extreme abilities in a specific domain, such as music, art, math, memory, or sports,
but display very limited abilities in other domains such as language, social skills, or the ability to care for oneself. Evidence
for Gardner's theory can be found in:
(1) savants, who have extraordinary abilities in limited domains, very poor abilities in many others, and low g;
(2) cases of people with brain damage. This indicates that some specific abilities can be dramatically affected while others
remained intact; and
(3) normal people who differ widely in their abilities and talents, having a knack for some things but being hopeless at
others (this doesn't fit the notion that intelligence is a single, overarching ability).
Fill-in-the-blank Questions
1. Most intelligence tests are normed so that the average (mean) IQ is __________ .
QuestionID: 09-3-01
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: a. 100
2. Marcus is only 8 years old. However, his score on the Stanford-Binet test is the same as the average 10-yearold. Therefore, Marcus' __________ is 10.
QuestionID: 09-3-02
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: a. mental age
3. Children who hold a(n) __________ theory of intelligence are more likely than other children to give up in the
face of highly challenging problems.
QuestionID: 09-3-03
Objective: 9.1c Apply the concepts of entity theory and incremental theory to help kids succeed in school.
Answer: a. entity
4. Charles Spearman used the letter g as an abbreviation for __________ .
QuestionID: 09-3-04
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: a. general intelligence factor
5. In healthy adults, __________ does not decline very much in later adulthood, and may even increase.
QuestionID: 09-3-05
Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: a. crystallized intelligence
6. While women outperform men on __________ abilities, men outperform women on __________ abilities.
QuestionID: 09-3-06
Skill:
Objective: 9.2c Understand intelligence differences between males and females.
Answer: a. verbal/b. visuospatial and b.mental rotation
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7. Gardner proposed the theory of __________ , arguing that there are a number of different forms of intelligence.
QuestionID: 09-3-07
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: a. multiple intelligences
8. The __________ of intelligence is estimated to be between 40% and 80%.
QuestionID: 09-3-08
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: a. heritability
9. One way to determine how specific genes influence behaviour is to conduct a __________ study, in which mice
are used that have had a gene removed from their genome.
QuestionID: 09-3-09
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: a. gene knockout
10. The __________ refers to the overall population increases in intelligence test scores over time.
QuestionID: 09-3-10
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: a. Flynn Effect
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Anthropometrics refers to the
A) measurement of physical and mental variation in people.
B) cultural and environmental influences on people's behaviour.
C) tests used to measure Gardner's multiple intelligences.
D) calculation of an individual's mental age.
QuestionID: 09-4-01
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: A) measurement of physical and mental variation in people.
2. Which of the following is the best psychological description for intelligence?
A) how much information an individual can correctly recall
B) an individual's score on a standardized intelligence test
C) how well a person can understand, reason, and cognitively adapt to obstacles
D) the ability to quickly and efficiently learn new material in an unknown environment
QuestionID: 09-4-02
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: C) how well a person can understand, reason, and cognitively adapt to obstacles
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3. The average score on most IQ tests is
A) 68.
B) 100.
C) 115.
D) 85.
QuestionID: 09-4-03
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: B) 100.
4. Francis has his intelligence tested and receives a score of 100. Given the normal distribution for most
intelligence tests, Francis' score is
A) extremely below average.
B) slightly below average.
C) average.
D) above average.
QuestionID: 09-4-04
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: C) average.
5. One advantage of using ___________ is that it avoids age-related changes because scores are always
compared against the same age-group.
A) the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
B) mental age
C) Raven's Progressive Matrices
D) deviation IQ
QuestionID: 09-4-05
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: D) deviation IQ
6. Binet and Simon considered children behind in their schooling if their
A) mental age equalled their chronological age.
B) mental age was lower than their chronological age.
C) mental age was higher than their chronological age.
D) mental age did not equal their chronological age.
QuestionID: 09-4-06
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: B) mental age was lower than their chronological age.
7. Binet and Simon measured children using what new concept?
A) anthropometrics
B) intelligence quotient (IQ)
C) mental age
D) deviation IQ
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QuestionID: 09-4-07
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: C) mental age
8. Binet and Simon originally developed their famous test to
A) identify children who might have difficulty in school.
B) identify children who might excel in school.
C) measure the intelligence of adults.
D) measure the intelligence of normal children.
QuestionID: 09-4-08
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: A) identify children who might have difficulty in school.
9. ________, a professor of psychology at Stanford University, revised Binet and Simon's test so it could be used
with American school children.
A) Francis Galton
B) Lewis Terman
C) Charles Spearman
D) David Wechsler
QuestionID: 09-4-09
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: B) Lewis Terman
10. ________ devised a simple formula for calculating an index of intelligence, or intelligence quotient (IQ).
A) David Wechsler
B) Francis Galton
C) Lewis Terman
D) Charles Spearman
QuestionID: 09-4-10
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: C) Lewis Terman
11. The formula that uses chronological age (CA) and mental age (MA) to calculate the intelligence quotient is
A) (MA ÷ CA) × 100.
B) CA ÷ MA × 100.
C) (MA × CA) ÷ 100.
D) 100 ÷ (MA + CA).
QuestionID: 09-4-11
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: A) (MA ÷ CA) × 100.
12. Who has the highest IQ?
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
A)
B)
C)
D)
Clarissa, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 9
Matt, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 10
Cecilee, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 7
Morgan, with a mental age of 7 and a chronological age of 7
QuestionID: 09-4-12
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: C) Cecilee, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 7
13. Twelve-year-old Arnold received an IQ test score of 75. Using the original definition for IQ, what is his mental
age?
A) 9
B) 10
C) 5
D) 7
QuestionID: 09-4-13
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: A) 9
14. What is the IQ of a 10-year-old with a mental age of 8?
A) 125
B) 80
C) 1.25
D) 0.8
QuestionID: 09-4-14
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: B) 80
15. Based on IQ score as calculated by Terman, Poonam has an IQ score of 120, so she is likely to answer IQ test
questions like someone whose age is _____, even though Poonam is _____.
A) 10; 12
B) 12; 6
C) 10; 8
D) 12; 10
QuestionID: 09-4-15
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: D) 12; 10
16. Binet and Simon's test was developed as a way to measure____________, but was adapted by others into a
measure of ________________.
A) academic achievement; innate intelligence
B) innate intelligence; academic achievement
C) chronological age; mental age
D) mental age; chronological age
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
QuestionID: 09-4-16
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: A) academic achievement; innate intelligence
17. What is the most commonly used intelligence for testing adolescents and adults?
A) Stanford-Binet
B) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
C) Binet-Simon
D) Raven's Progressive Matrices
QuestionID: 09-4-17
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: B) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
18. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) provides a Full Scale IQ measurement, but also breaks
intelligence into which two indices?
A) General Ability and Cognitive Proficiency
B) Working Memory and Perceptual Speed
C) Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning
D) Vocabulary and Arithmetic
QuestionID: 09-4-18
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: A) General Ability and Cognitive Proficiency
19. The ____________ are subset indices in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) that do not place
emphasis on how quickly an individual can solve a problem.
A) Working Memory and Cognitive Proficiency
B) Working Memory and Perceptual Speed
C) Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning
D) Digit Span and Arithmetic
QuestionID: 09-4-19
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: C) Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning
20. Zoe wants to test the IQ of a group of ESL students who do not speak any English. What test might you
recommend to her?
A) Stanford-Binet
B) Raven's Progressive Matrices
C) WAIS
D) Binet-Simon
QuestionID: 09-4-20
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: B) Raven's Progressive Matrices
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
21. Which of the following items would most likely be found on a culture-free IQ test?
A) visual pattern completion
B) arithmetic questions
C) vocabulary recognition
D) digit span
QuestionID: 09-4-21
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: A) visual pattern completion
22. The cousin of Charles Darwin who suggested that the unusual eminence of his own family was due to genetic
gifts was
A) Alfred Binet.
B) Lewis Terman.
C) Henri Simon.
D) Sir Francis Galton.
QuestionID: 09-4-22
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.1b Understand the reasoning behind the eugenics movements and its use of intelligence tests.
Answer: D) Sir Francis Galton.
23. Which of the following is representative of Sir Francis Galton's perspective on intelligence?
A) Galton believed that intelligence was determined 50% by environment and 50% by genes.
B) Galton believed that genes significantly influenced intelligence.
C) Galton and believed that social factors significantly influenced intelligence.
D) Galton believed that intelligence was a trait that changed significantly over time.
QuestionID: 09-4-23
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.1b Understand the reasoning behind the eugenics movements and its use of intelligence tests.
Answer: B) Galton believed that genes significantly influenced intelligence.
24. IQ tests were often used to support _______ practices; supposedly demonstrating that some individuals were
"superior" to others.
A) anthropometric
B) incremental theory
C) stereotype threat
D) eugenic
QuestionID: 09-4-24
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.1b Understand the reasoning behind the eugenics movements and its use of intelligence tests.
Answer: D) eugenic
25. Stereotype threat refers to
A) poor performance on IQ tests by minorities.
B) the influence of negative expectations on IQ test performance.
C) the belief that individuals of European descent are superior to others.
D) the belief that minorities are less intelligent than others.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
QuestionID: 09-4-25
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: B) the influence of negative expectations on IQ test performance.
26. Carmen is taking an advanced math test and feels she will not perform well because she knows the negative
stereotypes about women's abilities in mathematics. This feeling has been labelled as
A) eugenics.
B) entity theory.
C) incremental theory.
D) stereotype threat.
QuestionID: 09-4-26
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: D) stereotype threat.
27. Mikom is a First Nations student and is about to write his MCAT for entrance into medical school. Mikom is
very worried about his performance on the test because he has repeatedly head that First Nations individuals
tend to do poorly on standardized tests. What concept is being represented in this example?
A) between-group heritability
B) confirmation bias
C) stereotype threat
D) test bias
QuestionID: 09-4-27
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: C) stereotype threat
28. Which of the following is true about incremental theories of intelligence?
A) Children who hold incremental views tend to give up when confronted with difficult problems in school.
B) Children who hold incremental theories view their intelligence as something that cannot be changed.
C) Children who hold incremental theories tend to do poorly academically compared to those who hold entity
theories.
D) Children can be taught incremental views which can lead to higher grades.
QuestionID: 09-4-28
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.1c Apply the concepts of entity theory and incremental theory to help kids succeed in school.
Answer: D) Children can be taught incremental views which can lead to higher grades.
29. When Dweck and her colleagues taught _____________ views to a group of junior high students, they found
that the group's grades _____________.
A) entity; improved
B) entity; remained stable
C) incremental; improved
D) incremental; worsened
QuestionID: 09-4-29
Skill: Factual
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 9.1c Apply the concepts of entity theory and incremental theory to help kids succeed in school.
Answer: C) incremental; improved
30. __________ is a statistical method that compares results of different correlational measures to identify
clusters of related variables.
A) Entity theory
B) Incremental theory
C) Multi-correlation
D) Factor analysis
QuestionID: 09-4-30
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: D) Factor analysis
31. Who would have supported the notion that intelligence mostly resulted from a single ability and could be
represented by a single test score?
A) Gardner
B) Spearman
C) Sternberg
D) Thurstone
QuestionID: 09-4-31
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: B) Spearman
32. According to Spearman, it is one's ________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found
between math, reading scores, and visual perception tests.
A) general
B) mental
C) crystallized
D) fluid
QuestionID: 09-4-32
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: A) general
33. Ms. Bouvier is a first grade teacher. She has just given Chelsea a reading test. Chelsea scored very high in
word recognition, so Ms. Bouvier assumes she will score high on the rest of the test. It is likely that Ms. Bouvier
believes in the ____________ factor of intelligence.
A) g
B) s
C) a
D) r
QuestionID: 09-4-33
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: A) g
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
34. Terence is a skilled musician, writer, computer programmer, and problem solver. The fact that Terence is
good at so many diverse activities supports the notion of _____________ intelligence.
A) crystallized
B) fluid
C) transgenic
D) general
QuestionID: 09-4-34
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: D) general
35. Which of the following statements is not true?
A) A higher "g" is correlated with higher divorce rates.
B) A lower "g" is correlated with higher incarceration rates.
C) A higher "g" is correlated with lower poverty rates.
D) A higher "g" is correlated with more efficient neural conduction.
QuestionID: 09-4-35
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: A) A higher "g" is correlated with higher divorce rates.
36. Because Ashley's history professor was a college student during the 1970s, he has extraordinary insight and
knowledge of facts concerning the Vietnam War era. This knowledge is associated with the term
A) crystallized intelligence.
B) fluid intelligence.
C) general intelligence.
D) multiple intelligence.
QuestionID: 09-4-36
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: A) crystallized intelligence.
37. Neebin can list all of the Canadian Prime Ministers, beginning with Sir John A. MacDonald. Which type of
intelligence is she relying most on?
A) semantic
B) fluid
C) crystallized
D) static
QuestionID: 09-4-37
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: C) crystallized
38. Megan is very good at solving problems, even though she has had very little formal training. For example,
Megan was able to solve the Rubik's Cube puzzle the first time she tried. Megan clearly has a high degree of
____________ intelligence.
A) general
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B) fluid
C) crystallized
D) "s"
QuestionID: 09-4-38
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: B) fluid
39. ____________ intelligence allows people to solve problems that they have not previously experienced, while
_____________ intelligence involves applying previous experience and knowledge to solving a problem.
A) Crystallized; fluid
B) Fluid; crystallized
C) General; specific
D) Specific; general
QuestionID: 09-4-39
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: B) Fluid; crystallized
40. Vocabulary tests primarily measure ________________ intelligence.
A) crystallized
B) fluid
C) general
D) spatial
QuestionID: 09-4-40
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: A) crystallized
41. It is generally the case that most great scientists have their ground-breaking ideas when they are in early to
middle adulthood, but rarely when they are older. What might explain this fact?
A) White matter in the brain substantially decreases from middle to late adulthood.
B) General intelligence declines steeply after middle adulthood.
C) Fluid intelligence peaks in middle adulthood, and then declines in later life.
D) Crystallized intelligence peaks in middle adulthood, and then declines in later life.
QuestionID: 09-4-41
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: C) Fluid intelligence peaks in middle adulthood, and then declines in later life.
42. Which of the following typically happens to crystallized intelligence as healthy adults age?
A) It peaks at middle age and then declines.
B) It exponentially increases from middle to old-age.
C) It remains stable or increases with experience.
D) It steadily declines throughout the lifespan.
QuestionID: 09-4-42
Skill: Conceptual
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: C) It remains stable or increases with experience.
43. Which of the following is a healthy older adult most likely to do as well as—or even better than—a younger
adult?
A) pattern recognition
B) a geometric puzzle
C) a vocabulary test
D) a timed problem-solving task
QuestionID: 09-4-43
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: C) a vocabulary test
44. Which of the following is a younger adult most likely to do better than a healthy older adult?
A) naming the capitals of provinces
B) solving a geometric puzzle
C) defining vocabulary words
D) calculating the area of a circle from the length of the radius
QuestionID: 09-4-44
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: B) solving a geometric puzzle
45. Adira has an IQ score that is much lower than average and has been diagnosed as having a form of autism.
Despite her disabilities, Adira can perform incredible feats of mental arithmetic, including finding the square root
of five-digit numbers without a calculator or paper and pencil! Adira would be classified as a
A) kinetic learner.
B) crystallized thinker.
C) fluid thinker.
D) savant.
QuestionID: 09-4-45
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: D) savant.
46. Which of the following does NOT support the idea of multiple intelligences?
A) Head injury can lead to the loss of one ability but not others.
B) People who score highly on intelligence tests often excel in a number of areas.
C) Intelligent people vary a great deal in terms of physical, social, and artistic skills.
D) Savants may have low mental capacities, but excel at specific abilities.
QuestionID: 09-4-46
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: B) People who score highly on intelligence tests often excel in a number of areas.
47. A theory of intelligence with seven (now nine) components was first postulated by
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
A)
B)
C)
D)
Gardner.
Spearman.
Sternberg.
Terman.
QuestionID: 09-4-47
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: A) Gardner.
48. Gardner and his associates are known for proposing
A) the generalized theory of intelligence.
B) the transgenic theory of intelligence.
C) the theory of multiple intelligences.
D) the theory of multiple learning styles.
QuestionID: 09-4-48
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: C) the theory of multiple intelligences.
49. According to Gardner's most updated theory, there are ________ types of intelligence.
A) two
B) three
C) six
D) nine
QuestionID: 09-4-49
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: D) nine
50. Which of these is one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?
A) procedural
B) active
C) creative
D) naturalist
QuestionID: 09-4-50
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: D) naturalist
51. Corrie is well liked by all her classmates. She has lots of friends and is always one of the first people chosen
whenever there are group projects. According to Gardner, at which type of intelligence does Corrie likely excel?
A) interpersonal
B) intrapersonal
C) naturalistic
D) kinesthetic
QuestionID: 09-4-51
Skill: Applied
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: A) interpersonal
52. Marcos, a geology professor, has always been fascinated by the study of fossils, shells, and rock formations.
According to Gardner, Marcos is likely strong in the area of ________ intelligence.
A) kinesthetic
B) naturalist
C) visuospatial
D) logical
QuestionID: 09-4-52
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: B) naturalist
53. Ms. Umar is an elementary school teacher. She tries to match her teaching style to the way in which each
student seems to learn best. For example, she believes some of her students learn best when she illustrates
ideas on the board, while other students appear to learn best when they perform hands-on actives. Ms. Umar
likely believes in the idea of
A) crystallized intelligence.
B) general intelligence.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) learning styles.
QuestionID: 09-4-53
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.2e Analyze whether teachers should spend time tailoring lessons to each individual student's learning style.
Answer: D) learning styles.
54. The hypothesis that individuals are fundamentally different in how they optimally acquire information is
associated with the concept of
A) learning styles.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) general intelligence.
QuestionID: 09-4-54
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.2e Analyze whether teachers should spend time tailoring lessons to each individual student's learning style.
Answer: A) learning styles.
55. Studies investigating the concept of learning styles have found
A) that when teaching matches an individual's learning style, their ability to acquire information greatly increases.
B) that children, but not adults, learn best when the teaching method matched their learning style.
C) no evidence that individuals have specific learning styles.
D) that all individuals learn better when taught using a visuospatial approach.
QuestionID: 09-4-55
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2e Analyze whether teachers should spend time tailoring lessons to each individual student's learning style.
Answer: C) no evidence that individuals have specific learning styles.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
56. When researchers compare the distribution of IQ scores for males to the one for females, which of the
following differences is most consistently found?
A) The mean score for the male distribution is greater than the one for the females.
B) The mean score for the female distribution is greater than the one for the males.
C) The variability among males is greater than it is among females.
D) The variability among females is greater than it is among males.
QuestionID: 09-4-56
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.2c Understand intelligence differences between males and females.
Answer: C) The variability among males is greater than it is among females.
57. There is some evidence that women are, on average, better at ______________, while men, on average, are
better at_______________.
A) fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence
B) crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence
C) visuospatial manipulation; verbal fluency
D) verbal fluency; visuospatial manipulation
QuestionID: 09-4-57
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.2c Understand intelligence differences between males and females.
Answer: D) verbal fluency; visuospatial manipulation
58. Which of the following is true concerning "twin study" research findings?
A) Identical twins and fraternal twins share similarly high IQ correlations.
B) Fraternal twins have more similar IQ scores than identical twins.
C) Identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins.
D) Identical twins raised apart have more similar scores than identical twins raised together.
QuestionID: 09-4-58
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: C) Identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins.
59. If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which of the following pair-comparisons should show the
same correlation in IQ scores?
A) fraternal twins and biological siblings
B) identical twins and fraternal twins
C) identical twins and parents-children
D) adopted twins and biological siblings
QuestionID: 09-4-59
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: A) fraternal twins and biological siblings
60. In general, studies examining the correlations between intelligence scores for different family members
indicate that __________________ is the greatest determinant for shared intelligence.
A) education
B) shared experience
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C) biological relatedness
D) shared environment
QuestionID: 09-4-60
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: C) biological relatedness
61. The study of how specific genes interact with the environment to influence behaviour is called
A) behavioural genomics.
B) anthropometrics.
C) psychometrics.
D) transgenics.
QuestionID: 09-4-61
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: A) behavioural genomics.
62. Dr. Ming hypothesizes that a particular gene is involved in intelligence. He breeds a strain of mice that have
had this particular gene removed to see if they show an impaired ability to solve problems compared to mice that
have not had this gene removed. This is an example of a(n) ______________ study.
A) transgenic
B) anthropometric
C) psychometric
D) gene knockout
QuestionID: 09-4-62
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: D) gene knockout
63. _________________ involves breeding mice that have had a specific gene removed from their genome. In
contrast, _________________ involves inserting a new gene into an animal's genome.
A) Transgenics; gene knockout
B) Gene knockout; transgenics
C) Behavioural genomics; transgenics
D) Transgenics; behavioural genomics
QuestionID: 09-4-63
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: B) Gene knockout; transgenics
64. Which of the following best describes the relationship between a person's brain size, and his or her
intelligence?
A) There is no relationship between brain size and intelligence.
B) Brain size is somewhat correlated with intelligence, but the relationship is complicated.
C) Not surprisingly, large brain size is a consistent predictor of high intellectual ability.
D) Surprisingly, small brain size is a consistent predictor of high intellectual ability.
QuestionID: 09-4-64
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: B) Brain size is somewhat correlated with intelligence, but the relationship is complicated.
65. Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between the brain and intelligence scores?
A) Brain size is the strongest predictor of intelligence scores.
B) Convolution is strongly correlated with intelligence scores.
C) Brain size and the convolution of the brain equally predict intelligence scores.
D) Neither the size, nor the degree of convolution of the cortex, are correlated with intelligence scores.
QuestionID: 09-4-65
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: B) Convolution is strongly correlated with intelligence scores.
66. Which of the following was true about the brain of Albert Einstein?
A) It was heavier than the average human brain.
B) The frontal lobes contained extra convolutions.
C) The temporal lobes were larger than average.
D) It was similar to an average human brain on all measurements.
QuestionID: 09-4-66
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: B) The frontal lobes contained extra convolutions.
67. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the relationship between nutrition and intelligence?
A) There is no correlation between intelligence and nutrition.
B) Diets high in saturated fats were correlated with higher intelligence scores.
C) There is a positive correlation between low-fat diets and intelligence.
D) There is a positive correlation between diets high in saturated fats and intelligence.
QuestionID: 09-4-67
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: C) There is a positive correlation between low-fat diets and intelligence.
68. According to your textbook, a key factor in why growing up in a low-income family is associated with lower
IQs is likely
A) exposure to language.
B) genetics.
C) a lack of value placed on learning.
D) environmental toxins.
QuestionID: 09-4-68
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: A) exposure to language.
69. Rob, Matt, and Chris are brothers. Rob was born in 1985, Matt in 1988, and Chris in 1990. Statistically
speaking, which sibling is slightly more likely to have the greatest IQ score?
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
A)
B)
C)
D)
Rob
Matt
Chris
They are all equally likely to have the equal IQ scores.
QuestionID: 09-4-69
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.3d Analyze the belief that older children are more intelligent than their younger siblings.
Answer: A) Rob
70. Chronic stress has been shown to
A) damage the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
B) increase kinesthetic intelligence.
C) improve resilience when faced with challenging tasks.
D) increase the volume of areas involved with stress, such as the hypothalamus.
QuestionID: 09-4-70
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: A) damage the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
71. The "Flynn effect" refers to
A) the finding that IQ scores are positively correlated with nutrition.
B) the finding that IQ scores have steadily increased over time.
C) the finding that IQ scores have steadily decreased over time.
D) the finding that IQ scores are negatively correlated with education levels.
QuestionID: 09-4-71
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: B) the finding that IQ scores have steadily increased over time.
72. A study looking at the average IQ scores for military recruits found that over a period of 30 years
A) scores decreases between 21 and 30 points.
B) scores rose between 21 and 30 points.
C) score rose, on average, 3 points every year.
D) scores have remained relatively stable.
QuestionID: 09-4-72
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: B) scores rose between 21 and 30 points.
73. Henrietta's grandfather used to be a psychologist in the 1950s. While going through his old papers, Henrietta
finds an old intelligence test that was tested and normed over fifty years earlier. Just for fun, Henrietta decides to
take the test, which gives her an IQ of 110. Which of the following is true?
A) She would probably receive a similar score from a more recent test.
B) The score is probably too high, because the average score on the test when it was normed is lower than it would
be today.
C) The score is probably too low, because the average score on the test when it was normed was lower than it would
be today.
D) The score is probably too high, because the average score on the test when it was normed was higher than it
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would be today.
QuestionID: 09-4-73
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: B) The score is probably too high, because the average score on the test when it was normed is lower than it
would be today.
74. According to the Flynn effect, for at least several generations
A) the IQ scores of the children are higher than those of their parents.
B) the IQ scores of the children are lower than those of their parents.
C) the IQ scores of both children and parents have remained about the same.
D) there is no correlation between the IQ scores of children and their parents.
QuestionID: 09-4-74
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: A) the IQ scores of the children are higher than those of their parents.
75. According to your textbook, which of the following is true regarding the population-level increases in
intelligence test scores over time?
A) The increase indicates that children today are actually smarter than their parents were.
B) The increase is due to the fact that people are better test takers, not that they are smarter.
C) The reasons for the increase are unclear, but may reflect the lower levels of stress experienced by today's youth
compared to the youth of the 1930–1950's.
D) The reasons for the increase are unclear, but may reflect the increased reliance on certain skills like abstract
thinking and logical analysis.
QuestionID: 09-4-75
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: D) The reasons for the increase are unclear, but may reflect the increased reliance on certain skills like abstract
thinking and logical analysis.
76. Research into "brain-training" programs has shown that
A) the games have a positive and lasting effect on general intelligence.
B) the games rarely have an effect on real-world skills, outside of the laboratory.
C) brain-training games have a positive impact multiple types of intelligence.
D) the games have absolutely no effect on any type of skill or task.
QuestionID: 09-4-76
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.3c Apply your knowledge of environmental and behavioural effects on intelligence to understand how to
enhance your own cognitive abilities.
Answer: B) the games rarely have an effect on real-world skills, outside of the laboratory.
77. __________ drugs are substances are believed to beneficially affect intelligence.
A) N-back
B) Brain-training
C) Transgenic
D) Nootropic
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QuestionID: 09-4-77
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: D) Nootropic
78. __________ has been shown to boost short-term memory and planning abilities, while ______ has been
shown to increase overall cognitive functioning.
A) Methylphenidate; modafinil
B) Modafinil; methylphenidate
C) Brain-training; nootropic
D) Nootropic; brain-training
QuestionID: 09-4-78
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3c Apply your knowledge of environmental and behavioural effects on intelligence to understand how to
enhance your own cognitive abilities.
Answer: B) Modafinil; methylphenidate
79. Using a sample of adults, Professor Hue conducted a study of intelligence and she found that the heritability
coefficient was around 45%. This means that
A) 45 percent of intelligence is due to genetics for an average individual in the sample, and 55 percent is due to
environment.
B) 45 percent of intelligence is due to genetics for an average individual in the sample, and 55 percent is due to
unspecified factors.
C) intelligence is completely determined by the genes in 45 percent of the sample and it is completely determined by
the environment in the other 55 percent.
D) about 45 percent of the variability in intelligence scores in this sample can be explained by their genetic
differences.
QuestionID: 09-4-79
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: D) about 45 percent of the variability in intelligence scores in this sample can be explained by their genetic
differences.
80. Which of the following is true about the concept of heritability coefficient?
A) It is a constant that is relatively stable within a culture.
B) It can only be applied to populations, not to individuals.
C) It indicates how much of an individual's intelligence is due to her/his genetic make-up.
D) It is a score that is larger among people living in poverty than people living in wealth.
QuestionID: 09-4-80
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: B) It can only be applied to populations, not to individuals.
81. What does Spearman's g refer to?
A) It is general intelligence as a single, general ability.
B) It is a constant that varies among cultures based on genes.
C) It indicates how much of the variability in intelligence scores is due to genes in a population.
D) It is the genetic determinant of intelligence.
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QuestionID: 09-4-81
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: A) It is general intelligence as a single, general ability.
82. Which of the following statements about Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is FALSE?
A) Some dimensions are unfalsifiable and difficult to research.
B) Despite its rarity in scientific literature, it exerts some influence in applied fields such as education.
C) It claims that people can be good at multiple things and reminds us to appreciate the wide range of human
abilities.
D) It puts a strong genetic emphasis on what determines multiple intelligences.
QuestionID: 09-4-82
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: D) It puts a strong genetic emphasis on what determines multiple intelligences.
83. Why were Binet and Simon asked by the French government to create an intelligence test?
A) To identify children with average intelligence and see if they perform adequate in schools.
B) To develop an objective assessment of children's intelligence.
C) To identify the most intelligent children for a specialized education.
D) To identify children who would benefit from specialized education.
QuestionID: 09-4-83
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: D) To identify children who would benefit from specialized education.
84. Which of the following is the correct way to calculate the deviation IQ?
A) Divide the average by the test score and multiply the result by 100.
B) Divide a test score by the average and multiply the result by 100.
C) Add the test score to the average and then subtract 100.
D) Subtract the test score from the average and multiply the result by 100.
QuestionID: 09-4-84
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: B) Divide a test score by the average and multiply the result by 100.
85. Which of the following statements about biological and environmental influences on IQ is TRUE?
A) Heritability of IQ scores is higher among people living in wealth than people living in poverty.
B) Similarity of IQ scores is higher among cousins than siblings.
C) Genes directly and heavily determine intelligence levels regardless of population of study.
D) Intelligence of people in impoverished communities can be better explained by their genetic differences.
QuestionID: 09-4-85
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: A) Heritability of IQ scores is higher among people living in wealth than people living in poverty.
86. Which of the following statements about highly intelligent people compared to less intelligent people is
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TRUE?
A) They are slightly more stressed.
B) They typically live longer.
C) They are usually born second or after in their families.
D) They are usually good-looking people.
QuestionID: 09-4-86
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3c Apply your knowledge of environmental and behavioural effects on intelligence to understand how to
enhance your own cognitive abilities.
Answer: B) They typically live longer.
87. If the test scores of ability A, ability B, and ability C correlate highly together; these would form a
A) talent.
B) data.
C) entity.
D) factor.
QuestionID: 09-4-87
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: D) factor.
88. _________ intelligence produces new information, _____ intelligence uses the old information.
A) Creative; fluid
B) Crystallized; practical
C) Fluid; crystallized
D) Practical; creative
QuestionID: 09-4-88
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: C) Fluid; crystallized
89. If __________________ are given a test and their intelligence scores scores will be very similar. In fact, their
scores will be as similar as the scores of an individual taking the test twice.
A) cousins reared together
B) children and their biological parents living together
C) fraternal twins reared together
D) identical twins reared apart
QuestionID: 09-4-89
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: D) identical twins reared apart
90. Considering the effect of genes and environment on intelligence, an analysis of intelligence scores of
fraternal twins reared together would show intelligence scores that are less similar than the scores of
A) children and their biological parents living together.
B) adopted children reared together.
C) identical twins reared apart.
D) biological siblings reared together.
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QuestionID: 09-4-90
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: C) identical twins reared apart.
91. In a hypothetical situation, if all the members of a community are raised in exactly the same environmental
conditions, then the variability in intelligence scores in this population would be best explained by ____________
and the population would have a heritability index of ________.
A) environment; 100%
B) environment; 0%
C) genes; 100%
D) genes; 0%
QuestionID: 09-4-91
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: C) genes; 100%
92. Twin studies on intelligence may __________________ the effects of ________, because two people in the
same environment can have ________ experiences.
A) underestimate; genes; very similar
B) underestimate; environment; unique
C) overestimate; genes; very similar
D) overestimate; environment; unique
QuestionID: 09-4-92
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: B) underestimate; environment; unique
93. Considering that foot length is a highly heritable trait, which of the following would be true for the foot length
of an individual?
A) Environmental factors such as diet would have zero contribution to foot length for an individual.
B) Environment can maximize or minimize the genetic potential of foot length for an individual.
C) Genes would dictate exactly the height of an individual.
D) If an individual's parents are 6 feet tall, then he or she would be approximately 6 feet tall.
QuestionID: 09-4-93
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: B) Environment can maximize or minimize the genetic potential of foot length for an individual.
94. Although certain dimensions of intelligence decline steadily with age, one dimension tends to decline the
least. That dimension is
A) abstract reasoning skills.
B) visuospatial skills.
C) verbal abilities.
D) reaction time.
QuestionID: 09-4-94
Skill: Factual
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Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: C) verbal abilities.
95. Which of the following is specifically TRUE about the Flynn effect?
A) There are significant generational differences in intelligence.
B) Anxiety of performance actually reduces the test performance of individuals.
C) Educational barriers in impoverished communities highly influence their intelligence levels.
D) Breastfeeding positively influenced intelligence scores.
QuestionID: 09-4-95
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.3a Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence.
Answer: A) There are significant generational differences in intelligence.
96. Which of the following statements regarding biological determinants of intelligence is FALSE?
A) Scientists cannot locate the genes that are specifically related to intelligence.
B) Scientists use gene knockout techniques to observe the effects of genes on intelligence.
C) Scientist use gene transplantation and insert genes to observe their effects on intelligence.
D) Specific brain structures and functions are more important than overall brain size.
QuestionID: 09-4-96
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: A) Scientists cannot locate the genes that are specifically related to intelligence.
97. Considering the perspective given in your textbook, what would be the MOST likely reason why the African
American population may have lower intelligence scores than European Americans?
A) The genetic makeup of these two groups are simply different.
B) The socioeconomic environment of most African Americans is different than most European Americans.
C) Current intelligence tests are biased toward African Americans in terms of their content.
D) In general, African Americans are more anxious when they take the intelligence tests.
QuestionID: 09-4-97
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.3c Apply your knowledge of environmental and behavioural effects on intelligence to understand how to
enhance your own cognitive abilities.
Answer: B) The socioeconomic environment of most African Americans is different than most European Americans.
98. What does the existence of savant syndrome best suggest about intelligence?
A) Intelligence is a concept that is culturally and historically constructed.
B) Intelligence depends on the quality of reaction time and cognitive processing.
C) Intelligence can be defined by a diverse set of distinct abilities.
D) Intelligence is largely unpredictable and unmeasurable.
QuestionID: 09-4-98
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: C) Intelligence can be defined by a diverse set of distinct abilities.
99. Which of the following was suggested as the main cause of the negative Flynn effect and then proven to be
wrong?
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
A)
B)
C)
D)
failures in the standardization of intelligence tests
parents with low IQ reproduce more than parents with high IQ
deterioration of intelligence tests as a measure of multiple abilities
declining parental involvement in children's development
QuestionID: 09-4-99
Skill: Factual
Objective: 9.3d Analyze the belief that older children are more intelligent than their younger siblings.
Answer: B) parents with low IQ reproduce more than parents with high IQ
100. If you wanted to understand the effects of environment on intelligence, which of following methods would
you choose?
A) comparing IQs of identical twins reared together to the IQs of fraternal twins reared together
B) comparing IQs of children reared by their biological parents to the IQs of their biological parents
C) comparing IQs of adopted children to their adoptive parents' IQ
D) comparing IQs of adopted children to their biological parents' IQ
QuestionID: 09-4-100
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: C) comparing IQs of adopted children to their adoptive parents' IQ
Supplementary Questions
1. Galton's intelligence test items are to ________________ as Binet and Simon's intelligence test items are to
________________.
A) abstract thinking; concrete thinking
B) general intelligence; specific intelligences
C) sensation; higher mental processes
D) crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence
QuestionID: 09-5-01
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: C) sensation; higher mental processes
2. The Binet scale was originally developed to
A) identify children who might have difficulty in school.
B) identify gifted children.
C) measure scholastic achievement.
D) measure the intelligence of normal children.
QuestionID: 09-5-02
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: A) identify children who might have difficulty in school.
3. A committee has been set up to identify young people who are likely to become great Olympics skaters. In
addition to physical skills, the committee believes that an understanding of one's emotions is a plus because it
will help the skaters through training and competitions. Using Howard Gardner's types of intelligences, which
two should be the focus of their search?
A) bodily kinesthetic and intrapersonal
B) logical/mathematical and visual/spatial
C) visual/spatial and interpersonal
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D) verbal/linguistic and logical/mathematical
QuestionID: 09-5-03
Objective: 9.2a Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence.
Answer: A) bodily kinesthetic and intrapersonal
4. Which individual is likely to have an IQ score that is most similar to Darrell's?
A) Darrell's adopted brother Dave
B) Darrell's cousin Sarah
C) Darrell's sister Debra
D) Darrell's cousin Derreck
QuestionID: 09-5-04
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: C) Darrell's sister Debra
True-False Questions
1. Alfred Binet designed his famous test to measure innate intelligence.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 09-6-01
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: b. False
2. A 10-year-old child with a mental age of 9 would have an IQ of 90.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 09-6-02
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: a. True
3. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is the most commonly used intelligence test used on
adolescents and adults.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 09-6-03
Objective: 9.1a Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing.
Answer: a. True
4. The solution to stereotype threat is education—if individuals in the group are aware of the stereotype, they are
likely to behave in ways that contradict other's expectations.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 09-6-04
Objective: 9.1d Analyze why it is difficult to remove all cultural bias from intelligence testing.
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Answer: b. False
5. Crystallized intelligence is used to solve problems without relying on previous knowledge.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 09-6-05
Objective: 9.2d Apply your knowledge to identify examples that reflect fluid vs. crystallized intelligence.
Answer: b. False
6. Scientists agree that a general intelligence underlies the specific abilities and talents measured by intelligence
tests.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 09-6-06
Objective: 9.2b Understand why intelligence is described as a hierarchy.
Answer: b. False
7. There is little scientific support for the idea that individuals have distinct learning styles.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 09-6-07
Objective: 9.2e Analyze whether teachers should spend time tailoring lessons to each individual student's learning style.
Answer: a. True
8. In general, males tend to have a higher average IQ score than females.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 09-6-08
Objective: 9.2c Understand intelligence differences between males and females.
Answer: b. False
9. A transgenic animal is one that has had a specific gene removed so scientists can investigate the role of that
particular gene.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 09-6-09
Objective: 9.3b Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence.
Answer: b. False
10. The birth order effect on intelligence test scores is likely due to genetic factors.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 09-6-10
Objective: 9.3d Analyze the belief that older children are more intelligent than their younger siblings.
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Answer: b. False
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Chapter 10 : Lifespan Development
Chapter Quiz Questions
1. To study the effect of daycare programs on academic performance, a researcher follows the same 30 children
who did or did not attend daycare programs as they go through kindergarten to sixth grade. Which type of design
is the researcher using?
A) cross-sectional
B) cohort
C) latitudinal
D) longitudinal
QuestionID: 10-1-01
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: D) longitudinal
2. Which of the following is true about the connection between the MMR vaccine and autism?
A) There is no scientific evidence that the MMR vaccine causes autism.
B) The connection between MMR and autism remains unclear.
C) There is strong scientific evidence that the MMR vaccine causes autism.
D) The MMR vaccine causes autism if administered more than once.
QuestionID: 10-1-02
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: A) There is no scientific evidence that the MMR vaccine causes autism.
3. The ______ reflex helps a newborn find and latch onto the breast to feed.
A) Moro
B) rooting
C) grasping
D) startle
QuestionID: 10-1-03
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: B) rooting
4. According to Piaget, the _____ stage of children's development is characterized by the understanding of
symbols and pretend play.
A) concrete operational
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational operational
D) formal operational
QuestionID: 10-1-04
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: C) preoperational operational
5. Harry Harlow's research with infant monkeys demonstrated the importance of
A) good nutrition for cognitive development.
B) physical contact and the bond infants form with their mothers.
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C) punishment in shaping behaviour.
D) self-esteem in socialization.
QuestionID: 10-1-05
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: B) physical contact and the bond infants form with their mothers.
6. August is playing in a room with her mother present, although she does not pay attention to her. Both when
her mother leaves her in the room with a stranger, and when she returns, August does not respond. What type of
attachment does August likely have?
A) anxious
B) ambivalent
C) disorganized
D) avoidant
QuestionID: 10-1-06
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: D) avoidant
7. The ongoing development of the _____ may explain why adolescents are known to make risky or poor
decisions.
A) hippocampus
B) temporal lobe
C) prefrontal cortex
D) parietal lobe
QuestionID: 10-1-07
Objective: 10.3a Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development.
Answer: C) prefrontal cortex
8. According to your text, which of the following statements is TRUE regarding same-sex encounters?
A) Most individuals who identify as heterosexual have never had a sexual encounter with a member of the same sex.
B) If it does occur, sexual interest in members of the same sex is recognized during early adolescence.
C) Most women who engage in same-sex encounters during adolescence have strictly heterosexual relationships
during adulthood.
D) The stigma of same-sex encounters prevents most adolescents from ever engaging in this behaviour.
QuestionID: 10-1-08
Objective: 10.3b Understand the process of identity formation during adolescence.
Answer: B) If it does occur, sexual interest in members of the same sex is recognized during early adolescence.
9. A healthy adult with no signs of dementia in his or her 80s is likely to have the most difficulty doing which of
the following tasks?
A) remembering how many feet are in a mile
B) recalling the definition of the word "antepenultimate"
C) knowing the names of his or her grandchildren
D) solving a logic problem
QuestionID: 10-1-09
Objective: 10.4d Understand how cognitive abilities change with age.
Answer: D) solving a logic problem
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10. Healthy older adults are
A) more likely to develop depression than younger people.
B) less likely to develop depression than younger people.
C) no more likely than younger people are to develop depression.
D) more likely to develop depression than younger people in the United States, although the opposite is true in
China.
QuestionID: 10-1-10
Objective: 10.4f Analyze the stereotype that old age is a time of unhappiness.
Answer: C) no more likely than younger people are to develop depression.
Essay Questions
1. At birth, there is a lot of variation in terms of the development of the sensory systems. Describe some of what
is known about newborns' ability to hear, see, and smell.
QuestionID: 10-2-01
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: Hearing: Newborns recognize and show a preference for their mother's voice soon after birth. In addition, recent
research has shown that infants may internalize sounds from their native language and actually cry with an 'accent' as a
result.
Vision: The visual system is not as well equipped at birth as the auditory system; newborns can only see clearly at
distances of about 30 cm or less. Colour discrimination appears to develop at about two months of age, and shape
discrimination develops at about 8 months of age.
Smell: The sense of smell (olfaction) is well-developed at birth. An example of this is how newborns cringe at foul odours
in much the same way as adults. It is possible that this acute sense of smell at birth helps ensure infants initiate nursing
and get the nourishment they need.
2. Dr. Savory asks Annette, a 3-year-old child, if one of the two rows of coins (shown below) has more than the
other.
When Annette says that the two rows have the same number of coins, Dr. Savory spreads out one row (shown
below). Once again, he asks Annette if one of the two rows has more.
Dr. Savory repeats this task with Annette's 8-year-old sister, Rosie.
Given your knowledge of Piaget's theory, compare and contrast the likely responses of each child. Incorporate
Piaget's terms in your essay.
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QuestionID: 10-2-02
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
- Annette will think that the second row contains more buttons.
- Annette has not yet acquired the concept of conservation and does not understand that physical properties of objects do
not change when their appearance changes.
- Annette is in the preoperational stage, according to Piaget.
- Conversely, Rosie will know that both rows of buttons have the same number.
- Rosie is in the concrete operational stage and understands conservation.
3. Parents and researchers alike know that adolescents are prone to engaging in risky behaviour. Describe some
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of the key factors that likely underlie some of the poor decision-making that occurs during this period of
development.
QuestionID: 10-2-03
Objective: 10.3f Analyze the relationship between brain development and adolescent judgment and risk taking.
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
- The prefrontal cortex, which is the area involved with inhibition, planning, and self-control, is still developing in
adolescents and as such, likely isn't imposing the same level of control that might be seen in a fully developed adult
- The limbic areas, involved with reward, are well-developed in adolescents and likely lead to increased value being
placed on reward
- Social factors (e.g., peer pressure) play a major role in the behaviour of adolescents. The presence or absence of other
teenagers can greatly influence behaviour, leading individuals to engage in riskier behaviours than they might when acting
alone.
Fill-in-the-blank Questions
1. One disadvantage of cross-sectional studies is that the differences between ages may be due to __________ ,
and not developmental factors.
QuestionID: 10-3-01
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: a. cohort effects
2. A(n) __________ is created when a sperm and an ovum fuse together.
QuestionID: 10-3-02
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: a. zygote
3. According to Piaget, __________ occurs when children add new information, but interpret it based on what
they already know.
QuestionID: 10-3-03
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: a. assimilation
4. According to Lev Vygotsky, if a child is unable to complete a task unassisted, but can complete the task with
the help of a teacher, they are considered to be in the __________ .
QuestionID: 10-3-04
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: a. zone of proximal development
5. Sonya and her 12-month-old child are recruited to participate in a research study. Sonya is first instructed to
sit in a room while her child plays. Then, Sonya is asked to leave her child in the room for several minutes before
returning. The researchers in this study appear to be using the __________ protocol.
QuestionID: 10-3-05
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: a. strange situation
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6. The ability to understand that others may have their own thoughts and perspectives, different from our own, is
known as __________ .
QuestionID: 10-3-06
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: a. theory of mind
7. The __________ , which is involved in impulse control, regulates mood, and facilitates planning, organizing,
and reasoning, is still developing during adolescence.
QuestionID: 10-3-07
Objective: 10.3f Analyze the relationship between brain development and adolescent judgment and risk taking.
Answer: a. prefrontal cortex
8. Frederique's 5-year-old son believes that people shouldn't steal because, "They might get in trouble!" This is
consistent with the __________ stage of moral reasoning.
QuestionID: 10-3-08
Objective: 10.3e Apply your understanding of the categories of moral reasoning.
Answer: a. preconventional
9. Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease that is associated with the abnormal buildup of __________ and
__________ , which are two types of proteins that accumulate in the brain, causing a disruption in normal
activity.
QuestionID: 10-3-09
Objective: 10.4c Understand age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Answer: a. plaques/b. tangles
10. A healthy older adult is unlikely to forget how to ride a bike. This is because __________ memories do not
decline with age the way some other types of memories do.
QuestionID: 10-3-10
Objective: 10.4d Understand how cognitive abilities change with age.
Answer: a. procedural
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Charmaine is interested in going to graduate school to gain expertise in the ways in which people experience
physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes over the course of their lives. The type of program that
Charmaine should be applying to is __________ psychology.
A) developmental
B) child
C) social
D) cognitive
QuestionID: 10-4-01
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
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Answer: A) developmental
2. __________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time.
A) Longitudinal
B) Cohort
C) Sequential
D) Cross-sectional
QuestionID: 10-4-02
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: D) Cross-sectional
3. Xiao is gathering research on the number of daily calories people typically consume at various ages. He
gathers data about the number of calories eaten by 25 people in each of the following age categories: 10, 20, 30,
40, 50, 60, and 70 years. What type of research design is Xiao using?
A) continuous
B) cross-sectional
C) sequential
D) longitudinal
QuestionID: 10-4-03
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: B) cross-sectional
4. Daniel is interested in studying how children's behaviour changes when they grow up in high-risk
environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research, and observes these children
once a year for 20 years. This type of research is an example of a __________ study.
A) sequential
B) cross-sectional
C) longitudinal
D) continuous
QuestionID: 10-4-04
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: C) longitudinal
5. In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
A) cohort
B) longitudinal
C) lifetime
D) cross-sectional
QuestionID: 10-4-05
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: B) longitudinal
6. In a cross-sectional study, subjects from the same age category are referred to as
A) a cohort.
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B) an experimental group.
C) a control group.
D) a stage model.
QuestionID: 10-4-06
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: A) a cohort.
7. Which of the following is true about longitudinal studies?
A) The potential for cohort effects makes them difficult to interpret.
B) They generally take less time than cross-sectional studies.
C) They are more prone to errors and biases than cross-sectional studies.
D) They often have more attrition than cross-sectional studies.
QuestionID: 10-4-07
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: D) They often have more attrition than cross-sectional studies.
8. One advantage of using a longitudinal design over a cross-sectional design is that longitudinal designs
A) are more prone to errors and biases.
B) are less likely to be affected by attrition.
C) avoid issues associated with cohort effects.
D) require less time to perform.
QuestionID: 10-4-08
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: C) avoid issues associated with cohort effects.
9. A researcher performs a study comparing the video-game playing ability of 20-year-olds to 60-year-olds. The
results indicate that the 20-year-olds learned to play a new game much faster than the 60-year-olds. However, the
researchers are uncertain whether this indicates that the 20-year-olds' ability will decrease over time, or whether
the 60-year-olds had more difficulty because they grew up before there were video games. What issue is this an
example of?
A) cohort effects
B) attrition
C) stage model error
D) experimenter expectancy effects
QuestionID: 10-4-09
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: A) cohort effects
10. Developmental changes during childhood tend to occur
A) in a linear fashion.
B) in stages.
C) gradually.
D) smoothly over time.
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QuestionID: 10-4-10
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: B) in stages.
11. A(n) _________ is formed when the sperm fuses with the nuclei of the egg.
A) germinal
B) embryo
C) zygote
D) fetus
QuestionID: 10-4-11
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: C) zygote
12. The very beginning of development involves the _________ dividing into a ball of cells called the _________
and travelling down the fallopian tubes.
A) blastocyst; zygote
B) zygote; fetus
C) blastocyst; embryo
D) zygote; blastocyst
QuestionID: 10-4-12
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: D) zygote; blastocyst
13. The germinal stage
A) occurs from 0 to 2 weeks after fertilization.
B) occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization.
C) occurs from 8 weeks after fertilization to birth.
D) occurs from 7 to 10 weeks after fertilization.
QuestionID: 10-4-13
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: A) occurs from 0 to 2 weeks after fertilization.
14. Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the blastocyst is moving down from the fallopian tubes to her
uterus. Which stage of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?
A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) placental
D) germinal
QuestionID: 10-4-14
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: D) germinal
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15. The placenta
A) is the tube through which a developing baby receives nourishment.
B) is a group of cells within the blastocyst that develop into the fetus.
C) passes oxygen, nutrients, and waste to and from the fetus.
D) is the name for the developing organism until it is 8 weeks old.
QuestionID: 10-4-15
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: C) passes oxygen, nutrients, and waste to and from the fetus.
16. Which of the following describes the embryonic period?
A) The period during which the blastocyst moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.
B) The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop.
C) The period during which the zygote is formed.
D) The period during which the skeletal, organ, and nervous systems become more developed and specialized.
QuestionID: 10-4-16
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: B) The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop.
17. The heart and nervous system begin to form when the developing child is categorized as a(n)
A) fetus.
B) zygote.
C) embryo.
D) blastocyst.
QuestionID: 10-4-17
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: C) embryo.
18. Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first
developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?
A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) placental
D) germinal
QuestionID: 10-4-18
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: B) embryonic
19. Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of prenatal development?
A) germinal, embryonic, fetal
B) germinal, fetal, embryonic
C) fetal, germinal, embryonic
D) fetal, embryonic, germinal
QuestionID: 10-4-19
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: A) germinal, embryonic, fetal
20. The process of _________, in which fatty tissue builds up around neurons, begins around the end of the
second trimester.
A) synaptogenesis
B) plasticity
C) convolution
D) myelination
QuestionID: 10-4-20
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: D) myelination
21. At birth, newborns have approximately _________ neurons, and far more ________ than adults.
A) 4000; synapses
B) 100 billion; neural connections
C) 100 billion; synapses
D) 4000; neural connections
QuestionID: 10-4-21
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: C) 100 billion; synapses
22. Although babies are born with most of the neurons they will need throughout their lives, they are still lacking
A) the connections between the neurons.
B) the myelin covering on the neuronal cells.
C) the sulci and gyri of the cortex.
D) any synapses in the cortex.
QuestionID: 10-4-22
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: A) the connections between the neurons.
23. Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance (such as a drug, chemical, or virus) that can
cause a birth defect?
A) teratogen
B) sensitive period
C) carcinogen
D) phocomelia
QuestionID: 10-4-23
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: A) teratogen
24. _________ was prescribed for morning sickness but led to severe birth defects.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
A)
B)
C)
D)
Phocomelia
Thalidomide
Ginger
Marijuana
QuestionID: 10-4-24
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1c Apply your understanding to identify the best ways expectant parents can ensure the health of their
developing fetus.
Answer: B) Thalidomide
25. Which of the following is NOT a known symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome?
A) facial malformations
B) respiratory difficulties
C) deficits in mental functioning
D) growth problems
QuestionID: 10-4-25
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1c Apply your understanding to identify the best ways expectant parents can ensure the health of their
developing fetus.
Answer: B) respiratory difficulties
26. Greta's child has facial deformities, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects could be traced
to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely consuming?
A) nicotine
B) cocaine
C) marijuana
D) alcohol
QuestionID: 10-4-26
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.1c Apply your understanding to identify the best ways expectant parents can ensure the health of their
developing fetus.
Answer: D) alcohol
27. What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant?
A) increased birth weight and lethargy
B) lower birth weight and premature birth
C) severe hearing loss and heart defects
D) severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms
QuestionID: 10-4-27
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1c Apply your understanding to identify the best ways expectant parents can ensure the health of their
developing fetus.
Answer: B) lower birth weight and premature birth
28. A friend of yours is pregnant and particularly afraid of her child dying from sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS) after he is born. What should you tell your friend to avoid because it puts her child at greater risk of dying
from SIDS?
A) drinking alcohol
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B) eating processed foods
C) eating unpasteurized foods
D) tobacco exposure
QuestionID: 10-4-28
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.1c Apply your understanding to identify the best ways expectant parents can ensure the health of their
developing fetus.
Answer: D) tobacco exposure
29. While the chance of survival for infants born at 25 weeks is about 50%, the probability for survival is 95% by
________ weeks of gestation.
A) 26
B) 30
C) 37
D) 40
QuestionID: 10-4-29
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1d Analyze the effects of preterm birth.
Answer: B) 30
30. Which of the following is a key component of the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and
Assessment Program (NIDCAP) for preterm infants?
A) exposing the infants to specific patterns of visual and auditory stimuli to promote brain development
B) placing infants into a simulated womb, complete with placenta and amniotic fluid
C) recreating the birthing experience at what would have been 37 weeks of gestation if the infant had been carried to
full term
D) minimizing exposure to light and sounds that can over-stimulate the developing brain
QuestionID: 10-4-30
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1d Analyze the effects of preterm birth.
Answer: D) minimizing exposure to light and sounds that can over-stimulate the developing brain
31. ____________ for preterm babies involves skin-to-skin contact between infants and caregivers and
encouraging breastfeeding.
A) NIDCAP
B) Kangaroo care
C) Doula care
D) Cuddle care
QuestionID: 10-4-31
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1d Analyze the effects of preterm birth.
Answer: B) Kangaroo care
32. Which of the following is true of the original research that suggested a relationship between the MMR vaccine
and the development of autism?
A) It has been discredited and retracted by the journal that published it.
B) It won Andrew Wake the 1999 Nobel Prize for Medicine.
C) It has been successfully replicated several times.
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D) While the original study has problems, the scientific community still supports the connection between vaccines
and autism.
QuestionID: 10-4-32
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: A) It has been discredited and retracted by the journal that published it.
33. By seven to eight months of gestation, not only can infants hear, but they also seem to be actively listening.
According to your textbook, which of the following is one of the ways researchers know this?
A) Infants in the womb will exhibit movement that matches the beat of external music.
B) Infants in the womb show an increase in movement when hearing a story they've been read previously.
C) Infants show a preference for stories read aloud to them prior to birth.
D) Infants show knowledge of vocabulary words they heard while still in the womb.
QuestionID: 10-4-33
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: C) Infants show a preference for stories read aloud to them prior to birth.
34. Which ability may take up to 2 months after birth to develop?
A) discriminating between complex odours
B) seeing objects at a distance of 30cm
C) voluntary motor movements
D) colour discrimination
QuestionID: 10-4-34
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: D) colour discrimination
35. Newborns show the most preference for looking at
A) faces and face-like stimuli.
B) images of scrambled faces.
C) images with multiple colours and shapes.
D) familiar objects they've seen many times before.
QuestionID: 10-4-35
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: A) faces and face-like stimuli.
36. In the presence of an unpleasant odour, newborns will
A) turn toward the source of the smell.
B) cringe.
C) not react, as their olfactory system is not yet developed enough to detect most odours.
D) seek out their primary caregiver.
QuestionID: 10-4-36
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: B) cringe.
37. The involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation seen in newborns are referred to as
A) tremors.
B) reflexes.
C) accommodations.
D) preoperational movements.
QuestionID: 10-4-37
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: B) reflexes.
38. The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to
A) grimace and reach their arms outward and then inward.
B) open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek.
C) grab onto objects placed onto the centre of their palm.
D) close the eyes when startled by loud noises.
QuestionID: 10-4-38
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: B) open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek.
39. Elizabeth is nursing her newborn daughter and holds the baby up to her breast. When she strokes her baby's
cheek, the child turns her head toward the breast and finds her mother's nipple. This is a demonstration of the
__________ reflex.
A) rooting
B) suckling
C) Moro
D) grasping
QuestionID: 10-4-39
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: A) rooting
40. The Moro reflex is most likely to be produced when
A) someone lightly stokes the baby's cheek.
B) the baby loses support of his or her head.
C) the baby smells his mother's breast milk.
D) the baby's palm is pressed.
QuestionID: 10-4-40
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: B) the baby loses support of his or her head.
41. In cultures where mothers expect their children to reach motor-related milestones, like walking, earlier,
researchers have found
A) the children actually matured slower than the global average.
B) the children matured at the same rate as the global average.
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C) the children reached the milestones at an earlier age than children from other cultures.
D) the parents showed extreme anxiety if their child developed more slowly than they had expected.
QuestionID: 10-4-41
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: C) the children reached the milestones at an earlier age than children from other cultures.
42. Cross-cultural studies show that children raised in different environments mature at slightly different rates.
These variations in rate are likely due to differences in
A) the age when infants begin practising motor skills.
B) the genes they inherited from their parents.
C) educational systems.
D) nutrition.
QuestionID: 10-4-42
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) the age when infants begin practising motor skills.
43. The loss of weak nerve cell connections in the brain is known as
A) synaptogenesis.
B) myelination.
C) neurogenesis.
D) synaptic pruning.
QuestionID: 10-4-43
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: D) synaptic pruning.
44. The creation of new synaptic connections between neurons is called ___________________, whereas the
removal of weak connections is called _______________.
A) myelination; neurogenesis
B) neurogenesis; myelination
C) synaptogenesis; synaptic pruning
D) synaptic pruning; synaptogenesis
QuestionID: 10-4-44
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: C) synaptogenesis; synaptic pruning
45. Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called
A) fetal periods.
B) sensitive periods.
C) Piaget's periods.
D) assimilation.
QuestionID: 10-4-45
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: B) sensitive periods.
46. Suppose a child were raised by abusive parents who kept her locked in a basement, completely separated
from human contact for the first 7 years of her life. When she was finally rescued, case workers found that it was
very difficult to teach her how to communicate. This would be because the child was not exposed to language
during the
A) sensitive period.
B) sensorimotor stage.
C) assimilation period.
D) concrete operational stage.
QuestionID: 10-4-46
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.1c Apply your understanding to identify the best ways expectant parents can ensure the health of their
developing fetus.
Answer: A) sensitive period.
47. A(n)__________ period refers to the optimal time period when the normal development of a particular skill
must take place.
A) accommodation
B) assimilation
C) sensitive
D) imprinting
QuestionID: 10-4-47
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: C) sensitive
48. Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development.
A) social
B) cognitive
C) motor
D) sensory
QuestionID: 10-4-48
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) cognitive
49. The study of the changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan, is
called
A) gerontology.
B) psychopathology.
C) child psychology.
D) cognitive development.
QuestionID: 10-4-49
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) cognitive development.
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50. According to Piaget, the process of absorbing new information into existing beliefs, is called
A) theory of mind.
B) assimilation.
C) conservation.
D) accommodation.
QuestionID: 10-4-50
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) assimilation.
51. According to Piaget, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and
new information is called
A) theory of mind.
B) assimilation.
C) conservation.
D) accommodation.
QuestionID: 10-4-51
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) assimilation.
52. According to Piaget, knowledge accumulates and is modified by which two processes?
A) sensation and perception
B) assimilation and theory of mind
C) accommodation and observation
D) assimilation and accommodation
QuestionID: 10-4-52
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) assimilation and accommodation
53. Janis sees a bat flying over the lake and says, "Birdie"! Her mother says, "That flies like a bird, Janis, but that
is a bat." Janis begins pointing saying, "Bat! Bat! Bat!" Piaget would say that this is an example of
A) accommodation.
B) preoperational thought.
C) assimilation.
D) theory of mind.
QuestionID: 10-4-53
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) accommodation.
54. Jerome has a black, fluffy pet cat. When he encounters a small fluffy black dog, he calls it a "cat". This is an
example of Piaget's concept of
A) accommodation.
B) preoperational thought.
C) assimilation.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
D) theory of mind.
QuestionID: 10-4-54
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: C) assimilation.
55. Kisha understands her world by grasping, sucking, and physically handling objects in her path. Kisha is in
Piaget's ________ stage of development.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
QuestionID: 10-4-55
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) sensorimotor
56. The major developmental milestone of the _______________ stage is the achievement of object permanence.
A) preoperational
B) sensorimotor
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
QuestionID: 10-4-56
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) sensorimotor
57. __________ is a cognitive skill that refers to the understanding that an object continues to exist when it is no
longer perceived.
A) Theory of mind
B) Conservation
C) Transitivity
D) Object permanence
QuestionID: 10-4-57
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) Object permanence
58. When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Carmella looks behind the sofa to find him. Carmella appears
to have developed
A) object permanence.
B) theory of mind.
C) conservation of number.
D) transitivity.
QuestionID: 10-4-58
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: A) object permanence.
59. Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, from birth to
adulthood?
A) formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensory motor
B) preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
C) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
D) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
QuestionID: 10-4-59
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
60. Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by understanding of symbols, pretend play, and
mastery of the concept of conservation?
A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) sensorimotor
QuestionID: 10-4-60
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) preoperational
61. Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko. She takes his tall glass of milk and pours exactly half of it into
a shorter wider glass. Then she says, "Honey, which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller
glass. This demonstrates that Nikko has not yet mastered
A) theory of mind.
B) transitivity.
C) object permanence.
D) conservation.
QuestionID: 10-4-61
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) conservation.
62. Ms. Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal-sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark
cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Mark's behaviour represents
A) an inability to accommodate.
B) an inability to conserve.
C) difficulty with formal operational tasks.
D) a lack of object permanence.
QuestionID: 10-4-62
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) an inability to conserve.
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63. According to Piaget, a child in the _____________ stage of cognitive development should be able to think in a
logical and organized manner, but is likely to have difficulty understanding the more abstract ideas, like those
found in algebra.
A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) sensorimotor
QuestionID: 10-4-63
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: C) concrete operational
64. Hakim and his older sister, Nada, are at the kitchen table working on their homework. Nada reads Hakim one
of the questions she's working on, "Imagine you want to test the hypothesis that warm water freezes faster than
cold water. Design an experiment to test your hypothesis." Hakim is very confused and doesn't quite understand
this approach to thinking. Given this example, Hakim is likely in the ________ stage, while Nada is likely in the
_________ stage.
A) formal operational; concrete operational
B) concrete operational; formal operational
C) preoperational; concrete operational
D) concrete operational; preoperational
QuestionID: 10-4-64
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) concrete operational; formal operational
65. During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability to reason about abstract ideas?
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
QuestionID: 10-4-65
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) formal operational
66. Asking students to predict how the course of Canadian history may have changed if the expulsion of the
Acadians had not occurred, would likely be most comprehensively answered by students in which of Piaget's
stages?
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
QuestionID: 10-4-66
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) formal operational
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67. The core knowledge hypothesis suggests that
A) infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment.
B) children do not develop true abstract thinking until after puberty.
C) children must first develop an essential set of cognitive skills before they can develop abstract thinking.
D) infants and children primarily learn through a process of accommodation and assimilation.
QuestionID: 10-4-67
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment.
68. The first time Nova showed a toy panda to her infant son, he appeared very interested and stared at it for a
long time. Over time, however, Nova has noticed that her son has become less interested in the toy and only
looks at it briefly. This is an example of
A) conservation.
B) object permanence.
C) dishabituation.
D) habituation.
QuestionID: 10-4-68
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) habituation.
69. Although not all psychologists agree, research using habituation and dishabituation, as discussed in your
textbook, suggests that very young infants might
A) understand the meaning of some simple words.
B) demonstrate object permanence.
C) recognize their parents.
D) have a rudimentary appreciation for numbers.
QuestionID: 10-4-69
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) have a rudimentary appreciation for numbers.
70. Abel's dad is playing with him by shaking a rattle in front of him. After some time, Abel loses interest and
stops paying attention. Abel's dad then shows him a sock puppet and Abel is once again captivated. This
example demonstrates the concept of
A) conservation.
B) object permanence.
C) dishabituation.
D) habituation.
QuestionID: 10-4-70
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) habituation.
71. When a child cannot complete a task on their own, but is capable with the help of an adult, the child is said to
be
A) in the zone of proximal development.
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B) experiencing a teachable moment.
C) demonstrating the core knowledge hypothesis.
D) in the formal operational stage of development.
QuestionID: 10-4-71
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2d Apply the concept of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development to understand how to best
promote learning.
Answer: A) in the zone of proximal development.
72. Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child's interaction with
objects, Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to
A) biological changes in the brain.
B) expectations from caregivers.
C) completing activities independently, without help from others.
D) interaction between a child and skilled people.
QuestionID: 10-4-72
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2d Apply the concept of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development to understand how to best
promote learning.
Answer: D) interaction between a child and skilled people.
73. Sparrow has just learned how to sound out each written letter in the alphabet. Her teacher, Ms. Lee, wants to
use scaffolding to help Sparrow learn to read. What would be a good 'next step' for Ms. Lee to use?
A) teach Sparrow how to print the letters she can now sound out
B) teach Sparrow how to sound out simple words such as 'cat' and 'bat'
C) teach Sparrow the difference between consonants and vowels
D) teach Sparrow how to read a consonant and a letter put together such as 'ba' or 'da'
QuestionID: 10-4-73
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2d Apply the concept of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development to understand how to best
promote learning.
Answer: D) teach Sparrow how to read a consonant and a letter put together such as 'ba' or 'da'
74. The emotional bond that a newborn baby shares with his or her caregiver(s) is called
A) maternal love.
B) temperament.
C) Harlow's Bond.
D) attachment.
QuestionID: 10-4-74
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: D) attachment.
75. Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that
A) surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided food and water produced the strongest attachment
responses.
B) surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest
attachment responses.
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C) the first surrogate mother to be presented to the infant monkeys, led to the strongest attachment responses.
D) surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing food and water produced the weakest attachment
responses.
QuestionID: 10-4-75
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: B) surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest
attachment responses.
76. In Harlow's studies with young monkeys, the monkeys were exposed to a wire mother with a bottle and a
cloth mother without a bottle. The young monkeys spent their non-feeding time
A) with the wire mother.
B) with both mothers equally.
C) with the cloth mother.
D) away from both mothers.
QuestionID: 10-4-76
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: C) with the cloth mother.
77. Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow?
A) Babies become attached to adults who are pleasant to touch.
B) Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.
C) Babies become attached to adults who smile at them.
D) Babies become attached to adults who talk in quiet voices.
QuestionID: 10-4-77
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: B) Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.
78. Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the __________ test in order to assess the different types of
attachment that might exist between a child and his or her primary caregiver.
A) theory of mind
B) separation
C) strange situation
D) stranger danger
QuestionID: 10-4-78
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: C) strange situation
79. Young Pemba is being observed as he plays in a room with his mother. Pemba plays with the toys in the
room, but occasionally looks back at his mother to make sure she is there. When Pemba's mother leaves the
room, he becomes moderately upset, but is easily soothed when she returns. Which type of attachment does
Pemba seem to have with his mother?
A) anxious
B) secure
C) ambivalent
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D) avoidant
QuestionID: 10-4-79
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: B) secure
80. Piper is playing in the waiting room at the doctor's office with her mother present, although Piper isn't paying
much attention to her. Piper does not respond in any way when her mother leaves her in the room with a stranger
or when she returns. What type of attachment does Piper likely have?
A) anxious
B) disorganized
C) ambivalent
D) avoidant
QuestionID: 10-4-80
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: D) avoidant
81. Which of the following children is most likely to be upset when her father leaves the room?
A) Ilsa, who has an anxious attachment to her father
B) Nola, who has a secure attachment to her father
C) Denia, who has a disorganized attachment to her father
D) Lakesha, who has an avoidant attachment to her father
QuestionID: 10-4-81
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: A) Ilsa, who has an anxious attachment to her father
82. Some children do not demonstrate one consistent attachment style, but instead seem unable to decide how
they should react to their caregiver and to new circumstances. Researchers have labelled this the __________
attachment style.
A) anxious
B) disorganized
C) ambivalent
D) avoidant
QuestionID: 10-4-82
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: B) disorganized
83. Aziz puts a dot of lipstick on his sons' foreheads and then places them in front of a mirror. His oldest son,
Harjit, immediately touches his forehead to investigate the red dot, but his youngest son, Rohan, does not seem
to recognize that the baby in the mirror with the dot on his head is him. It appears as though Harjit has developed
_________, while Rohan has not.
A) egocentrism
B) theory of mind
C) secure attachment
D) self-awareness
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QuestionID: 10-4-83
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) self-awareness
84. According to Piaget, children are predominantly egocentric until the end of the ________ stage of
development.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
QuestionID: 10-4-84
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) preoperational
85. According to Piaget, egocentrism involves
A) the perception that others view the world as you do.
B) the perception that others view the world differently than you do.
C) the perception that you might be incorrect in your judgments.
D) the perception that you are better than others.
QuestionID: 10-4-85
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) the perception that others view the world as you do.
86. What is meant by the term "egocentrism"?
A) A child lacks the ability to consider perspectives other than his or her own.
B) A child is extremely arrogant and feels that he or she is better than others.
C) A child is very selfish and refuses to share his or her possessions with others.
D) A child lacks the motivation do things for him- or herself and expects them to be done by others.
QuestionID: 10-4-86
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) A child lacks the ability to consider perspectives other than his or her own.
87. Piaget mistakenly believed that
A) children begin to grasp the concept of object permanence during the sensorimotor stage.
B) during the stage of concrete operations, children understand conservation.
C) an understanding of self-awareness does not appear until the formal operational stage.
D) preoperational children cannot take another person's point of view.
QuestionID: 10-4-87
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) preoperational children cannot take another person's point of view.
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88. A child's ability to understand that others' thoughts, beliefs, and expectations can differ from his or her own
is called
A) formal operational thinking.
B) accommodation.
C) theory of mind.
D) egocentrism.
QuestionID: 10-4-88
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: C) theory of mind.
89. At five years old, Ryker is better able to understand his friends' feelings as compared to when he was three
years old. Ryker appears to be developing
A) theory of mind.
B) egocentrism.
C) formal operational thinking.
D) self-awareness.
QuestionID: 10-4-89
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) theory of mind.
90. Theorist __________ believed that every stage of life has a conflict in need of resolution.
A) Carl Jung
B) Erik Erikson
C) Lev Vygotsky
D) Jean Piaget
QuestionID: 10-4-90
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) Erik Erikson
91. According to Erikson, the crisis faced in infancy is
A) trust vs. mistrust.
B) autonomy vs. shame.
C) initiative vs. guilt.
D) egocentrism vs. self-awareness.
QuestionID: 10-4-91
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) trust vs. mistrust.
92. According to Erikson, an individual who is focused on skill development and knowledge-building is likely in
which stage of development?
A) Infancy
B) Childhood
C) Toddlerhood
D) Early childhood
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QuestionID: 10-4-92
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) Childhood
93. The _______ behavioural system focuses on meeting personal needs for security, while the ___________
behavioural system focuses on meeting the needs of others.
A) altruistic; egocentric
B) egocentric; altruistic
C) care-giving; attachment
D) attachment; care-giving
QuestionID: 10-4-93
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: D) attachment; care-giving
94. Children whose parents use a conditional approach to parenting, tend to experience greater internal pressure
to do well. This concept, known as _______ is linked to unstable self-esteem and poor coping skills.
A) insecure attachment
B) the care-giving behavioural system
C) introjection
D) inductive discipline
QuestionID: 10-4-94
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: D) inductive discipline
95. Research suggests that _________, which involves explaining the consequences of a child's actions, leads to
moral development and healthy attachment.
A) inductive discipline
B) introjection
C) conditional approach parenting
D) external validation
QuestionID: 10-4-95
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.2e Analyze how to effectively discipline children in order to promote moral behaviour.
Answer: A) inductive discipline
96. ___________ marks the physical transition from childhood to adolescence.
A) Experiencing sexual thoughts and feelings
B) Mastering abstract thinking
C) Puberty
D) Reaching the age of 13
QuestionID: 10-4-96
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.3a Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development.
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Answer: C) Puberty
97. Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic?
A) changes in vocal tone
B) growth of the breasts
C) growth of the genitals
D) growth of facial hair
QuestionID: 10-4-97
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.3a Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development.
Answer: C) growth of the genitals
98. The body's reproductive organs are an example of
A) adrenal glands.
B) thyroid glands.
C) primary sex traits.
D) secondary sex traits.
QuestionID: 10-4-98
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.3a Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development.
Answer: C) primary sex traits.
99. Which is an example of a secondary sex trait?
A) onset of menstruation
B) ovaries
C) voice change
D) sperm
QuestionID: 10-4-99
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.3a Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development.
Answer: C) voice change
100. Puberty in girls is associated with the onset of
A) spermarche.
B) menarche.
C) delayed gratification.
D) egocentricism.
QuestionID: 10-4-100
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.3a Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development.
Answer: B) menarche.
101. __________ is to girls as __________ is to boys.
A) Menarche; spermarche
B) Spermarche; menarche
C) Puberty; adolescence
D) Adolescence; puberty
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QuestionID: 10-4-101
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.3a Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development.
Answer: A) Menarche; spermarche
102. During menarche, adolescents experience
A) the onset of menstruation.
B) the first ejaculation.
C) voice changes.
D) the end of ovulation.
QuestionID: 10-4-102
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.3a Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development.
Answer: A) the onset of menstruation.
103. Lamar's friends want him to come out partying with them tonight, but Lamar has a big test tomorrow that he
knows he needs to study for. He decides not to join his friends and instead study for the test, knowing that his
grades are important for his future. Lamar has demonstrated
A) that he is in the concrete operational stage of development.
B) the implications of an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex.
C) his ability to delay gratification.
D) the implications of a well-developed reward system in his limbic area.
QuestionID: 10-4-103
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.3a Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development.
Answer: C) his ability to delay gratification.
104. Excessive risk taking during adolescence is caused, at least in part, by the fact that the _____________ is
not fully developed.
A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) limbic areas
QuestionID: 10-4-104
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.3f Analyze the relationship between brain development and adolescent judgment and risk taking.
Answer: A) prefrontal cortex
105. Kohlberg's moral development aligns with Piaget's _________ stage of development, and both forms of
development rely on the development of the __________.
A) concrete operational; limbic areas
B) formal operational; limbic areas
C) concrete operational; prefrontal cortex
D) formal operational; prefrontal cortex
QuestionID: 10-4-105
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.3d Understand the functions of moral emotions.
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Answer: D) formal operational; prefrontal cortex
106. According to Kohlberg, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality.
A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) formal conventional
QuestionID: 10-4-106
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.3d Understand the functions of moral emotions.
Answer: A) preconventional
107. Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the interstate without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed
because it is unlawful. Karla's reasoning reflects ________ moral reasoning.
A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) formal conventional
QuestionID: 10-4-107
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.3e Apply your understanding of the categories of moral reasoning.
Answer: B) conventional
108. The highest level of moral reasoning, called __________ morality, is based on internal principles that
transcend society.
A) conventional
B) postconventional
C) preconventional
D) formal conventional
QuestionID: 10-4-108
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.3d Understand the functions of moral emotions.
Answer: B) postconventional
109. Young Jamal is asked whether it is right for a police officer to give a speeding ticket to a man who is driving
his daughter to the hospital after a serious injury that left her with several broken bones. Which of the following
answers would demonstrate the postconventional level of moral reasoning in Jamal?
A) "He broke the rules. He should get a ticket, but should have to pay less than someone who was speeding for no
good reason."
B) "Everyone speeds and he has a good reason, so he shouldn't get a ticket."
C) "Speeding is breaking the rules, and when you break the rules you deserve to be punished."
D) "The man was trying to get his daughter to help, and he wasn't hurting anyone. As long as he doesn't normally
speed, he should be let off with a warning."
QuestionID: 10-4-109
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.3e Apply your understanding of the categories of moral reasoning.
Answer: D) "The man was trying to get his daughter to help, and he wasn't hurting anyone. As long as he doesn't
normally speed, he should be let off with a warning."
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110. A major part of adolescence is the development of a self-image and a perception of one's unique and
individual characteristics. This is referred to as one's
A) morality.
B) ego.
C) personality.
D) identity.
QuestionID: 10-4-110
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.3b Understand the process of identity formation during adolescence.
Answer: D) identity.
111. Raj is questioning who he is, what he wants in life, and what his goals are; Raj is likely experiencing
A) a moral crisis.
B) social intuition.
C) an identity crisis.
D) anxious attachment.
QuestionID: 10-4-111
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.3b Understand the process of identity formation during adolescence.
Answer: C) an identity crisis.
112. Which of the following is TRUE regarding same-sex sexual behaviour during adolescence?
A) Females are more likely than males to describe adolescent same-sex experiences as just "experimentation."
B) Sexual and emotional interest in members of the same sex generally appears during early childhood.
C) A large percentage of adolescents who identify themselves as heterosexual have had at least one sexual
experience with a same-sex person.
D) The number of sexual experiences during adolescence with members of the same sex are probably over
reported.
QuestionID: 10-4-112
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.3c Understand the importance of relationships in adolescence.
Answer: C) A large percentage of adolescents who identify themselves as heterosexual have had at least one sexual
experience with a same-sex person.
113. Researchers believe that ________, the feeling that there is "something wrong with you" can lead to feelings
of worthlessness, inferiority, and outbursts of violence.
A) shame
B) identity confusion
C) role confusion
D) disgust
QuestionID: 10-4-113
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.3c Understand the importance of relationships in adolescence.
Answer: A) shame
114. Which of the following marks the biological beginning of adulthood according to psychologists?
A) the loss of virginity
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B) turning 18
C) experiencing an identity crisis
D) there are no strict biological markers for adulthood
QuestionID: 10-4-114
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.4b Know the key areas of growth experienced by emerging adults.
Answer: D) there are no strict biological markers for adulthood
115. __________ adulthood is a period during which individuals tend to face challenges related to living on their
own, starting university or work, and becoming more financially responsible.
A) Early
B) Emerging
C) Transitional
D) Middle
QuestionID: 10-4-115
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.4b Know the key areas of growth experienced by emerging adults.
Answer: B) Emerging
116. The cessation of menstruation is called
A) menopause.
B) endometriosis.
C) menarche.
D) spermarche.
QuestionID: 10-4-116
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.4a Know the key terminology concerning adulthood and aging.
Answer: A) menopause.
117. According to Erikson's stages, a person who either becomes a productive and engaged member of society
or becomes self-absorbed, is experiencing
A) intimacy vs. isolation.
B) generativity vs. stagnation.
C) ego integrity vs. despair.
D) industry vs. inferiority.
QuestionID: 10-4-117
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.4a Know the key terminology concerning adulthood and aging.
Answer: B) generativity vs. stagnation.
118. Compared to unmarried people, people who are married are likely to have
A) poorer mental health, but greater physical health.
B) lower levels of happiness, but greater health and longer lives.
C) greater health, longer lives, and increased happiness.
D) similar health, happiness, and life expectancy.
QuestionID: 10-4-118
Skill: Conceptual
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Objective: 10.4a Know the key terminology concerning adulthood and aging.
Answer: C) greater health, longer lives, and increased happiness.
119. Audrey and Sam are having an argument and Audrey has decided to use "the silent treatment" as a tactic for
showing her anger. Which of the four unproductive approaches to conflict resolution discussed in your text is
Audrey displaying?
A) criticism
B) contempt
C) defensiveness
D) stonewalling
QuestionID: 10-4-119
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.4e Apply your attitudes about marriage.
Answer: D) stonewalling
120. You don't like a supper your partner has prepared, but you decide to thank your partner for preparing it
rather than stating your opinion. Which of the "Four Horsemen of the (Relationship) Apocalypse" have you just
avoided?
A) criticism
B) contempt
C) defensiveness
D) stonewalling
QuestionID: 10-4-120
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.4e Apply your attitudes about marriage.
Answer: A) criticism
121. Your partner says he is hurt that you forgot your anniversary, and you reply, "Well, you forgot it last year!"
Which one of the "Four Horseman of the (Relationship) Apocalypse" are you displaying?
A) criticism
B) contempt
C) defensiveness
D) stonewalling
QuestionID: 10-4-121
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.4e Apply your attitudes about marriage.
Answer: C) defensiveness
122. The __________ theory describes how older individuals tend to pay more attention to positive experiences
than negative ones.
A) psychosocial aging
B) socioemotional selectivity
C) Thich Nnat Hanh
D) positive aging
QuestionID: 10-4-122
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.4f Analyze the stereotype that old age is a time of unhappiness.
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Answer: B) socioemotional selectivity
123. Which of the following is TRUE of dementia?
A) Dementia is another name for Alzheimer's disease.
B) Dementia is a mild to severe disruption in fine motor skills and gait.
C) Dementia is a normal part of aging that affects approximately 71% of all elderly adults.
D) Dementia is a mild to severe disruption of mental functioning and memory loss.
QuestionID: 10-4-123
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.4c Understand age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Answer: D) Dementia is a mild to severe disruption of mental functioning and memory loss.
124. One of the theories discussed in your textbook, states that Alzheimer's disease is involves
A) the depletion of dopamine in the limbic system.
B) the buildup of proteins called plaques and tangles.
C) excessive pruning of synaptic connections.
D) widespread loss of myelination in the cortex.
QuestionID: 10-4-124
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.4c Understand age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Answer: B) the buildup of proteins called plaques and tangles.
125. One's accumulated knowledge gained over time is called
A) crystallized intelligence.
B) fluid intelligence.
C) concrete intelligence.
D) explicit intelligence.
QuestionID: 10-4-125
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.4d Understand how cognitive abilities change with age.
Answer: A) crystallized intelligence.
126. As people move into old age, the speed of cognitive processing
A) slows down.
B) increases.
C) declines at the same rate as crystallized intelligence.
D) remains stable.
QuestionID: 10-4-126
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.4d Understand how cognitive abilities change with age.
Answer: A) slows down.
127. Which of the following is an older adult most likely to have difficulty remembering?
A) how to type on a keyboard without looking
B) the name of the telephone's inventor
C) how to change the oil on a car
D) the specific events that occurred last Thanksgiving
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QuestionID: 10-4-127
Skill: Applied
Objective: 10.4d Understand how cognitive abilities change with age.
Answer: D) the specific events that occurred last Thanksgiving
128. In healthy adults, __________ memory tends to remain stable, while ___________ memory declines with age.
A) semantic; working
B) procedural; semantic
C) episodic; working
D) episodic; procedural.
QuestionID: 10-4-128
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.4d Understand how cognitive abilities change with age.
Answer: A) semantic; working
129. Which of the following statements about digital screen time and its effect on child development is FALSE?
A) It limits face-to-face interaction with other human beings.
B) There are definitive findings proving various long-term negative effects of screen time.
C) Screen time is habit forming, even at the early stages of child development.
D) The best designed apps can promote active, engaged, meaningful, and interactive learning.
QuestionID: 10-4-129
Skill: Factual
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) There are definitive findings proving various long-term negative effects of screen time.
130. Which of the following statements about the ability to delay gratification is FALSE?
A) It is the ability to put off immediate temptations to focus on longer-term goals.
B) There are findings proving various long-term negative effects of delaying gratification.
C) An inability to delay gratification is associated with addictions, unsafe sex, and other maladaptive behaviours.
D) It is a temperamental and biological orientation, rather than a skill that can be learned.
QuestionID: 10-4-130
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 10.3a Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development.
Answer: D) It is a temperamental and biological orientation, rather than a skill that can be learned.
Supplementary Questions
1. A group of psychologists studies how adults change and grow, both psychologically and physiologically, as
they age. These psychologists are most likely
A) personality psychologists.
B) social psychologists.
C) organizational psychologists.
D) developmental psychologists.
QuestionID: 10-5-01
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: D) developmental psychologists.
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2. A developmental psychologist presents the conservation-of-liquid task to groups of three-, five-, and sevenyear-olds to measure the children's grasp of the concept of conservation. Which type of study is being
described?
A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) case
D) naturalistic
QuestionID: 10-5-02
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: A) cross-sectional
3. A developmental psychologist is interested in the trait of neuroticism and wants to study how the trait
develops over a particular person's lifespan. Which term best characterizes this type of study?
A) longitudinal
B) developmental
C) cross-developmental
D) cross-sectional
QuestionID: 10-5-03
Objective: 10.1b Understand the pros and cons of different research designs in developmental psychology.
Answer: A) longitudinal
4. The __________ roughly resembles a human being.
A) zygote
B) fetus
C) embryo
D) placenta
QuestionID: 10-5-04
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: B) fetus
5. Linda adopted a 1-week-old baby named Ben. Over the course of a few years, Linda observed the following
symptoms in Ben despite her attempts to provide him with a healthy environment: his physical growth was
stunted, his eyes and mouth looked abnormal, and he had trouble keeping up intellectually with the other
children in his kindergarten class. What substance was Ben likely exposed to in utero?
A) nicotine
B) cocaine
C) alcohol
D) tetracycline
QuestionID: 10-5-05
Objective: 10.1c Apply your understanding to identify the best ways expectant parents can ensure the health of their
developing fetus.
Answer: C) alcohol
6. What does research on the achievement of motor milestones in infants suggest?
A) Motor development is primarily biological and reflects innately programmed changes consistent across cultures.
B) Motor development is dependent on physical maturation, which is guided by biological changes.
C) Motor development is largely an environmental process that is occasionally limited by physiological constraints.
D) Motor development is heavily influenced by parenting styles and culture.
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QuestionID: 10-5-06
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: D) Motor development is heavily influenced by parenting styles and culture.
7. Adjusting behaviour or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called
A) schema.
B) accommodation.
C) assimilation.
D) structure.
QuestionID: 10-5-07
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) accommodation.
8. _______ is most famous for his theory that all children go through a series of sequential intellectual stages.
A) Ainsworth
B) Bowlby
C) Gesell
D) Piaget
QuestionID: 10-5-08
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) Piaget
9. The adage "Out of sight, out of mind" is most accurately applied to the early part of the _______ stage of
development.
A) formal operations
B) concrete operations
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor
QuestionID: 10-5-09
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) sensorimotor
10. A child learns that his father is called "Daddy." The next day, he calls his uncle "Daddy." Which term best
captures this behaviour?
A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) equilibration
D) egocentrism
QuestionID: 10-5-10
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) assimilation
11. A child and her mother are walking through an aquarium. The child knows there are such things as fish, but
has never seen a starfish before. Upon seeing one, she says "See the fishie." Which term best explains the
child's comment?
A) assimilation
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B) accommodation
C) egocentrism
D) equilibration
QuestionID: 10-5-11
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) assimilation
12. When Angela plays the game "peek-a-boo!" with her infant, Michael, he cries every time, thinking his mom
has disappeared. Which concept has Michael yet to develop?
A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) symbolic thought
D) assimilation
QuestionID: 10-5-12
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) object permanence
13. The first time that four-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute, she thought it was simply a large
whistle. Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of
A) assimilation.
B) egocentrism.
C) conservation.
D) accommodation.
QuestionID: 10-5-13
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) assimilation.
14. Three-year-old Zara calls all four-legged animals "kitties." Her tendency to fit all four-legged animals into her
existing conception of a kitten illustrates the process of
A) conservation.
B) assimilation.
C) accommodation.
D) egocentrism.
QuestionID: 10-5-14
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) assimilation.
15. What event marks the end of the Piagetian stage of sensorimotor development?
A) the ability to do abstract thinking
B) the ability to do reversible thinking
C) the development of conservation
D) the development of object permanence
QuestionID: 10-5-15
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) the development of object permanence
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
16. Five-year-old Tammy mistakenly believes that her short, wide glass contains less soda than her brother's tall,
narrow glass. Actually, both glasses contain the same amount of soda. This illustrates that Tammy lacks the
concept of
A) conservation.
B) egocentrism.
C) assimilation.
D) object permanence.
QuestionID: 10-5-16
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) conservation.
17. According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between two and seven years of age, in which the
individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about
the world, though only in an egocentric fashion, is the __________ stage.
A) concrete operations
B) preoperational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operations
QuestionID: 10-5-17
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) preoperational
18. The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some. Taking the
glass of milk, she poured it all into a smaller cup and said, "There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She
would never have fooled the child if he had not been in the __________ stage.
A) preconventional
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
QuestionID: 10-5-18
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) preoperational
19. In which stage of cognitive development does the conservation concept first appear?
A) formal operations
B) concrete operations
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor
QuestionID: 10-5-19
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) concrete operations
20. Piaget's stage theory assumes that
A) all children pass through certain stages at a specified age.
B) all children pass through a series of 6 stages.
C) all children pass through stages in the same order.
D) children often skip some of the stages.
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QuestionID: 10-5-20
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: C) all children pass through stages in the same order.
21. Three-year-old Nick agrees to trade his dime for a nickel because the nickel is bigger. Which stage of
cognitive development is being characterized?
A) concrete operational
B) formal operational
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor
QuestionID: 10-5-21
Skill:
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: C) preoperational
22. A characteristic that first shows up in the concrete operations stage is
A) irreversibility.
B) abstract thinking.
C) egocentrism.
D) logical thinking.
QuestionID: 10-5-22
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) logical thinking.
23. Most ten- and eleven-year-olds are at the level of thinking that Piaget described as
A) formal operational.
B) preoperational.
C) sensorimotor.
D) concrete operational.
QuestionID: 10-5-23
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) concrete operational.
24. According to Piaget, what are the ages for the formal operational stage?
A) birth to age two
B) age two to seven
C) age seven to eleven
D) beyond age eleven or twelve
QuestionID: 10-5-24
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) beyond age eleven or twelve
25. According to Piaget, children begin to develop concepts and the ability to think in terms of abstractions in the
__________ stage.
A) preoperational
B) formal operational
C) concrete operational
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D) sensorimotor
QuestionID: 10-5-25
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) formal operational
26. According to Piaget, children learn to retrace their thoughts, correct themselves, see more than one
dimension to a problem, but cannot yet handle abstract concepts during the __________ stage.
A) preoperational
B) formal operational
C) concrete operational
D) sensorimotor
QuestionID: 10-5-26
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: C) concrete operational
27. If a child can tell you what Y is equal to when you give her the equation X = Y + 10, then she is in the _______
stage of cognitive development.
A) formal operations
B) concrete operations
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor
QuestionID: 10-5-27
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) formal operations
28. Nathan is trying to build a castle out of building blocks. At his current stage of cognitive development, he is
unable to successfully construct this himself, but is receptive to learning the skill with the assistance of others.
Which term proposed by Vygotsky best captures Nathan's developmental stage?
A) scaffolding stage
B) concrete operations
C) formal operations
D) zone of proximal development
QuestionID: 10-5-28
Objective: 10.2d Apply the concept of scaffolding and the zone of proximal development to understand how to best
promote learning.
Answer: D) zone of proximal development
29. In which way do most contemporary theories of cognitive development differ from Piagetian theory?
A) Learning is constructivist in nature.
B) Learning is gradual rather than stage-like.
C) Learning is based on general domains.
D) Learning is a function of acquired knowledge.
QuestionID: 10-5-29
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) Learning is gradual rather than stage-like.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
30. The emotional bond formed during the first year of life that makes human babies cling to their caretakers is
called
A) attachment.
B) intimacy.
C) socialization.
D) imprinting.
QuestionID: 10-5-30
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: A) attachment.
31. The tendency for young children to seek closeness to certain people is called
A) caretaking.
B) affiliation.
C) social affinity.
D) attachment.
QuestionID: 10-5-31
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: D) attachment.
32. The strange situation procedure, in which researchers unobtrusively watch an infant in the presence or
absence of several combinations of the child, caretaker, and stranger, is used to study
A) social smiling.
B) attachment.
C) identification.
D) dependence and independence.
QuestionID: 10-5-32
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: B) attachment.
33. Tracy is nine months. She is growing and changing so quickly it is difficult for her parents to keep up with all
the things she is learning. Her parents have lately noticed that Tracy is spending more and more time and energy
trying to do things for herself. This is a sign she is beginning to develop
A) self-recognition.
B) self-attention.
C) a sense of attachment.
D) a sense of self-awareness.
QuestionID: 10-5-33
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: D) a sense of self-awareness.
34. A child thinks that the day turns to night just so that he can go to sleep at bedtime. Which term best
characterizes this behaviour?
A) egocentrism
B) conservation
C) deferred imitation
D) assimilation
QuestionID: 10-5-34
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: A) egocentrism
35. Piaget called the belief that one is the centre of the world
A) "animism."
B) "egocentrism."
C) "self-centring."
D) "centrismic thinking."
QuestionID: 10-5-35
Objective: 10.2a Know the terminology associated with infancy and childhood.
Answer: B) "egocentrism."
36. Which of the following theorists believe that people go through stages, each of which has a "crisis"
associated with it?
A) Bandura
B) Kohlberg
C) Piaget
D) Erikson
QuestionID: 10-5-36
Objective: 10.3b Understand the process of identity formation during adolescence.
Answer: D) Erikson
37. Erik Erikson found that each stage in personality development has a particular
A) crisis.
B) conflict.
C) identity.
D) anxiety.
QuestionID: 10-5-37
Objective: 10.3b Understand the process of identity formation during adolescence.
Answer: A) crisis.
38. The most obvious change ushering in adolescence is
A) voice change.
B) intellectual growth.
C) puberty.
D) emotional upheaval.
QuestionID: 10-5-38
Objective: 10.3a Know the key terminology concerning adolescent development.
Answer: C) puberty.
39. Lawrence Kohlberg is noted for his theories of __________ development.
A) cognitive
B) social
C) moral
D) emotional
QuestionID: 10-5-39
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 10.3d Understand the functions of moral emotions.
Answer: C) moral
40. As children approach their teen years, contact with _______ becomes more important in their development.
A) peers
B) parents
C) teachers
D) adults
QuestionID: 10-5-40
Objective: 10.3f Analyze the relationship between brain development and adolescent judgment and risk taking.
Answer: A) peers
41. A gradual and inevitable decline in the life processes begins in
A) adolescence.
B) young adulthood.
C) middle age.
D) old age.
QuestionID: 10-5-41
Objective: 10.4a Know the key terminology concerning adulthood and aging.
Answer: C) middle age.
42. According to Erikson, a sense of producing and contributing to the world is called
A) generativity.
B) self-actualization.
C) maturation.
D) worthiness.
QuestionID: 10-5-42
Objective: 10.4a Know the key terminology concerning adulthood and aging.
Answer: A) generativity.
43. Generativity or stagnation are two feelings that may dominate a person's life during
A) middle adulthood.
B) young adulthood.
C) late adulthood.
D) the period after he is told that he has a terminal illness.
QuestionID: 10-5-43
Objective: 10.4a Know the key terminology concerning adulthood and aging.
Answer: A) middle adulthood.
44. According to Erikson, the last stage of development involves the crisis of
A) identity vs. role confusion.
B) generativity vs. stagnation.
C) autonomy vs. doubt.
D) ego integrity vs. despair.
QuestionID: 10-5-44
Objective: 10.4a Know the key terminology concerning adulthood and aging.
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Answer: D) ego integrity vs. despair.
True-False Questions
1. During the embryonic stage, cellular divisions begin to take place which will eventually lead to multiple organ,
nervous system, and skin tissues.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-6-01
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: b. False
2. At birth, the newborn has an estimated 100 billion neurons.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-6-02
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: a. True
3. Maternal use of cigarettes during pregnancy causes damage to the placenta but not to the baby itself.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-6-03
Objective: 10.1c Apply your understanding to identify the best ways expectant parents can ensure the health of their
developing fetus.
Answer: b. False
4. There is no scientific evidence that vaccines can cause autism.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-6-04
Objective: 10.1c Apply your understanding to identify the best ways expectant parents can ensure the health of their
developing fetus.
Answer: a. True
5. Habituation refers to the formation of new habits and reflexes.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-6-05
Objective: 10.1a Know the key terminology related to prenatal and infant physical development.
Answer: b. False
6. Babies become attached to their mothers because their mothers provide them with nourishment needed for
survival.
a True
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b False
QuestionID: 10-6-06
Objective: 10.2c Understand the importance of attachment and the different styles of attachment.
Answer: b. False
7. Recent research has confirmed Piaget's belief that children are egocentric through the entire preoperational
stage.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-6-07
Objective: 10.2b Understand the cognitive changes that occur during infancy and childhood.
Answer: b. False
8. Adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviour when they are in the presence of other adolescents.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-6-08
Objective: 10.3f Analyze the relationship between brain development and adolescent judgment and risk taking.
Answer: a. True
9. According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the crisis often faced by young adults is focusing
on personal and family needs and contributing to society.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-6-09
Objective: 10.4a Know the key terminology concerning adulthood and aging.
Answer: b. False
10. For adults, positive emotions decline with age while negative emotions increase.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 10-6-10
Objective: 10.4f Analyze the stereotype that old age is a time of unhappiness.
Answer: b. False
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Chapter 11 : Motivation and Emotion
Chapter Quiz Questions
1. A(n) _________ is a biological trigger that helps us to seek out the necessities for survival.
A) incentive
B) impulse
C) drive
D) consequence
QuestionID: 11-1-01
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: C) drive
2. What is the most likely outcome from stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus in a rat?
A) The rat would start to eat.
B) The rat would stop eating.
C) Glucose levels would decrease.
D) Insulin levels would decrease.
QuestionID: 11-1-02
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: B) The rat would stop eating.
3. In general, what effect does the presence of other people have on the amount of food an individual eats?
A) The presence of others makes people eat less.
B) The presence of others makes people eat more.
C) The presence of others has no effect on the amount people typically eat.
D) The presence of others can make people eat more or less.
QuestionID: 11-1-03
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: D) The presence of others can make people eat more or less.
4. Alfred Kinsey is famous for being one of the first scientists to study
A) human sexuality.
B) obesity in children.
C) peer pressure.
D) facial expressions.
QuestionID: 11-1-04
Objective: 11.2b Understand similarities and differences in sexual responses in men and women.
Answer: A) human sexuality.
5. After experiencing an orgasm, males typically experience a(n) __________, during which an erection is not
physically possible.
A) plateau
B) resolution
C) refractory period
D) hyperpolarization period
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QuestionID: 11-1-05
Objective: 11.2b Understand similarities and differences in sexual responses in men and women.
Answer: C) refractory period
6. Which of the following factors increases an individual's risk for illness, heart disease, and even cancer?
A) mortality salience
B) loneliness
C) performance motives
D) avoidance goals
QuestionID: 11-1-06
Skill:
Objective: 11.3b Understand how people experience a need to belong.
Answer: B) loneliness
7. Louis practises shooting baskets after school because he doesn't want his friends to make fun of him for
being bad at basketball. Louis's motivation to practice is most accurately described as driven by a(n) _____ goal.
A) shame
B) mastery
C) avoidance
D) approach
QuestionID: 11-1-07
Objective: 11.3d Apply theories of motivation to understand different motivations for success in school or at work.
Answer: C) avoidance
8. Gillian drinks a lot of coffee while studying all night. The caffeine in the coffee causes Gillian's heart to start
racing and her hands to begin shaking. Suddenly, Gillian begins to feel fear and anxiety for no apparent reason.
Gillian's experience is best explained by which theory of emotions?
A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) James-Lange theory of emotion
C) facial feedback
D) Cannon-Bard theory
QuestionID: 11-1-08
Objective: 11.4a Know the key terminology associated with emotion.
Answer: B) James-Lange theory of emotion
9. Controlled studies of polygraph recordings indicate that they should be most accurately described as
detecting
A) parasympathetic activity.
B) misleading or untruthful information.
C) arousal.
D) negative emotions.
QuestionID: 11-1-09
Objective: 11.4b Understand how the nervous system responds to emotions.
Answer: C) arousal.
10. Which of the following statements is true about how humans display emotions?
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
A)
B)
C)
D)
Cultural differences can affect how an individual expresses their emotions.
All emotional displays are understood across all cultures.
There are no emotional displays that are universally understood across all cultures.
Emotional displays are determined by context, not by culture.
QuestionID: 11-1-10
Objective: 11.4c Understand cultural similarities and differences in emotional expressions.
Answer: A) Cultural differences can affect how an individual expresses their emotions.
Essay Questions
1. The "bottomless bowl" study described in your textbook is one example of creative ways researchers have
investigated the factors that influence how much we eat. Describe this study, the results, and what concept can
explain the results.
QuestionID: 11-2-01
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
- Volunteers were asked to eat soup until they had enough.
- In the experimental condition, a tube continued to fill the soup bowl from the bottom so that it could not be detected by
the volunteers.
- The individuals in the experimental group stopped eating after consuming, on average, over 70% more than those
participants who knowingly refilled their bowls.
- Despite eating more food, these participants did not feel any more satiated, nor did they believe they had eaten any
more than the individuals in the control group.
- Unit bias, the tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume, helps to
explain the results of this experiment. Individuals tend to consume whatever the unit of food is, despite the actual size
(e.g., if a "single serving" is large, people will consume the entire thing even if it's substantially larger than a "healthy"
portion).
2. Research into the sexual response cycle of men and women has revealed some surprising similarities and
differences. Describe some of these similarities and differences.
QuestionID: 11-2-02
Objective: 11.2b Understand similarities and differences in sexual responses in men and women.
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
- Similarities
* Both men and women experience the four basic stages of the cycle (excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution).
* Men and women appear to experience orgasms in a very similar way.
- Differences
* The sexual response cycle is much more variable for women than men.
* The duration and experiences of each stage differ between men and women.
* Men usually experience a single orgasm followed by a refractory period, a time period during which erection and orgasm
are not physically possible. In contrast, some women experience multiple orgasms without a refractory period.
3. Research suggests that many emotions are expressed in the same way across cultures. However, there are
also many differences in the display and interpretation of emotional expressions, especially between Western
and Asian cultures. Compare and contrast the similarities and differences in display rules and interpreting
emotions.
QuestionID: 11-2-03
Objective: 11.4c Understand cultural similarities and differences in emotional expressions.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
- Display rules refer to the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion.
- An example of a display rule is the expression of embarrassment—Westerners tend to blush while Japanese tend to
smile.
- Another example of a display rule involves low-intensity expressions. If a Westerner sees someone half-smiling, they
assume that they are not as happy. If a Japanese person sees the same expression, they assume they are hiding their
happiness.
- Asian cultures have also been found to use more context when interpreting emotions—they will look to those around the
individual to help determine the emotional state. However, North Americans tend to only look at the single individual, not
taking into account those around them.
Fill-in-the-blank Questions
1. Motivation that is caused by stress, rather than strictly our current needs, is known as __________ .
QuestionID: 11-3-01
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: a. allostasis
2. One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in __________ released from the pancreas, which causes blood
sugar levels to eventually drop several hours after we eat.
QuestionID: 11-3-02
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: a. insulin
3. Tina notices that she always eats two slices when her friends order pizza, despite the fact that the size of "a
slice" varies greatly from restaurant to restaurant. This is an example of how the __________ can affect how
much food we consume in a meal.
QuestionID: 11-3-03
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: a. unit bias
4. For people with bulimia nervosa, binge eating is usually followed by __________ , most commonly by inducing
vomiting.
QuestionID: 11-3-04
Objective: 11.1c Understand the causes of common eating disorders.
Answer: a. purging
5. The ability of women to have multiple orgasms in a row is due to the absence of the __________ period, which
occurs in men.
QuestionID: 11-3-05
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: a. refractory
6. According to the psychologist __________ humans have a "hierarchy of needs," such that basic needs must
be met before higher needs can be addressed.
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QuestionID: 11-3-06
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: a. Abraham Maslow
7. love is related to the physical and emotional longing one has for another person.
QuestionID: 11-3-07
Objective: 11.3c Understand the different forms of love.
Answer: a. Passionate
8. motives reflect a desire to understand or overcome a challenge for its own sake.
QuestionID: 11-3-08
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: a. Mastery
9. According to the __________ , cognitive appraisal of physical arousal comes before the experience of emotion.
QuestionID: 11-3-09
Objective: 11.4b Understand how the nervous system responds to emotions.
Answer: a. two-factor theory
10. A __________ is a device that can measure physiological arousal such as heart rate and palm sweat, but is
not an accurate measure of lie detection.
QuestionID: 11-3-10
Objective: 11.4b Understand how the nervous system responds to emotions.
Answer: a. polygraph
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Motivation is best described as
A) the physiological triggers that tell us we may be deprived of something and cause us to seek out what is needed,
such as food.
B) the body's physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer
environment.
C) the stimuli we seek to reduce the drives such as social approval and companionship, food, water, and other
needs.
D) the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms toward
specific goals.
QuestionID: 11-4-01
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: D) the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms
toward specific goals.
2. The psychology of motivation can be best summarized as the study of
A) cause-and-effect decision-making.
B) the processes underlying goal-directed behaviour.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
C) the effect of psychological stress on behaviour.
D) the effect of rewards and punishments on behaviour.
QuestionID: 11-4-02
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: B) the processes underlying goal-directed behaviour.
3. The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called
A) stability.
B) drive reduction.
C) homeostasis.
D) allostasis.
QuestionID: 11-4-03
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: C) homeostasis.
4. The chief function of homeostasis is to
A) prepare for future events.
B) maintain a steady state.
C) regulate emotions.
D) control sexual urges.
QuestionID: 11-4-04
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: B) maintain a steady state.
5. Luisa is working out at a gym and her body temperature begins to rise. To cool itself down, her body begins to
sweat. After showering however, her body temperature drops below ideal, so her body begins to shiver to warm
itself up. This example illustrates the concept of
A) allostasis.
B) homeostasis.
C) satiation.
D) motivation.
QuestionID: 11-4-05
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: B) homeostasis.
6. Hunger and thirst are examples of
A) rewards.
B) punishments.
C) incentives.
D) drives.
QuestionID: 11-4-06
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: D) drives.
7. The goal of motivated behaviour is often to _____________ a drive.
A) reduce
B) maximize
C) maintain
D) reinforce
QuestionID: 11-4-07
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: A) reduce
8. A(n) _________ is a biological trigger that helps us to seek out the necessities for survival.
A) incentive
B) impulse
C) drive
D) consequence
QuestionID: 11-4-08
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: C) drive
9. Motivation that is influenced by stress, in addition to current needs, is known as
A) allostasis.
B) homeostasis.
C) an incentive.
D) a drive.
QuestionID: 11-4-09
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: A) allostasis.
10. Phyllis feels hungry even after she has eaten large meals and has been gaining weight. A doctor diagnoses
her with a neurological disorder that affects a specific structure in the brain. Which brain region has likely been
affected?
A) thalamus
B) basal ganglia
C) hypothalamus
D) insula
QuestionID: 11-4-10
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: C) hypothalamus
11. The lateral hypothalamus is likely involved with
A) the feeling of satiation.
B) the onset of eating.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
C) increasing glucose levels.
D) the reward pathway.
QuestionID: 11-4-11
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: B) the onset of eating.
12. The _______ likely serves as the "on" switch for eating behaviour, while the ______ likely serves as the "off"
switch.
A) ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus
B) lateral hypothalamus; ventromedial hypothalamus
C) ventromedial hypothalamus; paraventricular nucleus
D) paraventricular nucleus; lateral hypothalamus
QuestionID: 11-4-12
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: B) lateral hypothalamus; ventromedial hypothalamus
13. Dr. Pourhamzeh lesions an area of the brain in a rat. He notices that after the procedure the rat eats almost
continuously. It is likely that Dr. Pourhamzeh has lesioned the
A) basal ganglia.
B) insula.
C) lateral hypothalamus.
D) ventromedial hypothalamus.
QuestionID: 11-4-13
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: D) ventromedial hypothalamus.
14. Glucostats are
A) neurons that can detect glucose levels.
B) weight-loss drugs that block the absorption of glucose.
C) hormones that help cells store glucose for future use.
D) a category of sugars used by the brain and body for energy.
QuestionID: 11-4-14
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: A) neurons that can detect glucose levels.
15. When specialized cells detect __________ levels of ____________, they trigger an increase in hunger.
A) high; insulin
B) high; glucose
C) low; insulin
D) low; glucose
QuestionID: 11-4-15
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: D) low; glucose
16. One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in __________, which causes blood sugar levels to eventually
drop several hours after we eat.
A) cholesterol
B) lipoproteins
C) insulin
D) glucose
QuestionID: 11-4-16
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: C) insulin
17. Insulin is responsible for
A) converting fat stores into energy.
B) stimulating stomach contractions and appetite.
C) detecting blood sugar levels.
D) helping cells store circulating glucose.
QuestionID: 11-4-17
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: D) helping cells store circulating glucose.
18. As insulin levels _______, glucose levels ________.
A) increase; decrease
B) decrease; increase
C) increase; increase
D) decrease; decrease
QuestionID: 11-4-18
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: A) increase; decrease
19. _______ is a hormone that is released in response to stress, but is also responsible for stomach contractions
and appetite.
A) CCK
B) Glucose
C) Ghrelin
D) Insulin
QuestionID: 11-4-19
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: C) Ghrelin
20. Jake is nervous about his upcoming curling match. Despite having just eaten a large meal, his stomach starts
to growl. What hormone is likely responsible for Jake's current feeling of hunger?
A) insulin
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
B) ghrelin
C) glucose
D) CCK
QuestionID: 11-4-20
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: B) ghrelin
21. Saying "I'm full" at the end of a meal is a common way to let others know that you have reached the point of
A) homeostasis.
B) satiation.
C) allostasis.
D) unit bias.
QuestionID: 11-4-21
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: B) satiation.
22. Rested is to tired, as satiation is to
A) stressed.
B) hungry.
C) aroused.
D) full.
QuestionID: 11-4-22
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: B) hungry.
23. The hormone ______ signals feelings of fullness, while the hormone _______ signals hunger.
A) CCK; ghrelin
B) ghrelin; CCK
C) insulin; glucose
D) glucose; insulin
QuestionID: 11-4-23
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: A) CCK; ghrelin
24. The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in
A) signalling the feeling of satiation.
B) linking food taste and texture with pleasure and reward.
C) the release of ghrelin in response to stressful stimuli.
D) the release of CCK in response to the filling of the stomach.
QuestionID: 11-4-24
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: B) linking food taste and texture with pleasure and reward.
25. What do sugar and addictive drugs have in common?
A) They create states of euphoria in high doses.
B) They stimulate activity in the hypothalamus.
C) They inhibit self-control by inhibiting the cingulate gyrus.
D) They stimulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.
QuestionID: 11-4-25
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: D) They stimulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.
26. Nila's younger brother does not like the meatloaf their mother made for dinner. When Nila is not looking, her
brother secretly scoops some of his meatloaf onto her plate so that, although Nila is eating meatloaf, the amount
on her plate remains about the same. Which of the following is most likely to happen?
A) Nila will eat her normal amount and then stop when she feels full.
B) Nila will eat less than she normally would.
C) Nila will eat more than she normally would.
D) Nila will develop an aversion for meatloaf.
QuestionID: 11-4-26
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: C) Nila will eat more than she normally would.
27. In experiments where bowls of soup were secretly filled through a tube so that the soup never ran out, which
of the following happened?
A) Participants felt full at the same time as control participants, but continued to eat anyway.
B) Participants ate significantly more than control participants, but did not feel more satiated.
C) Participants felt full at the same time as control participants and stopped eating.
D) Participants ate significantly less than control participants, but felt equally satiated.
QuestionID: 11-4-27
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: B) Participants ate significantly more than control participants, but did not feel more satiated.
28. Which of the following is an example of the unit bias?
A) Buying a second bottle of soda because the store has a "buy one, get one free" sale.
B) Adding more sugar to a cup of coffee because the sweet taste is more rewarding.
C) Eating less than normal because you are worried about others judging you.
D) Eating more chips in one sitting from a family-sized bag than a regular-sized bag.
QuestionID: 11-4-28
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: D) Eating more chips in one sitting from a family-sized bag than a regular-sized bag.
29. For years, Jenna ate one granola bar for breakfast. Then the company changed their packaging so that the
granola bars were wrapped in sets of two. Ever since this change occurred, Jenna has had two bars for
breakfast. This is an example of
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
A)
B)
C)
D)
social facilitation.
trigger food.
impression management.
the unit bias.
QuestionID: 11-4-29
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: D) the unit bias.
30. Clover is trying to eat healthier, but when she visits her local coffee shop that displays all their homemade
foods in a big glass case, Clover finds herself ordering a chocolate-filled pastry instead of the spinach and eggwhite wrap. The concept of _________ likely explains Clover's food selection.
A) social facilitation
B) trigger foods
C) modelling
D) unit bias
QuestionID: 11-4-30
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: B) trigger foods
31. Freya goes to the cafeteria with her co-workers. She is not hungry, but eats because everyone else in the
group is eating. This is an example of
A) social facilitation.
B) modelling.
C) impression management.
D) the unit bias.
QuestionID: 11-4-31
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: B) modelling.
32. Petra is on a date. She really likes her food, but stops herself after eating only one-third because she doesn't
want her date to think she is a glutton. Petra's behaviour is an example of
A) social facilitation.
B) modelling.
C) impression management.
D) the unit bias.
QuestionID: 11-4-32
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: C) impression management.
33. Angus is visiting his grandmother for Thanksgiving. After finishing his plate, he's feeling very full but his
grandmother encourages him to have seconds, so he does. This is an example of
A) social facilitation.
B) modelling.
C) impression management.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
D) the unit bias.
QuestionID: 11-4-33
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: A) social facilitation.
34. Samantha is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder. She is dangerously thin but perceives
herself as overweight. To control her weight she starves herself. Samantha likely has
A) anorexia nervosa.
B) minimal eating norm.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) binge-eating disorder.
QuestionID: 11-4-34
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.1c Understand the causes of common eating disorders.
Answer: A) anorexia nervosa.
35. _______________ is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically
reduced consumption of food, and emaciation.
A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Binge-eating disorder
C) Bulimia
D) Minimal eating norm
QuestionID: 11-4-35
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1c Understand the causes of common eating disorders.
Answer: A) Anorexia nervosa
36. ________ is an eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by forced vomiting or
the use of laxatives.
A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Obesity
C) Bulimia nervosa
D) Body-dysmorphic disorder
QuestionID: 11-4-36
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1c Understand the causes of common eating disorders.
Answer: C) Bulimia nervosa
37. Zulma is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder. Every day she eats a box of doughnuts and
an entire bag of chips and then makes herself vomit. Zulma most likely has which of the following disorders?
A) binge-eating disorder
B) body-dysmorphic disorder
C) bulimia nervosa
D) anorexia nervosa
QuestionID: 11-4-37
Skill: Applied
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 11.1c Understand the causes of common eating disorders.
Answer: C) bulimia nervosa
38. Eating disorders and body-image distortions among boys and men often take a different form than is typically
seen with women. For example, they are more likely to
A) starve themselves and exercise compulsively to be more muscular.
B) binge on foods high in fat and starches.
C) use inactivity to try to reduce the size of their bodies.
D) eat normally, but also purge.
QuestionID: 11-4-38
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1c Understand the causes of common eating disorders.
Answer: A) starve themselves and exercise compulsively to be more muscular.
39. Research has shown that ________ exposure to media is related to _______ satisfaction with one's body.
A) increased; increased
B) increased; decreased
C) decreased; decreased
D) moderate; moderate
QuestionID: 11-4-39
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.1e Analyze the role of the media on people's body image.
Answer: B) increased; decreased
40. Another term for a person's sex drive or desire for sexual activity is his or her
A) sexual preference.
B) sexual response cycle.
C) sexual orientation.
D) libido.
QuestionID: 11-4-40
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: D) libido.
41. The first systematic surveys of sexual behaviour were conducted by
A) Masters and Johnson.
B) Meston and Buss.
C) Kinsey.
D) Freud.
QuestionID: 11-4-41
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: C) Kinsey.
42. Kinsey believed that
A) sexual orientation was an either/or situation.
B) sexual orientation was on a continuum.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
C) sexual orientation was too sensitive to be studied.
D) premarital sex was fundamentally destructive to society.
QuestionID: 11-4-42
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: B) sexual orientation was on a continuum.
43. Masters and Johnson's original subjects in the study of human sexual response were
A) prostitutes.
B) actors in pornographic movies.
C) prisoners in the local jails.
D) undergraduate U.S. college students.
QuestionID: 11-4-43
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: A) prostitutes.
44. Masters and Johnson famously observed volunteers ________ while specialized equipment monitored their
physiological responses.
A) masturbating
B) thinking about sexual intercourse
C) watching pornographic video clips
D) performing oral sex
QuestionID: 11-4-44
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: A) masturbating
45. The___________ cycle describes the phases of physiological change during sexual activity.
A) resolution
B) sexual orientation
C) psychosexual
D) sexual response
QuestionID: 11-4-45
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: D) sexual response
46. The first phase of the sexual response cycle is
A) excitement.
B) plateau.
C) orgasm.
D) resolution.
QuestionID: 11-4-46
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: A) excitement.
47. The second phase of the sexual response cycle is
A) excitement.
B) plateau.
C) orgasm.
D) resolution.
QuestionID: 11-4-47
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: B) plateau.
48. The final phase of the sexual response cycle is
A) excitement.
B) plateau.
C) orgasm.
D) resolution.
QuestionID: 11-4-48
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: D) resolution.
49. Ingrid and Arthur have just initiated sexual intercourse; which statement below best describes where each of
them would likely fall in the sexual response cycle?
A) Both Ingrid and Arthur are likely in the excitement phase.
B) Ingrid is likely in the plateau phase while Arthur is likely in the excitement phase.
C) Both Ingrid and Arthur are likely in the refractory period.
D) Arthur is likely in the resolution phase while Ingrid is likely in the plateau phase.
QuestionID: 11-4-49
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.2b Understand similarities and differences in sexual responses in men and women.
Answer: A) Both Ingrid and Arthur are likely in the excitement phase.
50. Rashid has just had an orgasm. However, his partner is still excited and wants Rashid to continue his sexual
activity. Unfortunately, Rashid has lost his erection. Rashid is probably experiencing
A) the refractory period.
B) the resting phase.
C) erectile dysfunction.
D) the plateau phase.
QuestionID: 11-4-50
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: A) the refractory period.
51. Masters and Johnson reported that women, unlike men,
A) can only achieve 1 orgasm in a 12-hour period.
B) do not have a refractory period.
C) need more stimulation to achieve an orgasm with oral sex.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
D) have a longer refractory period than men.
QuestionID: 11-4-51
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.2b Understand similarities and differences in sexual responses in men and women.
Answer: B) do not have a refractory period.
52. Which statement is consistent with Masters and Johnson's findings?
A) Women respond more slowly but cannot stay aroused as long as men.
B) Some women can have multiple orgasms.
C) Women experience a refractory period prior to orgasm.
D) Men and women differ very little in their sexual response profiles.
QuestionID: 11-4-52
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.2b Understand similarities and differences in sexual responses in men and women.
Answer: B) Some women can have multiple orgasms.
53. Blood levels of the hormone oxytocin surge in both men and women just after which phase of the sexual
response cycle?
A) excitement
B) plateau
C) orgasm
D) resolution
QuestionID: 11-4-53
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2b Understand similarities and differences in sexual responses in men and women.
Answer: C) orgasm
54. Which of the following is the best definition of sexual orientation?
A) It is a person's sex as determined by his or her genotype.
B) It is a categorization based on the gender of a person's sexual partners.
C) It is a consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the same sex, opposite sex, or both.
D) It is a categorization based on whether a person's behaviour matches their biological sex or not.
QuestionID: 11-4-54
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2d Analyze different explanations for what determines sexual orientation.
Answer: C) It is a consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the same sex, opposite sex, or both.
55. Research supports the theory that homosexuality
A) is a personal choice and not determined by genetic factors.
B) is the result of an absent father.
C) is determined by genetics.
D) is complex and not yet fully understood.
QuestionID: 11-4-55
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.2d Analyze different explanations for what determines sexual orientation.
Answer: D) is complex and not yet fully understood.
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56. Research by LeVay suggested that an area of the _____________ is on average smaller in brains of gay males
than heterosexual males.
A) hippocampus
B) thalamus
C) amygdala
D) hypothalamus
QuestionID: 11-4-56
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2d Analyze different explanations for what determines sexual orientation.
Answer: D) hypothalamus
57. Twin research suggests into the basis of homosexuality suggests that
A) there appears to be no genetic influence on sexual orientation for males or females.
B) genetics can account for approximately half of the determination of sexual orientation.
C) sexual orientation is almost entirely determined by genetics.
D) genes appear to determine sexual orientation in females, but not in males.
QuestionID: 11-4-57
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.2d Analyze different explanations for what determines sexual orientation.
Answer: B) genetics can account for approximately half of the determination of sexual orientation.
58. The term _________ refers to individuals who experience a mismatch between their biological sex and the
gender with which they identify; while ________ refers to a subset of individuals who wish to undergo physical
alterations to align their biological sex to their gender.
A) transsexual; transgender
B) transgender; bisexual
C) transgender; transsexual
D) bisexual; transsexual
QuestionID: 11-4-58
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2d Analyze different explanations for what determines sexual orientation.
Answer: C) transgender; transsexual
59. The societal expectations for the behaviour of an individual of a specific gender, are known as
A) gender roles.
B) sexual scripts.
C) sexual expectations.
D) gender identities.
QuestionID: 11-4-59
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: A) gender roles.
60. Over time, there have been many changes in ________, the set of "rules" surrounding the sexual behaviours
of males and females.
A) gender identities
B) sexual orientation
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C) gendered behaviour
D) sexual scripts
QuestionID: 11-4-60
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: D) sexual scripts
61. Research into the use of sexual imagery to sell a product has found that
A) using exceedingly skinny models tends to increase sales.
B) blatant use of highly attractive models tends to lower evaluations of a product.
C) using sex to sell a product helps people to remember the brand being advertised.
D) regardless of the context, nudity in an advertisement tends to increase sales.
QuestionID: 11-4-61
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.2c Apply your understanding of sex and technology to examine your attitudes toward different forms of
digital and online sexual activity.
Answer: B) blatant use of highly attractive models tends to lower evaluations of a product.
62. According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, which needs must be met first?
A) esteem
B) safety
C) physiological
D) belongingness and love
QuestionID: 11-4-62
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: C) physiological
63. Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
A) Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may have more time to seek
fulfillment from her career and family.
B) Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well.
C) Barbara knows that as a teacher she is a good person because she realizes the importance of imparting
knowledge to society.
D) Mark works hard so he can afford to move out of his crime-ridden neighbourhood.
QuestionID: 11-4-63
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: D) Mark works hard so he can afford to move out of his crime-ridden neighbourhood.
64. Koa has felt isolated and like an "outsider" since coming to university in his first year. As a result, he decided
to join a student society on campus. According to Maslow, Koa is likely attempting to meet the _________ need.
A) aesthetic
B) belonging
C) cognitive
D) physiological
QuestionID: 11-4-64
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.3b Understand how people experience a need to belong.
Answer: B) belonging
65. A key element to satisfying the need to belong is
A) a sense of permanence to our relationships.
B) having a positive relationship with many people.
C) making new friends on a regular basis.
D) a sense that we are the most well liked person in a group.
QuestionID: 11-4-65
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.3b Understand how people experience a need to belong.
Answer: A) a sense of permanence to our relationships.
66. According to your textbook, ______________ is a risk factor for illnesses such as heart disease and cancer,
and elevates a person's risk for having hypertension, a weaker immune system, and high levels of stress
hormones.
A) divorce
B) loneliness
C) low self-esteem
D) only having 1-2 close friends
QuestionID: 11-4-66
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.3e Analyze claims that a sense of belonging is something people need versus something they want.
Answer: B) loneliness
67. Angus and Petra have recently started a new relationship. When Angus isn't around, Petra finds herself
longing for Angus. According to Berscheid and Walter, what type of love is Petra likely experiencing?
A) companionate love
B) desirable love
C) passionate love
D) biological love
QuestionID: 11-4-67
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.3c Understand the different forms of love.
Answer: C) passionate love
68. Saskia and Mika have been in a relationship for 15 years. They share many of the same friends and have
grown and changed together over time. According to Berscheid and Walter, Saskia and Mika likely share which
type of love?
A) companionate love
B) desirable love
C) passionate love
D) committed love
QuestionID: 11-4-68
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.3c Understand the different forms of love.
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Answer: A) companionate love
69. When viewing images of a significant other, researchers found participants had increased activation in the
________ compared to viewing images of other familiar faces.
A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) caudate nucleus
QuestionID: 11-4-69
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.3c Understand the different forms of love.
Answer: D) caudate nucleus
70. The ___________ theory suggests that humans' desire to belong is driven by their fear of death.
A) fleeting mortality
B) terror management
C) fear of the unknown
D) finite lifespan
QuestionID: 11-4-70
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: B) terror management
71. _______________motivation is the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals.
A) Reward
B) Performance
C) Achievement
D) Approach
QuestionID: 11-4-71
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: C) Achievement
72. _______________ goals are positive experiences that you seek directly.
A) Approach
B) Performance
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-determination
QuestionID: 11-4-72
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: A) Approach
73. Maxime is trying out for Team Canada in hockey. He thinks that if he doesn't make the team his family and
friends will be disappointed and he'll be embarrassed that he "wasn't good enough." In this instance, Maxime
wanting to make the team is an example of a(n) _______ goal.
A) approach
B) avoidance
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C) mastery
D) self-determination
QuestionID: 11-4-73
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: B) avoidance
74. _________ refers to an individual's confidence that they have the ability to solve a problem or face a
challenge.
A) Autonomy
B) Confidence-calibration
C) Self-awareness
D) Self-efficacy
QuestionID: 11-4-74
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: D) Self-efficacy
75. Lamar knows he is a good basketball player and is confident that if given the chance, he will be able to carry
his team to victory in the finals. Lamar likely has a high level of
A) autonomy.
B) mastery motivation.
C) self-efficacy.
D) conceit.
QuestionID: 11-4-75
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: C) self-efficacy.
76. The __________ theory suggests that an individual's well-being is directly tied to the control they have over
their own behaviours.
A) mastery motivation
B) performance motivation
C) self-efficacy
D) self-determination
QuestionID: 11-4-76
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: D) self-determination
77. ____________motives are geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition.
A) Mastery
B) Performance
C) Egocentric
D) Approach
QuestionID: 11-4-77
Skill: Factual
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: B) Performance
78. _______________ goals involve the effort to avoid unpleasant experiences.
A) Avoidance
B) Performance
C) Mastery
D) Approach
QuestionID: 11-4-78
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: A) Avoidance
79. Matt is learning to play the guitar because he thinks girls will be more likely to go out with him if he plays in a
band. This is an example of _______________ motivation and an __________________ goal.
A) performance; avoidance
B) performance; approach
C) mastery; approach
D) mastery; avoidance
QuestionID: 11-4-79
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: B) performance; approach
80. Lixing has always enjoyed playing piano. In fact, Lixing practices for many hours every day and wants to
master his skills. In this example, Lixing's behaviours are being driven by ___________ motivation.
A) masochistic
B) extrinsic
C) intrinsic
D) performance
QuestionID: 11-4-80
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: C) intrinsic
81. The three major components that psychologists focus on when defining "emotion" are
A) facial muscles, postural changes, and hormone fluctuations.
B) thoughts, physical arousal, and expressions.
C) genetics, expressions, and cognition.
D) display rules, social rules, and relationship rules.
QuestionID: 11-4-81
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4a Know the key terminology associated with emotion.
Answer: B) thoughts, physical arousal, and expressions.
82. Certain emotions are associated with certain patterns of _____________, which explains why our heart races
and our palms sweat when we are nervous or fearful.
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A)
B)
C)
D)
autonomic nervous system activity
visual and auditory stimulation
activity in the occipital lobes
hippocampal activity
QuestionID: 11-4-82
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4a Know the key terminology associated with emotion.
Answer: A) autonomic nervous system activity
83. In the brain, the ____________ is responsible for quickly assessing danger or threat.
A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) right hemisphere
D) sympathetic nervous system
QuestionID: 11-4-83
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.4a Know the key terminology associated with emotion.
Answer: B) amygdala
84. Addy jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus.
What brain structure played a key role in Addy's swift reaction?
A) basal ganglia
B) hippocampus
C) cerebral cortex
D) amygdala
QuestionID: 11-4-84
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.4a Know the key terminology associated with emotion.
Answer: D) amygdala
85. Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A) stimulus, emotion, physiological changes
B) stimulus, physiological changes, emotion
C) physiological changes, stimulus, emotion
D) stimulus, simultaneous emotion and physiological changes
QuestionID: 11-4-85
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4d Apply your knowledge of theories of emotion to new examples.
Answer: B) stimulus, physiological changes, emotion
86. Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A) Our hearts race, we see a monster, we feel fear.
B) We see a monster, we feel fear, our hearts race.
C) We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.
D) We feel fear, our hearts race, we see the monster.
QuestionID: 11-4-86
Skill: Conceptual
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 11.4d Apply your knowledge of theories of emotion to new examples.
Answer: C) We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.
87. Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion?
A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) two-factor
D) Schachter-Singer
QuestionID: 11-4-87
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4d Apply your knowledge of theories of emotion to new examples.
Answer: A) James-Lange
88. Which statement is most consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A) "I run because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm happy because I laugh."
C) "I'm crying because I'm sad."
D) "I'm anxious because I perspire."
QuestionID: 11-4-88
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4d Apply your knowledge of theories of emotion to new examples.
Answer: B) "I'm happy because I laugh."
89. What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?
A) stimulus, emotion, physiological changes
B) stimulus, physiological changes, emotion
C) physiological changes, stimulus, emotion
D) stimulus, simultaneous emotion and physiological changes
QuestionID: 11-4-89
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4d Apply your knowledge of theories of emotion to new examples.
Answer: D) stimulus, simultaneous emotion and physiological changes
90. You are walking in the forest and see a bear. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what happens next?
A) You experience physiological changes followed by fear.
B) You feel fear, followed by physiological changes.
C) You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.
D) You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear.
QuestionID: 11-4-90
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4d Apply your knowledge of theories of emotion to new examples.
Answer: C) You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.
91. The ______ theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological
changes.
A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange
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C) Schachter-Singer
D) two-factor
QuestionID: 11-4-91
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.4a Know the key terminology associated with emotion.
Answer: A) Cannon-Bard theory
92. Which statement reflects the core concept behind the facial feedback hypothesis?
A) Facial expressions on those around us, change our own emotional experiences.
B) Facial features are intentional forms of communication and not tied to the experience of emotion.
C) Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.
D) Facial expressions are entirely dictated by internal states rather than any conscious processes.
QuestionID: 11-4-92
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4d Apply your knowledge of theories of emotion to new examples.
Answer: C) Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.
93. Which is an example of facial feedback hypothesis?
A) smiling in order to draw a smile from a friend
B) avoiding eye contact in order to avoid talking to someone
C) making yourself smile, then finding that your mood is more positive
D) trying to make eye contact in order to flirt with someone
QuestionID: 11-4-93
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4d Apply your knowledge of theories of emotion to new examples.
Answer: C) making yourself smile, then finding that your mood is more positive
94. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Noah complies with instructions to "smile and look
happy," it is most likely that
A) he will begin to feel annoyed.
B) he will begin to feel angry.
C) his positive feelings will increase.
D) his reaction will depend on his age.
QuestionID: 11-4-94
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.4d Apply your knowledge of theories of emotion to new examples.
Answer: C) his positive feelings will increase.
95. The ___________ theory proposes that physical arousal and the interpretation of that arousal combine to
form our emotional experience.
A) facial feedback
B) James-Lange
C) Cannon-Bard
D) two-factor
QuestionID: 11-4-95
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.4a Know the key terminology associated with emotion.
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Answer: D) two-factor
96. Sabina saw her old boyfriend and her heart began to race. According to the two-factor theory, is she happy to
see him or frightened of him?
A) She is frightened because her emotional reaction came before her heart began to race.
B) She is happy to see him because when they were together, they shared passionate love.
C) Her emotional reaction will depend on how she interprets her increased heart rate.
D) She must be frightened because her heart began to race before she reacted emotionally.
QuestionID: 11-4-96
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.4d Apply your knowledge of theories of emotion to new examples.
Answer: C) Her emotional reaction will depend on how she interprets her increased heart rate.
97. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, appraisal of the situation would come _______ the physical
arousal and _______ the experience of emotion.
A) before; after
B) after; before
C) before; before
D) after; after
QuestionID: 11-4-97
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4d Apply your knowledge of theories of emotion to new examples.
Answer: B) after; before
98. The polygraph (lie detector) is based on the assumption that a person who is lying will have increased activity
A) of the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) of the Cannon-Bard pathway.
C) of the autonomic nervous system.
D) in the hippocampus.
QuestionID: 11-4-98
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4b Understand how the nervous system responds to emotions.
Answer: C) of the autonomic nervous system.
99. Which of the following is true regarding lie detectors?
A) Polygraphs are accepted as valid evidence in most Canadian courts.
B) Research suggests that traditional polygraphs are about 78% accurate in detecting deceit.
C) Polygraphs are able to detect arousal, but are not valid indicators of lying.
D) Researchers have been unable to identify any techniques to measure deceit.
QuestionID: 11-4-99
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4b Understand how the nervous system responds to emotions.
Answer: C) Polygraphs are able to detect arousal, but are not valid indicators of lying.
100. Ekman's research into emotional expressions suggests that
A) cross-culturally, humans express basic emotions in very similar ways.
B) humans only express three emotions: disgust, happiness, and anger.
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C) facial expressions vary widely between cultures, with very little similarities.
D) language dictates the interpretation of facial expressions.
QuestionID: 11-4-100
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4c Understand cultural similarities and differences in emotional expressions.
Answer: A) cross-culturally, humans express basic emotions in very similar ways.
101. _______________ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in
public settings.
A) Emotional boundaries
B) Facial grids
C) Display rules
D) Expressional norms
QuestionID: 11-4-101
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.4c Understand cultural similarities and differences in emotional expressions.
Answer: C) Display rules
102. Display rules involve
A) displaying an emotion that is not actually felt, often because of a role requirement.
B) social guidelines that regulate when, how, and where a person may express emotion.
C) emotions that are displayed, as a rule, only by certain cultures.
D) universal, biologically based emotional displays evoked by particular emotional situations.
QuestionID: 11-4-102
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4c Understand cultural similarities and differences in emotional expressions.
Answer: B) social guidelines that regulate when, how, and where a person may express emotion.
103. Devin is an American businessman working with a Japanese company. He accidently offended one of his
Japanese co-workers when he affectionately slapped him on the back. This misunderstanding was likely caused
by Devin not understanding Japanese
A) biases.
B) cognitive appraisals.
C) emotions.
D) display rules.
QuestionID: 11-4-103
Skill: Applied
Objective: 11.4c Understand cultural similarities and differences in emotional expressions.
Answer: D) display rules.
104. Research has found that when interpreting emotional expressions on a single individual in a crowd of
people, Western participants tend to look at __________, while Asian participants tend to look at ________.
A) the entire picture; the central figure
B) the central figure; the entire picture
C) the eyes; the mouth
D) the mouth; the eyes
QuestionID: 11-4-104
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Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.4c Understand cultural similarities and differences in emotional expressions.
Answer: B) the central figure; the entire picture
105. Which of the following best describes mindful eating?
A) Analyzing and understanding what to eat using your mind.
B) Eating together with other people and considering those people who experience hunger.
C) Focusing your attention on the moment-by-moment experience of eating.
D) An ethical commitment to have a balanced meal with right portions.
QuestionID: 11-4-105
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: C) Focusing your attention on the moment-by-moment experience of eating.
106. Which of the following best describes the function of mindful eating?
A) People analyze and understand the impact of what they eat, such as mood changes.
B) People start considering motivational and physiological aspects hunger.
C) People become more aware of vegetarian options, rather than choosing a sweet and/or fatty diet.
D) People become less impulsive in eating, eat less food, and choose healthier snacks.
QuestionID: 11-4-106
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: D) People become less impulsive in eating, eat less food, and choose healthier snacks.
107. Which of the following is FALS,E from the perspective of evolutionary influences on human sexual
behaviour?
A) In long-term relationships, women tend to choose men with higher SES.
B) Due to risks associated with short-term relationships, women tend to choose long-term sexual relationship.
C) Even in short-term relationships, women tend to choose men with strong financial prospects and status.
D) Men tend to prefer physical beauty and youth more than women do.
QuestionID: 11-4-107
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: C) Even in short-term relationships, women tend to choose men with strong financial prospects and status.
108. Among animals such as caribou and lions, members of one sex (usually male) compete against each other
to sexually access members of the other sex. This phenomenon is called
A) reproductive success.
B) male competition.
C) intersexual selection.
D) intrasexual selection.
QuestionID: 11-4-108
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: D) intrasexual selection.
109. Among birds of paradise, females select males based on traits such as attractive colours and other
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desirable physical qualities. This phenomenon is called
A) reproductive success.
B) male fitness.
C) intersexual selection.
D) intrasexual selection.
QuestionID: 11-4-108
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: C) intersexual selection.
110. The introduction of reliable birth control changed our society, but there are advantages and disadvantages
for both women and men. From an evolutionary perspective on human sexual behaviour, which of the following
is NOT a consequence of this change.
A) Both women and men can enjoy sex without worrying as much about the consequences.
B) It is much easier for women to find partners for long-term relationships, such as marriage.
C) For men, marriage is no longer the easiest way to access sex.
D) Because men tend to prefer short-term (sex-only) relationships more than women, gain an advantage.
QuestionID: 11-4-110
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: B) It is much easier for women to find partners for long-term relationships, such as marriage.
111. Which of the following statements about the biology of sexual orientation is TRUE?
A) Greater prenatal exposure to testosterone causes male-typical brain development and male partner preference.
B) Lower prenatal exposure to testosterone causes male-typical brain development and female partner preference.
C) Lower levels of prenatal testosterone exposure cause female-typical brain development and female partner
preference.
D) Lower levels of prenatal testosterone exposure cause female-typical brain development and male partner
preference.
QuestionID: 11-4-111
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2a Know the key terminology associated with sexual motivation.
Answer: D) Lower levels of prenatal testosterone exposure cause female-typical brain development and male partner
preference.
112. Which of the following statements about internet pornography is FALSE?
A) Viewers of pornography don't necessarily have difficulty time in becoming aroused when they are with their real
partners.
B) Having a similar attitude toward pornography with one's partner influences the quality of a romantic relationship.
C) Internet pornography does not influence sexual attitudes and behaviours of adolescents.
D) Internet pornography can become addictive.
QuestionID: 11-4-112
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2c Apply your understanding of sex and technology to examine your attitudes toward different forms of
digital and online sexual activity.
Answer: C) Internet pornography does not influence sexual attitudes and behaviours of adolescents.
113. According to the discussion of sex education programs in your textbook, which of the following statements
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about sex education is FALSE?
A) U.S. programs that focus on abstinence (that is, not having sex) are effective in preventing teens becoming
sexually active.
B) Many students leave sex education programs in the U.S. with medically inaccurate information and stigmas about
sex.
C) A U.K. study suggested that sex education that promotes respectful interactions should be integrated into the
school curriculum.
D) A U.K. study suggested that sex education programs should also include some sex-positive information.
QuestionID: 11-4-113
Skill: Factual
Objective: 11.2c Apply your understanding of sex and technology to examine your attitudes toward different forms of
digital and online sexual activity.
Answer: A) U.S. programs that focus on abstinence (that is, not having sex) are effective in preventing teens becoming
sexually active.
Supplementary Questions
1. Dr. Newman lesioned the ventromedial hypothalamus in a group of rats. What behaviour should Dr. Newman
expect to see?
A) a reduction in the amount of food consumed
B) a reduction in the desire to eat
C) an increase in eating behaviour to the point of satiation
D) an increase in eating behaviour beyond the point of satiation
QuestionID: 11-5-01
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: D) an increase in eating behaviour beyond the point of satiation
2. Maslow is associated with which of the following notions?
A) when the body temperature falls, we are motivated to eat
B) the motive to explore and manipulate is important for individual survival
C) our motives are organized into a hierarchy
D) some people are driven by the achievement motive
QuestionID: 11-5-02
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: C) our motives are organized into a hierarchy
3. For Maslow, the most highly evolved motive is
A) esteem.
B) physiological need.
C) intellectual need.
D) self-actualization.
QuestionID: 11-5-03
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: D) self-actualization.
4. The correct order of Maslow's hierarchy of motives from most primitive to the most complex and human is
A) safety, physiological, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization.
B) physiological, esteem, self-actualization, safety, belongingness.
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C) physiological, esteem, safety, belongingness, self-actualization.
D) physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization.
QuestionID: 11-5-04
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: D) physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization.
5. "Becoming what one ought to be" is one way to define
A) peak experience.
B) self-actualization.
C) achievement potential.
D) self concept.
QuestionID: 11-5-05
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: B) self-actualization.
6. An example of intrinsic motivation is reading a textbook because
A) you want to earn an A on a test.
B) you want to avoid a D or F.
C) you enjoy reading it.
D) you are being paid to read it.
QuestionID: 11-5-06
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: C) you enjoy reading it.
7. Which scenario best supports the theory that emotional expressions are by-products of innate motor
programs?
A) Babies show the same emotional expressions that are displayed within their culture.
B) Babies who are blind from birth smile in response to playing and tickling.
C) Babies respond by mimicking emotional expressions in their caregivers.
D) Babies respond well to operant conditioning and can be readily taught to laugh or frown.
QuestionID: 11-5-07
Objective: 11.4b Understand how the nervous system responds to emotions.
Answer: B) Babies who are blind from birth smile in response to playing and tickling.
True-False Questions
1. Glucose is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that rises in response to consumption of a meal.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 11-6-01
Objective: 11.1a Know the key terminology of motivation and hunger.
Answer: b. False
2. Assuming that the packaged portion of a food or drink is the appropriate amount for one 'serving' is known as
unit bias.
a True
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b False
QuestionID: 11-6-02
Objective: 11.1b Understand the biological, cognitive, and social processes that shape eating patterns.
Answer: a. True
3. Sexual orientation is defined primarily by the behaviour of an individual (e.g., whether they engage in same-sex
behaviour).
a True
b False
QuestionID: 11-6-03
Objective: 11.2d Analyze different explanations for what determines sexual orientation.
Answer: b. False
4. Maslow hypothesized movement through a hierarchy of needs, beginning with survival needs for sleep, food,
and water and reaching needs for self-actualization.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 11-6-04
Objective: 11.3a Know the key terminology of social and achievement motivation.
Answer: a. True
5. Loneliness is a risk factor for illnesses such as heart disease and cancer.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 11-6-05
Objective: 11.3b Understand how people experience a need to belong.
Answer: a. True
6. Children are most likely to succeed on a test when they have mastery motivation and an approach goal for
studying.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 11-6-06
Objective: 11.3d Apply theories of motivation to understand different motivations for success in school or at work.
Answer: a. True
7. Children who are born both deaf and blind show the same facial expressions and emotions as people who see
and hear.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 11-6-07
Objective: 11.4e Analyze what purpose[s] facial expressions serve.
Answer: a. True
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8. The facial feedback hypothesis and the James-Lange theory are conceptually very similar.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 11-6-08
Objective: 11.4e Analyze what purpose[s] facial expressions serve.
Answer: a. True
9. The polygraph detects the physiological patterns of responses that are specific to lying.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 11-6-09
Objective: 11.4b Understand how the nervous system responds to emotions.
Answer: b. False
10. Display rules involve universal, biologically based emotional displays evoked by particular emotional
situations.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 11-6-10
Objective: 11.4c Understand cultural similarities and differences in emotional expressions.
Answer: b. False
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Chapter 12 : Personality
Chapter Quiz Questions
1. Some psychologists use a(n) _____ approach to studying personality, which is a person-centred method in
which researchers focus on individual people and their unique personalities.
A) nomothetic
B) factor-analysis
C) idiographic
D) idiomorphic
QuestionID: 12-1-01
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: C) idiographic
2. Which of the following statements is true about personality traits over the life span?
A) The first signs of personality do not appear until a child is approximately 2 years of age.
B) Early temperament is not a useful predictor of adult personality.
C) Young adults tend to experience more negative emotions compared to adolescents.
D) By middle age, adult personality traits show very little change over time.
QuestionID: 12-1-02
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: D) By middle age, adult personality traits show very little change over time.
3. Unlike the strict behaviourists' view, Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism emphasizes the
A) importance of learning.
B) interaction between person and environment.
C) importance of traits.
D) effect of reinforcement based on previous experience.
QuestionID: 12-1-03
Objective: 12.1b Understand the behaviourist and social-cognitive views of personality.
Answer: B) interaction between person and environment.
4. Kwan comes from an Asian country where the importance of family connections is emphasized and group
success is generally considered more important than individual accomplishment. Kwan's culture appears to
emphasize which view?
A) individualism
B) collectivism
C) martyrism
D) conformism
QuestionID: 12-1-04
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: B) collectivism
5. What do twin studies indicate about the role of genes in personality?
A) Heredity plays an important role in personality.
B) Dizygotic twins are more likely than monozygotic twins to share personality traits.
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C) Personality is almost entirely determined by parenting and other environmental factors.
D) Personality appears to be related to two different copies of a serotonin transporter gene.
QuestionID: 12-1-05
Objective: 12.2c Apply your knowledge to arrive at accurate conclusions about the influences of biological and cultural
factors on personality.
Answer: A) Heredity plays an important role in personality.
6. Research into animal personalities suggests that
A) unlike human personality traits, animal personality traits have no genetic basis.
B) humans are the only animals who have true emotions.
C) the Big Five personality traits can be observed only in primates.
D) the Big Five personality traits occur in many different types of animals.
QuestionID: 12-1-06
Objective: 12.2c Apply your knowledge to arrive at accurate conclusions about the influences of biological and cultural
factors on personality.
Answer: D) the Big Five personality traits occur in many different types of animals.
7. Ancient scholars believed in the theory of humourism, which postulated that personality was controlled by the
A) date and time of a person's birth.
B) shape and contours of a person's skull.
C) balance of four fluids in the body.
D) balance of the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
QuestionID: 12-1-07
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: C) balance of four fluids in the body.
8. In cartoons, characters are sometimes shown with a devil on one shoulder telling them to do something selfish
or immoral (such as stealing or lying) and an angel on the other shoulder, telling not to listen to the devil and to
act morally instead. In Freudian terms, the angel represents which part of the character's psyche?
A) ego
B) superego
C) id
D) conscious
QuestionID: 12-1-08
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: B) superego
9. Daniel's psychiatrist shows him a series of ambiguous pictures and asks Daniel to tell a story about what he
sees. When Daniel asks about the test, his psychiatrist explains that it is called the
A) Rorschach inkblot test.
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
C) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
D) figure-drawing test.
QuestionID: 12-1-09
Objective: 12.3e Analyze whether projective tests are valid measures of personality.
Answer: C) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
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10. As a response to both behaviourism and psychodynamic theory, Abraham Maslow (among others) initiated a
movement called _____, which emphasized the unique and positive qualities of human experience and potential.
A) phrenology
B) humanistic psychology
C) analytical psychology
D) self-actualization
QuestionID: 12-1-10
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: B) humanistic psychology
Essay Questions
1. Explain the Five Factor Model of personality. Describe each of the "Big Five" traits by explaining the
characteristics of individuals with high and low scores on each of the traits.
QuestionID: 12-2-01
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: A good answer should include the following.
The Five Factor model of personality is a trait-based theory that suggests that people vary along five major variables:
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Each person will fall somewhere along the
continuum for each of these variables; taken together, a good, predictive picture of their personality will emerge.
- Openness
* High scorer: creative, artistic, curious, imaginative, nonconforming
* Low scorer: conventional, down-to-earth
- Conscientiousness
* High scorer: ambitious, organizes, reliable
* Low scorer: unreliable, lazy, casual, spontaneous
- Extraversion
* High scorer: social, enjoy high levels of stimulation
* Low scorer: reserved, enjoy low levels of stimulation
- Agreeableness
* High scorer: good-natured, trusting, supportive
* Low scorer: rude, uncooperative, irritable, hostile, competitive
- Neuroticism
* High scorer: worried, insecure, anxiety-prone
* Low scorer: tranquil, secure, emotionally stable
2. Describe two different techniques researchers use to investigate the relationship between genes and
personality and give one example for each.
QuestionID: 12-2-02
Objective: 12.2e Analyze the genetic basis of personality.
Answer: To study genes and personality, one method is to compare responses on self-report questionnaires of people
who have inherited different copies of a specific gene. For example, people who inherit short copies of the serotonin
transporter gene from one or both parents seem predisposed to anxiety, shyness, and experiencing negative emotional
reactions in interpersonal situations.
Another method for studying genes and personality is to conduct experiments and compare the responses of people with
different copies of a gene. For example, through DNA analysis and experimental testing, researchers discovered that
inheriting short copies of a particular gene increases anxiety levels in general, and seems to steer people toward giving
excessive attention to negative and threatening information.
It is important to keep in mind that, in most cases, there is no single gene causing a single outcome in a person. Most
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phenomena are understood to be caused by multiple genes interacting with the environment.
3. Describe what is meant by a "projective test" and give two examples of such tests. Explain what the research
suggests about the reliability and validity of these tests.
QuestionID: 12-2-03
Objective: 12.3e Analyze whether projective tests are valid measures of personality.
Answer: A good answer should include the following.
Projective tests are personality tests in which ambiguous images are presented to an individual to elicit responses that
reflect unconscious desires or conflicts. They are called "projective" because the image can be interpreted in different
ways, and the particular interpretation a person chooses is thought to be a projection of her unconscious.
Two examples of projective tests are the Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The inkblot
test involves showing participants inkblots and asking them to explain what they see in the image. The TAT involves
showing an ambiguous picture of a scene and asking the participant to tell a story about it.
Research has shown that projective tests have low reliability and low validity, suggesting that they are not good measures
of assessing the 'unconscious'.
Fill-in-the-blank Questions
1. Researchers who look at large samples of people to better understand personality are using a __________
approach.
QuestionID: 12-3-01
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: a. nomothetic
2. One of the Big Five personality factors, emotional stability, is also referred to by the opposite quality,
__________ .
QuestionID: 12-3-02
Skill:
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: a. neuroticism
3. The idea that personality is the product of interactions between behaviour, the environment, and personal
factors is known as __________ , and is a key component to the social-cognitive approach to personality.
QuestionID: 12-3-03
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: a. reciprocal determinism
4. People from highly developed Western countries such as Canada, the United States and Australia are
described by the acronym __________ .
QuestionID: 12-3-04
Skill:
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: a. WEIRD
5. Individuals in cultures that emphasize __________ tend to define themselves in terms of group membership
and goals.
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QuestionID: 12-3-05
Objective: 12.2c Apply your knowledge to arrive at accurate conclusions about the influences of biological and cultural
factors on personality.
Answer: a. collectivism
6. Freud believed the id was fuelled by an energy called __________ .
QuestionID: 12-3-06
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: a. libido
7. According to Freud's theories on psychosexual development, becoming preoccupied with a particular stage is
known as __________ .
QuestionID: 12-3-07
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: a. fixation
8. The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are both examples of __________ , a
controversial category of personality tests.
QuestionID: 12-3-08
Objective: 12.3e Analyze whether projective tests are valid measures of personality.
Answer: a. projective tests
9. The existence of __________ such as the Hero, explains why unrelated cultures have similar stories with
recognizable characters.
QuestionID: 12-3-09
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: a. archetypes
10. Carl Rogers was a proponent for __________ , the idea that people are driven to grow and fulfill their own
potential.
QuestionID: 12-3-10
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: a. self-actualization
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. _______________is a characteristic pattern of thinking, interacting, and reacting that is unique to each
individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situations.
A) Personality
B) Idiography
C) Conscientiousness
D) A trait
QuestionID: 12-4-01
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: A) Personality
2. A psychologist who studies the unique personality characteristics of individuals is using a(n)
__________________ approach to studying personality.
A) trait
B) factor analysis
C) idiographic
D) nomothetic
QuestionID: 12-4-02
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: C) idiographic
3. Which of the following best illustrates the idiographic approach to personality research?
A) identifying personality characteristics that are shared by large groups of people
B) designing tests that characterize abnormal personality types
C) performing a detailed study of the world's most successful business person
D) using factor analysis to identify personality traits
QuestionID: 12-4-03
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: C) performing a detailed study of the world's most successful business person
4. Dr. Mano is a personality researcher who is NOT interested in the characteristics that make individuals unique.
Instead, her research involves studying large groups of people to make generalizations about the structure of
personality. Dr. Mano's research is an example of
A) the nomothetic approach.
B) the humanistic approach.
C) factor analysis.
D) the idiographic approach.
QuestionID: 12-4-04
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: A) the nomothetic approach.
5. "Creative," "fair-minded," and "impulsive" are examples of
A) states.
B) the Big Five personality dimensions.
C) personality traits.
D) idiographs.
QuestionID: 12-4-05
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: C) personality traits.
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6. Traits are used to describe people because
A) they help to easily identify individuals who will develop psychological disorders.
B) they help to easily identify individuals who will develop physiological disorders.
C) they are useful short-cuts to understanding a lot of information about an individual.
D) they can tell a physician everything they need to know about a patient.
QuestionID: 12-4-06
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: C) they are useful short-cuts to understanding a lot of information about an individual.
7. A technique called _____________ is used to group items that people respond to similarly.
A) idiography
B) factor analysis
C) five factor
D) HEXACO
QuestionID: 12-4-07
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: B) factor analysis
8. Factor analysis is used to
A) score the Five Factor personality test.
B) process idiographic personality information.
C) evaluate 'evil' personality traits.
D) group similar items into clusters.
QuestionID: 12-4-08
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: D) group similar items into clusters.
9. Raymond Cattell narrowed the list of key personality factors down to ____ traits.
A) 5
B) 6
C) 3
D) 16
QuestionID: 12-4-09
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: D) 16
10. What researcher(s) is/are associated with the Five Factor Model, also known as the Big Five?
A) McCrae and Costa
B) Cattell
C) Allport
D) Erikson and Rogers
QuestionID: 12-4-10
Skill: Factual
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: A) McCrae and Costa
11. The _______________ dimension of the Five Factor Model describes the extent to which people are outgoing
or shy.
A) agreeableness
B) extraversion
C) neuroticism
D) openness
QuestionID: 12-4-11
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.1c Apply self-report methods to understand your own personality.
Answer: B) extraversion
12. Walter prefers to staying home on a Friday night and reading a good book to hanging out with other people. If
Walter took the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), he would likely have a low score on the ____________
dimension.
A) extraversion
B) conscientiousness
C) neuroticism
D) openness
QuestionID: 12-4-12
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.1c Apply self-report methods to understand your own personality.
Answer: A) extraversion
13. Amir is constantly worrying about things, even though he really doesn't have anything to worry about. He is
also very insecure and can become very upset when he thinks his friends are making a joke about him. If Amir
took the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), he would likely have a ____________ score on the ____________
dimension.
A) high; neuroticism
B) high; conscientiousness
C) low; neuroticism
D) low; conscientiousness
QuestionID: 12-4-13
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.1c Apply self-report methods to understand your own personality.
Answer: A) high; neuroticism
14. Most of Candice's relationships with other people are hostile. She frequently gets in fights with strangers and
even close friends. According to the Five Factor Model of personality, Candice is likely low on the ____________
dimension.
A) openness
B) conscientiousness
C) neuroticism
D) agreeableness
QuestionID: 12-4-14
Skill: Applied
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 12.1c Apply self-report methods to understand your own personality.
Answer: D) agreeableness
15. The _______________ factor of the Five Factor Model of personality describes the extent to which people are
imaginative and curious, or conventional and "down-to-earth."
A) agreeableness
B) extraversion
C) conscientiousness
D) openness
QuestionID: 12-4-15
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.1c Apply self-report methods to understand your own personality.
Answer: D) openness
16. Marques loves to go to parties. While there, he can have a conversation with just about anyone, whether he
knows them or not. Which of the following five factors would Marques probably rate highly on based on this
information?
A) neuroticism
B) conscientiousness
C) extraversion
D) openness
QuestionID: 12-4-16
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.1c Apply self-report methods to understand your own personality.
Answer: C) extraversion
17. Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits?
A) NEO-PI-R
B) TRIAD
C) HEXACO
D) OCEAN
QuestionID: 12-4-17
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1c Apply self-report methods to understand your own personality.
Answer: D) OCEAN
18. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of the Big Five?
A) conscientiousness
B) extraversion
C) openness
D) creativeness
QuestionID: 12-4-18
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.1c Apply self-report methods to understand your own personality.
Answer: D) creativeness
19. The HEXACO model of personality differs from the Five Factor Model, in that
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A)
B)
C)
D)
it adds the trait of honesty-humility to the original five factors.
it focuses on three "evil" traits: narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism.
it adds the trait of authoritarianism.
it focuses on "right-wing" versus "left-wing" political beliefs.
QuestionID: 12-4-19
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1d Analyze the personality roots of violence and prejudice.
Answer: A) it adds the trait of honesty-humility to the original five factors.
20. Donald is known as being selfish, believes that he is better than others, and is willing to do whatever it takes
to get his own way. Donald would likely score ______ on the _________ factor of the HEXACO model of
personality.
A) high; narcissism
B) low; honesty-humility
C) high; Machiavellianism
D) low; right-wing authoritarian
QuestionID: 12-4-20
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.1d Analyze the personality roots of violence and prejudice.
Answer: B) low; honesty-humility
21. The ___________ identifies traits believed to be the personality roots of evil.
A) NEO-PI-R
B) Psychopathic Tendencies Test
C) Dark Triad
D) OCEAN model
QuestionID: 12-4-21
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.1d Analyze the personality roots of violence and prejudice.
Answer: C) Dark Triad
22. Kelly isn't interested in the well-being of others, but is more focused on how she might use others to get
ahead; she tends to lie and is primarily focused on her own interests. This set of personality traits, exhibited by
Kelly, best reflects the ________ component of the Dark Triad.
A) Machiavellianism
B) psychopathy
C) honesty-humility
D) neuroticism
QuestionID: 12-4-22
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.1d Analyze the personality roots of violence and prejudice.
Answer: A) Machiavellianism
23. Individuals who are found to have high levels of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism are
A) more likely to become politicians.
B) less likely to be imprisoned for crimes they commit.
C) less likely to become successful.
D) more likely to commit harm to others.
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QuestionID: 12-4-23
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1d Analyze the personality roots of violence and prejudice.
Answer: D) more likely to commit harm to others.
24. Obeying orders, supporting aggression, and striving to maintain social order are all components of the
________ set of personality characteristics.
A) Dark Triad
B) Right-Wing Authoritarianism
C) HEXACO
D) Five Factor Model
QuestionID: 12-4-24
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.1d Analyze the personality roots of violence and prejudice.
Answer: B) Right-Wing Authoritarianism
25. In research conducted by Altemeyer, when individuals low in Right-Wing Authoritarianism were asked to play
a game that simulated 40 years of time on Earth, by the end of the game
A) all of the humans had been wiped out, but the Earth's ozone and natural environments were thriving.
B) the world had been destroyed by nuclear war.
C) food, health services, and jobs were provided for almost all humans on Earth.
D) rampant starvation and pollution had occurred and only the elite had access to food, health services and
employment.
QuestionID: 12-4-25
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1d Analyze the personality roots of violence and prejudice.
Answer: C) food, health services, and jobs were provided for almost all humans on Earth.
26. While psychologists do not typically refer to infants as having "personalities," infants do display personalitylike attributes called
A) states.
B) moods.
C) emotions.
D) temperaments.
QuestionID: 12-4-26
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: D) temperaments.
27. Sophia is a three month old infant. Compared to other infants her age, she is fussy and cries easily. Sophia's
behaviours would most accurately be described as the result of her
A) state.
B) neuroticism.
C) personality.
D) temperament.
QuestionID: 12-4-27
Skill: Applied
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: D) temperament.
28. Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality?
A) Temperament and personality are interchangeable terms for the same concept.
B) Personality, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's temperament is built.
C) Temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's personality is built.
D) Temperament refers to negative personal characteristics, while personality refers to positive personal
characteristics.
QuestionID: 12-4-28
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: C) Temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's personality is built.
29. Which of the following best describes the personality of individuals as they age?
A) Personality does not change; it is completely stable throughout the lifespan.
B) Personalities are very stable in childhood and adolescence, but become less stable in later adulthood.
C) The personalities of children and adolescents tend to change somewhat, but are very stable by middle age.
D) Personality remains fluid and changes throughout the lifespan.
QuestionID: 12-4-29
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: C) The personalities of children and adolescents tend to change somewhat, but are very stable by middle age.
30. One criticism of the trait theories of personality is that they
A) place too much emphasis on states and situational factors.
B) do not account for the influence of situational factors on behaviour.
C) vary widely across cultures.
D) do not allow for comparisons between individuals or groups of people.
QuestionID: 12-4-30
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1e Analyze the relative roles of personality traits and psychological and physical states in determining
behaviour.
Answer: B) do not account for the influence of situational factors on behaviour.
31. Research indicates that locations, associations, activities, and subjective states are four
A) categories of personality traits.
B) factors that influence the development of our personality traits.
C) situations that influence our behaviour.
D) changes in personality that occur over our lifespan.
QuestionID: 12-4-31
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1e Analyze the relative roles of personality traits and psychological and physical states in determining
behaviour.
Answer: C) situations that influence our behaviour.
32. Which perspective on personality development focused on one's learning from past experiences and the
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influence on behaviour?
A) behaviourist
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) social-cognitive
QuestionID: 12-4-32
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1b Understand the behaviourist and social-cognitive views of personality.
Answer: A) behaviourist
33. Allana is generally an outgoing person. A ____________ psychologist would be most likely to suggest that
Allana's personality is the result of positive reinforcement she's received for being outgoing in the past.
A) behaviourist
B) humanistic
C) psychodynamic
D) social-cognitive
QuestionID: 12-4-33
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.1b Understand the behaviourist and social-cognitive views of personality.
Answer: A) behaviourist
34. The behaviourist approach to personality tends to focus on
A) unconscious desires.
B) learning.
C) genetics.
D) person-environment interactions.
QuestionID: 12-4-34
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.1b Understand the behaviourist and social-cognitive views of personality.
Answer: B) learning.
35. The role of reciprocal determinism in personality development was highlighted by the
A) behaviourists.
B) humanists.
C) social-cognitive theorists.
D) trait theorists.
QuestionID: 12-4-35
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.1b Understand the behaviourist and social-cognitive views of personality.
Answer: C) social-cognitive theorists.
36. ___________ describes the relationship between behaviour, personal factors, and situational factors.
A) The Dark Triad
B) The reward-punishment approach
C) Reciprocal determinism
D) The humanistic perspective
QuestionID: 12-4-36
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.1b Understand the behaviourist and social-cognitive views of personality.
Answer: C) Reciprocal determinism
37. In the context of personality research, the acronym WEIRD stands for:
A) Western, European, Indian, Russian, and Danish
B) Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic
C) Western, Engaged, Introverted, Repressed, and Democratic
D) Wonderer, Eccentric, Introverted, Restrained, and Dull
QuestionID: 12-4-37
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: B) Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic
38. A potential issue with the majority of the research on personality is that the results may only generalize to
A) WEIRD people.
B) individuals from Asian countries.
C) Americans.
D) males.
QuestionID: 12-4-38
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: A) WEIRD people.
39. Research suggests that the Big Five personality traits are
A) only found in WEIRD populations.
B) only found in America.
C) relatively consistent across cultures, with some concerns.
D) different in every culture.
QuestionID: 12-4-39
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: C) relatively consistent across cultures, with some concerns.
40. Which of the following is TRUE about cross-cultural differences in personality?
A) Genetics are far more influential on personality than culture.
B) Beyond North America, most cultures do not have the same Big Five personality factors.
C) The only consistent personality trait found across cultures is extraversion-introversion.
D) The prevalence of the Big Five factors varies across cultures.
QuestionID: 12-4-40
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: D) The prevalence of the Big Five factors varies across cultures.
41. Which of the following is a potential issue associated with using standard tests for the Big Five in crosscultural personality research?
A) The Big Five personality traits only exist in Western cultures.
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B) Translating the NEO-PI-R would negatively impact its reliability and validity.
C) Other personality factors, not found in Western cultures, may be missed.
D) Most of the questions in the NEO-PI-R do not apply to individuals from other cultures.
QuestionID: 12-4-41
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.2c Apply your knowledge to arrive at accurate conclusions about the influences of biological and cultural
factors on personality.
Answer: C) Other personality factors, not found in Western cultures, may be missed.
42. A concern with personal goals and a self-focused orientation are most characteristic of those from ________
cultures.
A) collectivistic
B) individualistic
C) conscientious
D) humanistic
QuestionID: 12-4-42
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.2c Apply your knowledge to arrive at accurate conclusions about the influences of biological and cultural
factors on personality.
Answer: B) individualistic
43. Joe works hard to avoid embarrassing himself or his family. Given what researchers have found about people
from different cultures, he is most likely from
A) Canada.
B) China.
C) America.
D) Great Britain.
QuestionID: 12-4-43
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.2c Apply your knowledge to arrive at accurate conclusions about the influences of biological and cultural
factors on personality.
Answer: B) China.
44. Which of these research methods would a psychologist be likely to employ to study the influence of genetics
on personality?
A) examining correlations in personality between pairs of identical and fraternal twins
B) interviewing people who were raised in similar environments
C) measuring the physiological response of participants in different situations
D) documenting the patterns of development and difficulties in infants
QuestionID: 12-4-44
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.2e Analyze the genetic basis of personality.
Answer: A) examining correlations in personality between pairs of identical and fraternal twins
45. The genetic correlation between identical twins raised in different households is typically around ______ for
all of the Big Five personality factors.
A) .10
B) .50
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
C) .80
D) .99
QuestionID: 12-4-45
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: B) .50
46. Which research approach is probably the best for exploring the genetic contribution to personality?
A) comparing identical twins who were reared apart
B) comparing fraternal twins who were reared apart
C) comparing fraternal twins who were reared together
D) comparing identical twins who were reared together
QuestionID: 12-4-46
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.2e Analyze the genetic basis of personality.
Answer: A) comparing identical twins who were reared apart
47. Identical twins reared apart tend to have
A) no more in common than non-twin siblings reared together.
B) very different personalities compared to identical twins reared together.
C) personalities that are more similar than fraternal twins reared together.
D) no more in common than fraternal twins reared apart.
QuestionID: 12-4-47
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: C) personalities that are more similar than fraternal twins reared together.
48. According to your textbook, one possible way genes might influence personality is by affecting
A) the development of specific brain structures.
B) the release of pheromones.
C) proteins and chemicals in the brain.
D) how many offspring you are likely to have.
QuestionID: 12-4-48
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: C) proteins and chemicals in the brain.
49. According to research discussed in your textbook, inheriting short copies of the ______________ gene
predisposes people to anxiety, shyness, and negative emotional reactions in interpersonal situations.
A) acetylcholine reuptake
B) NMDA inhibitor
C) dopamine transporter
D) serotonin transporter
QuestionID: 12-4-49
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: D) serotonin transporter
50. Which of the following is true about personality and nonhuman animals?
A) Personality has only been observed in one species of bird, the Parus major.
B) Several of the Big Five personality traits have been found in different species.
C) Chimpanzees are the only other animal known to display personalities.
D) Animals are known to have "temperaments" but not personalities.
QuestionID: 12-4-50
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.2b Understand how evolutionary theories explain personality.
Answer: B) Several of the Big Five personality traits have been found in different species.
51. On average, compared to men, women tend to report ___________ levels of extraversion, conscientiousness,
agreeableness, and neuroticism.
A) higher
B) lower
C) similar
D) more variable
QuestionID: 12-4-51
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.2d Analyze claims that males and females have fundamentally different personalities.
Answer: A) higher
52. Research suggests that personality differences between men and women may be due to ___________ factors.
A) genetic
B) hormonal
C) cultural
D) economic
QuestionID: 12-4-52
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.2d Analyze claims that males and females have fundamentally different personalities.
Answer: D) economic
53. Levi lives in a relatively wealthy country, where most people have access to health care and education,
whereas Tomas lives in a poorer country with fewer resources. Compared to Levi's country, the personality
differences between men and women in Tomas' country are likely to be
A) more pronounced.
B) less pronounced.
C) about the same.
D) more pronounced, but only for the poorest individuals.
QuestionID: 12-4-53
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.2c Apply your knowledge to arrive at accurate conclusions about the influences of biological and cultural
factors on personality.
Answer: B) less pronounced.
54. Which of the following is true about claims that women and men have different personalities?
A) Gender differences in personality do not exist.
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B) Men and women have fundamentally different personalities.
C) Gender differences in personality exist, but are small.
D) Gender differences exist, but only in poor countries.
QuestionID: 12-4-54
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.2d Analyze claims that males and females have fundamentally different personalities.
Answer: C) Gender differences in personality exist, but are small.
55. An Ancient Roman physician, assessing a depressed patient, would be most likely to claim that the
personality characteristic was
A) due to repressed psychological trauma experienced as a child.
B) caused by an imbalance in the bodily fluids known as humours.
C) caused by a large bump on the patient's skull.
D) inherited from the patient's parents.
QuestionID: 12-4-55
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: B) caused by an imbalance in the bodily fluids known as humours.
56. Out of the following options, which is the oldest theory of personality?
A) phrenology
B) behaviourism
C) the arousal theory
D) humourism
QuestionID: 12-4-56
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: D) humourism
57. How would a phrenologist access an individual's personality?
A) collecting and examining the bodily fluids
B) showing an individual inkblots on a piece of paper
C) examining the bumps on the skull
D) scanning their brain with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine
QuestionID: 12-4-57
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: C) examining the bumps on the skull
58. According to Eysenck, who would have the highest threshold of the ascending reticular activating system
(ARAS)?
A) Grace, who likes to read
B) Tucker, who likes to fish
C) Lily, who likes to talk
D) Ben, who likes to surf
QuestionID: 12-4-58
Skill: Applied
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: D) Ben, who likes to surf
59. According to Eysenck, ________ is determined by people's threshold for arousal.
A) extraversion
B) neuroticism
C) openness
D) conscientiousness
QuestionID: 12-4-59
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: A) extraversion
60. According to the arousal theory of extraversion, the reason why some people seek out exciting new social
and emotional experiences is that they
A) require relatively high levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions.
B) have low baseline adrenaline levels.
C) require relatively low levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions.
D) have high baseline adrenaline levels.
QuestionID: 12-4-60
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: A) require relatively high levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions.
61. The ___________ is responsive to rewards and associated with positive emotional responses.
A) behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
B) behavioural activation system (BAS)
C) ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
D) ascending reticular inhibition system (ARIS)
QuestionID: 12-4-61
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: B) behavioural activation system (BAS)
62. After completing a questionnaire, Ange is aware that she tends to score high on neuroticism. Based on this
information, it is likely the Ange would have ______ activation of the _________.
A) greater; behavioural activation system (BAS)
B) lower; behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
C) lower; behavioural activation system (BAS)
D) greater; behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
QuestionID: 12-4-62
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: D) greater; behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
63. As part of a research study, Imani discovers that she has larger brain volume in the left, medial frontal gyrus
in the prefrontal cortex. Which of the Big Five personality factors does this brain difference correlated with?
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A)
B)
C)
D)
neuroticism
extraversion
conscientiousness
agreeableness
QuestionID: 12-4-63
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: C) conscientiousness
64. Neil participated in an experiment in which researchers measured various parts of his brain. He was informed
that his dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were both smaller than average. If Neil were to complete
the NEO-PI-R, which factor is he likely to score high on?
A) agreeableness
B) extraversion
C) neuroticism
D) openness
QuestionID: 12-4-64
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: C) neuroticism
65. __________ is the personality theorist whose work is now reflected in the psychodynamic schools of thought.
A) Bandura
B) Freud
C) Maslow
D) Skinner
QuestionID: 12-4-65
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: B) Freud
66. Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconscious motivations?
A) Socio-Cognitive
B) Humanistic
C) Psychodynamic
D) Arousal
QuestionID: 12-4-66
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3d Apply both psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives to explain personality.
Answer: C) Psychodynamic
67. Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud?
A) the psychosexual mind
B) the conscious mind
C) the suppressed mind
D) the unconscious mind
QuestionID: 12-4-67
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3d Apply both psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives to explain personality.
Answer: D) the unconscious mind
68. Which of the following is NOT a key assumption shared by psychodynamic theories?
A) Mental representations of the self and others shape how the individual acts.
B) When basic needs for love are met, human beings seek to achieve their fullest potential.
C) Unconscious thoughts, memories, and emotions operate simultaneously and are major influences on our
behaviour.
D) Personality takes shape in early childhood, and children learn to regulate their emotions during this period of
development.
QuestionID: 12-4-68
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: B) When basic needs for love are met, human beings seek to achieve their fullest potential.
69. Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of the Freudian personality structure?
A) ego
B) id
C) collective unconscious
D) superego
QuestionID: 12-4-69
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: C) collective unconscious
70. The id is motivated by the desire for
A) free will.
B) instant gratification.
C) self-actualization.
D) moral standards.
QuestionID: 12-4-70
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: B) instant gratification.
71. Jamal has a very bad temper. He is notorious for lashing out at his friends when he doesn't get his way.
According to Freud, what is likely dominating Jamal's actions?
A) ego
B) id
C) superego
D) repressed memories
QuestionID: 12-4-71
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.3d Apply both psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives to explain personality.
Answer: B) id
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
72. The textbook depicts Freud's personality structure as an iceberg, illustrating that the __________ is
completely submerged in our unconscious.
A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) Oedipus
QuestionID: 12-4-72
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: A) id
73. According to Freud, the ego is the __________ of personality.
A) moral component
B) realistic component
C) primitive instinct
D) libido
QuestionID: 12-4-73
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: B) realistic component
74. Rena passes a parked car that she likes. According to Freud's view of the psyche, which part of Rena's
personality convinces her to save her money for a few months so she can buy the car?
A) unconscious
B) superego
C) id
D) ego
QuestionID: 12-4-74
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.3d Apply both psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives to explain personality.
Answer: D) ego
75. What structure serves as the moral component of one's personality?
A) the actual self
B) ego
C) id
D) superego
QuestionID: 12-4-75
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: D) superego
76. As you are preparing for your biology exam, you notice two of your classmates in the library. After going to
talk with them, you discover they are planning to cheat during tomorrow's exam. What part of your personality
would cause you to feel ashamed or guilty if you also cheated on the exam?
A) the actual self
B) the ego
C) the id
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D) the superego
QuestionID: 12-4-76
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.3d Apply both psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives to explain personality.
Answer: D) the superego
77. What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of
protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense?
A) fixations
B) coping techniques
C) self-actualizations
D) defence mechanisms
QuestionID: 12-4-77
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3b Understand how people use defence mechanisms to cope with conflicting thoughts and feelings.
Answer: D) defence mechanisms
78. According to Freud, defence mechanisms are unconscious attempts to reduce our feelings of
A) denial.
B) anxiety.
C) logic.
D) depression.
QuestionID: 12-4-78
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3b Understand how people use defence mechanisms to cope with conflicting thoughts and feelings.
Answer: B) anxiety.
79. Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer. Mahmoud's first response is that there must be a mistake
and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests. Which defence mechanism is at work here?
A) reaction formation
B) denial
C) repression
D) displacement
QuestionID: 12-4-79
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.3b Understand how people use defence mechanisms to cope with conflicting thoughts and feelings.
Answer: B) denial
80. When anxiety-provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness, such as not
remembering lying to a parent, it is called
A) denial.
B) isolation.
C) repression.
D) reaction formation.
QuestionID: 12-4-80
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3b Understand how people use defence mechanisms to cope with conflicting thoughts and feelings.
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Answer: C) repression.
81. In class, Temi is scolded for talking while the professor was lecturing. When she gets back to her dorm room,
she yells at her roommate about the mess in the room. According to Freud, Temi is exhibiting
A) sublimation.
B) displacement.
C) repression.
D) reaction formation.
QuestionID: 12-4-81
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.3b Understand how people use defence mechanisms to cope with conflicting thoughts and feelings.
Answer: B) displacement.
82. Daniel is often angry and feels the need to act out aggressively (punching or kicking). To cope with these
urges, Daniel becomes a mixed-martial arts fighter. According to Freud, this would be an example of
A) displacement.
B) rationalization.
C) sublimation.
D) projection.
QuestionID: 12-4-82
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.3b Understand how people use defence mechanisms to cope with conflicting thoughts and feelings.
Answer: C) sublimation.
83. If the frustration, conflict, and anxiety associated with a particular psychosexual stage are not properly
resolved, Freud believed children may
A) jump forward to the genital stage.
B) become fixated, or stuck, at that stage.
C) regress back to the oral stage.
D) fail to develop a superego.
QuestionID: 12-4-83
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
Answer: B) become fixated, or stuck, at that stage.
84. You notice your classmate Hannah chewing on her pencil as she takes her psychology final. According to
Freud, which psychosexual stage may not have been resolved?
A) genital
B) phallic
C) oral
D) anal
QuestionID: 12-4-84
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
Answer: C) oral
85. According to Freud, a newborn baby would be in which stage of psychosexual development?
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
A)
B)
C)
D)
anal stage
latency stage
oral stage
phallic stage
QuestionID: 12-4-85
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
Answer: C) oral stage
86. According to Freud, habits such as fingernail biting or gum chewing may be the result of a fixation in the
__________ stage.
A) oral
B) anal
C) genital
D) phallic
QuestionID: 12-4-86
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
Answer: A) oral
87. Beginning at birth, which order is correct for Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
A) oral, phallic, genital, latent, anal
B) anal, oral, genital, latent, phallic
C) genital, anal, oral, phallic, latent
D) oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
QuestionID: 12-4-87
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
Answer: D) oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
88. According to Freud, the main conflict of the anal stage comes from
A) the Oedipus complex.
B) toilet training.
C) sexual repression.
D) weaning off the breast or bottle.
QuestionID: 12-4-88
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
Answer: B) toilet training.
89. The Oedipus complex describes Freud's theory that
A) girls become sexually attracted to their father and resent their mother.
B) boys become sexually attracted to their father and want to become them.
C) boys become sexually attracted to their mother and resent their father.
D) girls become sexually attracted to their mother and want to become them.
QuestionID: 12-4-89
Skill: Conceptual
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
Answer: C) boys become sexually attracted to their mother and resent their father.
90. According to Freud, the libido is deemphasized during the __________ stage.
A) oral
B) latent
C) phallic
D) anal
QuestionID: 12-4-90
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
Answer: B) latent
91. According to Freud, appropriate sexual and romantic relationships are only possible when an individual has
reached the ________ stage of psychosexual development.
A) anal
B) genital
C) oral
D) phallic
QuestionID: 12-4-91
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
Answer: B) genital
92. A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect
A) their plans for the future.
B) the thoughts of the conscious mind.
C) maladaptive patterns of behaviour.
D) unconscious thoughts and feelings.
QuestionID: 12-4-92
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3e Analyze whether projective tests are valid measures of personality.
Answer: D) unconscious thoughts and feelings.
93. When Eisa looks at some modern artwork at the museum, he often thinks he sees human figures or faces and
likes to make up stories about them. When he tells the stories to his friend, his friend says that the stories reflect
Eisa's unconscious thoughts. In psychological terms, what Eisa does is most similar to _____________.
A) phrenology
B) a projective test
C) a personality inventory
D) a defence mechanism
QuestionID: 12-4-93
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.3e Analyze whether projective tests are valid measures of personality.
Answer: B) a projective test
94. Tony has devised a test in which people look at clouds and talk about what they see. What type of test would
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
psychologists call this?
A) valid
B) projective
C) objective
D) predictive
QuestionID: 12-4-94
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.3e Analyze whether projective tests are valid measures of personality.
Answer: B) projective
95. Which of the following is an example of a projective test?
A) MRI
B) HEXACO
C) NEO-PI-R
D) Rorschach Inkblot Test
QuestionID: 12-4-95
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3e Analyze whether projective tests are valid measures of personality.
Answer: D) Rorschach Inkblot Test
96. Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it
is unclear what is going on?
A) Rorschach test
B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
C) NEO-PI-R
D) Dark Triad Test
QuestionID: 12-4-96
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3e Analyze whether projective tests are valid measures of personality.
Answer: B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
97. What is one criticism of projective tests?
A) They are inappropriate for use with children.
B) They are too complex in their scoring.
C) They have low validity and reliability.
D) They only apply to Western cultures.
QuestionID: 12-4-97
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3e Analyze whether projective tests are valid measures of personality.
Answer: C) They have low validity and reliability.
98. Which of the following psychologists did not subscribe to the psychodynamic perspective of personality?
A) Carl Rogers
B) Alfred Adler
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Carl Jung
QuestionID: 12-4-98
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: A) Carl Rogers
99. Freud placed much more emphasis on __________ than either Adler or Horney.
A) the unconscious
B) sexuality
C) anxiety
D) childhood
QuestionID: 12-4-99
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: B) sexuality
100. Adler introduced the idea of the _________, which stems from experiences of helplessness and
powerlessness during childhood.
A) inferiority complex
B) Oedipus complex
C) archetype
D) self-actualization
QuestionID: 12-4-100
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: A) inferiority complex
101. Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the _______ and the __________.
A) personal; collective
B) id; superego
C) heroic; mother
D) individual; social
QuestionID: 12-4-101
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: A) personal; collective
102. Jung's theory suggests that the __________ is a collection of archetypes that represent concepts or figures
common to all cultures.
A) superego
B) collective unconscious
C) personal unconscious
D) inferiority complex
QuestionID: 12-4-102
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: B) collective unconscious
103. What theorist suggested that men suffer from "womb envy"?
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
A)
B)
C)
D)
Adler
Horney
Jung
Rorschach
QuestionID: 12-4-103
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: B) Horney
104. One of the most well-known humanistic theorists was
A) Karen Horney.
B) Carl Rogers.
C) Carl Jung.
D) Alfred Adler.
QuestionID: 12-4-104
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: B) Carl Rogers.
105. According to the ________________ perspective, people are basically good, and given the right environment
their personality will develop fully and normally.
A) person-centred
B) psychodynamic
C) analytical
D) positive
QuestionID: 12-4-105
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: A) person-centred
106. Ahmed believes that people are generally good at heart and that they usually do the right thing if you give
them a chance. Which psychological perspective is most likely to appeal to him?
A) psychodynamic
B) behavioural
C) humanistic
D) social-cognitive
QuestionID: 12-4-106
Skill: Applied
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: C) humanistic
107. Rogers proposed that all humans have a desire for _________, which is the drive to grow and fulfill one's
potential.
A) humourism
B) creativity and discovery
C) arousal
D) self-actualization
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
QuestionID: 12-4-107
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: D) self-actualization
108. Personality research on internet trolls indicates that one of their dominant personality characteristics is
A) being aggressive.
B) being extroverted.
C) being sadistic.
D) being less agreeable.
QuestionID: 12-4-108
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.1c Apply self-report methods to understand your own personality.
Answer: C) being sadistic.
109. According to your textbook, a few personality characteristics positively predict employee and organizational
success. Which of the following personality characteristics are three predictors of organizational success?
A) conscientiousness, openness to new experiences, emotional stability
B) conscientiousness, extraversion, openness to new experiences
C) conscientiousness, introversion, openness to new experiences
D) conscientiousness, agreeableness, emotional stability
QuestionID: 12-4-109
Skill: Factual
Objective: 12.1c Apply self-report methods to understand your own personality.
Answer: D) conscientiousness, agreeableness, emotional stability
Supplementary Questions
1. Collective personality characteristics are to ______________ as individual personality characteristics are to
_______________.
A) an idiographic approach; a nomothetic approach
B) a nomothetic approach; an idiographic approach
C) Freudian theories; humanistic theories
D) humanistic theories; Freudian theories
QuestionID: 12-5-01
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: B) a nomothetic approach; an idiographic approach
2. Which option best exemplifies the P.T. Barnum effect?
A) inkblots
B) horoscopes
C) graphology
D) physiognomy
QuestionID: 12-5-02
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: B) horoscopes
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
3. Which structure of personality houses one's instincts, according to Freud?
A) ego-ideal
B) ego
C) id
D) superego
QuestionID: 12-5-03
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: C) id
4. Which statement about the id is most accurate?
A) It is in close contact with bodily needs.
B) It follows the reality principle.
C) It houses the conscience.
D) It drives us to live up to our ideals.
QuestionID: 12-5-04
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: A) It is in close contact with bodily needs.
5. Six-year-old Suzie sees her younger brother approaching with the new toy he received for his birthday. Suzie
suddenly decides she wants the toy, so she pushes her brother to the ground, grabs his toy, and rushes into the
next room to play with it. During this situation, the part of Suzie's personality which is most likely in control is her
_______.
A) conscious
B) superego
C) ego
D) id
QuestionID: 12-5-05
Objective: 12.3d Apply both psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives to explain personality.
Answer: D) id
6. Pleasure principle is to _______ as reality principle is to _______.
A) id; superego
B) superego; id
C) id; ego
D) ego; id
QuestionID: 12-5-06
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: C) id; ego
7. Which of the following Freudian concepts motivates us to better ourselves and live up to our ideals?
A) id
B) ego
C) reality principle
D) superego
QuestionID: 12-5-07
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: D) superego
8. Joe seems to be constantly condemning himself for being bad and "sinful." In psychoanalytic terms, we would
say that Joe has an overdeveloped _______.
A) libido
B) id
C) ego
D) superego
QuestionID: 12-5-08
Objective: 12.3d Apply both psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives to explain personality.
Answer: D) superego
9. The superego is that part of the personality which represents the
A) pleasure principle.
B) reality principle.
C) thanatos.
D) conscience.
QuestionID: 12-5-09
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: D) conscience.
10. Behaving in ways that are the opposite of what one would unconsciously like to do defines
A) sublimation.
B) displacement.
C) reaction formation.
D) projection.
QuestionID: 12-5-10
Objective: 12.3b Understand how people use defence mechanisms to cope with conflicting thoughts and feelings.
Answer: C) reaction formation.
11. An orally fixated person would most likely
A) be an only child.
B) dislike his or her father.
C) be a sloppy dresser.
D) eat and smoke a great deal.
QuestionID: 12-5-11
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
Answer: D) eat and smoke a great deal.
12. The process of toilet training occurs during the _______ stage.
A) phallic
B) oral
C) anal
D) genital
QuestionID: 12-5-12
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Answer: C) anal
13. Identifying with one's opposite-sex parent occurs in which psychosexual stage?
A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital
QuestionID: 12-5-13
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
Answer: C) phallic
14. The stage of personality development which lasts from about age 6 until puberty is known as the _______
stage.
A) phallic
B) anal
C) genital
D) latency
QuestionID: 12-5-14
Objective: 12.3c Understand the developmental stages Freud used to explain the origins of personality.
Answer: D) latency
15. According to Jung's psychoanalytic theory, each of us has ________, which are inherited predispositions to
respond to certain concepts.
A) drive
B) instincts
C) archetypes
D) archegos
QuestionID: 12-5-15
Objective: 12.3d Apply both psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives to explain personality.
Answer: C) archetypes
16. According to Jung, our repressed thoughts, undeveloped ideas, and forgotten experiences are contained in
the ____________________.
A) persona
B) archetype
C) personal unconscious
D) collective unconscious
QuestionID: 12-5-16
Objective: 12.3f Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of psychodynamic perspectives.
Answer: C) personal unconscious
True-False Questions
1. The two broad approaches to personality measurement are humanistic and psychoanalytic.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 12-6-01
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
Objective: 12.1a Know the key terminology associated with contemporary approaches to personality.
Answer: b. False
2. Individuals identified as having a "Right-Wing Authoritarianism" personality tend to hold strong beliefs and are
generally more prejudiced.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 12-6-02
Objective: 12.1d Analyze the personality roots of violence and prejudice.
Answer: a. True
3. An infant's temperament is a useful predictor of his or her adult personality.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 12-6-03
Objective: 12.2a Know the key terminology associated with cultural and biological approaches to personality.
Answer: a. True
4. Most research on the Big Five personality factors has been only been conducted on people from WEIRD
cultures.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 12-6-04
Objective: 12.2c Apply your knowledge to arrive at accurate conclusions about the influences of biological and cultural
factors on personality.
Answer: a. True
5. On average, the personalities of fraternal twins are more alike than they are for identical twins.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 12-6-05
Objective: 12.2e Analyze the genetic basis of personality.
Answer: b. False
6. Research suggests that mammals—such as dogs, cats, and primates—are the only animals which
demonstrate consistent personalities.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 12-6-06
Objective: 12.2b Understand how evolutionary theories explain personality.
Answer: b. False
7. While gender differences in personality exist, they are quite small and may be mostly explained by economic
factors.
a True
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Test Bank for Krause/Corts/Smith, An Introduction to Psychological Science, 3Ce
b False
QuestionID: 12-6-07
Objective: 12.2d Analyze claims that males and females have fundamentally different personalities.
Answer: a. True
8. Freud believed that the influence of the superego is present at birth, whereas the id must develop with
experience.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 12-6-08
Objective: 12.3a Know the key terminology related to the psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to personality.
Answer: b. False
9. While some mental health professionals still use the TAT and Rorschach test, their popularity appears to be
declining.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 12-6-09
Objective: 12.3e Analyze whether projective tests are valid measures of personality.
Answer: a. True
10. The founders of humanistic psychology had a much more optimistic view of human personality than Freud
and many of his followers did.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 12-6-10
Objective: 12.3f Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of psychodynamic perspectives.
Answer: a. True
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