Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
19th Century Philippines:
Prior to Rizal’s Birth
RIZAL 101: RIZAL’S LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
Learning Outcomes
• Improved awareness about the
life, works, and writings of Jose
Rizal and the course
requirements
• Improved ability to summarize
the sociocultural, political,
economic milieu before and
during Dr. Jose Rizal’s time
• Improved ability to summarize
the sociocultural, political, and
economic milieu before Dr. Jose
Rizal’s time
19th Century Philippines: Prior to Rizal’s Birth
RZ 101: Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings
College of Arts and Sciences
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
Learning Objective/s
• To understand history as a
discipline
• To know the importance of history
• To know the status of Philippines
in the 19th century
• To discuss the social, political, and
economic status of the Philippines
in the 19th century before the time
of Dr. Jose Rizal
19th Century Philippines: Prior to Rizal’s Birth
RZ 101: Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings
College of Arts and Sciences
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
HISTORY AS A DISCIPLINE
19th Century Philippines: Prior to Rizal’s Birth
RZ 101: Rizal’s Life, Works, and Writings
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
History as a Social Science
• History
a chronological record of significant
events (such as those affecting a nation
or institution) often including an
explanation of their causes (MerriamWebster, 2020)
a branch of knowledge that records
and explains past events (MerriamWebster, 2020)
19th Century Philippines: Prior to Rizal’s Birth
RZ 101: Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
History as a Social Science
• Sources
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
19th Century Philippines: Prior to Rizal’s Birth
RZ 101: Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings
College of Arts and Sciences
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
Primary Sources
• are contemporaneous to the subject
being studied
• objects, letters, journal or newspapers
• must originate from the time being
studied to be accepted as a primary
source, this can include copied images of
an original document, or reprinted
editions of a book
• If a historian was studying Abraham
Lincoln, diaries and letters written by
Lincoln would be primary sources
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
Secondary Sources
• are nearly always textual: books or
journals
• A secondary source would be an article
written about a primary source
• To continue the example above, an
essay or book written about Abraham
Lincoln based on his diaries and letters
would be a secondary source
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
Tertiary Sources
• are sources that rely on secondary
sources for their information
• include most school textbooks,
essays written at school that cite
textbooks and secondary sources
• Books and essays that are
historiographical in nature, so
discuss the way in which history is
presented, are tertiary sources
College of Arts and Sciences
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
Importance of Studying History
• History promotes patriotism and enhances
responsible citizenship
• Learn important lessons
• History helps us understand what
informed the actions of those before us
• History equips us with vital skills
• History is fun
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
Importance of Studying History
• History is a good subject for career and
professional development
• It creates a sense of moral understanding
• To find inspiration
• Cultural consciousness and cross-cultural
appreciation can be realized through the
study of historical events
• It provides information about genealogy
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
Importance of Studying History
• History makes us better citizens
• Better society
• To preserve important memories and
events
• To make the better world:
• Many historical personalities are role
models of many
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
Philippine Political Structure before
Rizal’s Time
19th Century Philippines: Prior to Rizal’s Birth
RZ 101: Rizal’s Life, Works, and Writings
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The Political Structure
• Spain established a centralized colonial
government in the Philippines that was
composed of a NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT and a LOCAL
GOVERNMENT that administered
provinces, cities, towns, and
municipalities.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
The Political Structure
• National government
• Maintained peace and order
• Collected taxes
• Built schools and other public
works
College of Arts and Sciences
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The National Government
• The Governor General
• The King’s representative and the highest-ranking official in
the Philippines
• Royal decrees and laws emanating from Spain were
implemented in the Philippines
• Had the power to appoint and dismiss public officials,
except those personally chosen by the King
• Supervised all government offices and the collection of
taxes
• Exercised certain legislative powers
• Issued proclamations to facilitate the implementation of
laws
• Requirement: Must be a PENINSULARES or a SPANIARD
BORN IN SPAIN
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The Provincial Government
• Alcaldia – led by Alcalde Mayor
• Governed the provinces that had been fully
subjugated under SPANISH CONTROL
ALREADY
• They represented the Spanish King and the
Governor-General
• They managed the day-to-day operations of the
provincial government
• Implemented laws and supervised the
collection of taxes
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The Provincial Government
• Corregimiento – led by Corregidor
• Governed the provinces that were not yet
entirely under Spanish control.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The Provincial Government
• The ALCADIA and CORREGIMIENTO
though were paid a small salary,
enjoyed privileges such as:
• Indulto de comercio – galleon trade
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The Municipal Government
• Cabeza De Barangay/ Barrio
Administrator/ Barangay Captain
• Responsible for the peace and order of the barrio
• Recruited men for public works
• Qualifications: should be literate in Spanish, have
good moral character and property Cabezas who
served for 25 years were exempted from forced
labor
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The City Government
• Ayuntamiento – larger towns which
became cities
• Became a center of trade and industry
• Has a city council called Cabildo
• Cabildo is composed of:
•
•
•
•
Alcalde (Mayor)
Regidores (Councilors)
Alguacil Mayor (Police Chief)
Escribando (Secretary)
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
College of Arts and Sciences
An Autonomous University
Compare the powers of the Spanish Governor-General
with those of the Powers of the President of the Philippines
today
Powers of the Spanish GovernorGeneral
1.
2.
3.
Powers of the President of the
Philippines
1.
2.
3.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
Briefly compare the administrative structure of the
government during the Spanish rule with that of the
present system of government
Categories
National
Government
Provincial
Government
Municipal
Government
City
Government
Government System
during Spanish Time
Present System of
Government
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND
ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE
PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH
CENTURY BEFORE THE TIME
OF DR. JOSE RIZAL
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The 19th century was also a time of
change, the age of enlightenment, and is
commonly depicted as the birth of modern
life as well as massive changes in Europe,
Spain and consequently in the Philippines.
The 19th century in the Philippines as
Rizal’s context are divided into three (3)
aspects such as:
1. Economic Context
2. The Social Background
3. The Political Landscape
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
Economic Context
a)
The End of Galleon Trade
• Galleon trade started in 1565 to 1815, the
Spanish government closed some parts of
Manila to all countries except Mexico,
thereby starts the birth of Manila –
Acapulco Trade, known as the “Galleon
Trade” lasted for 250 years, and trade
were intercultural exchanges between
Asia-Philippines, Spanish, America, Europe
and Africa. Aside from the locals (Filipinos)
were already trading with China, Japan,
Siam (now Thailand), India, Cambodia,
Borneo and Moluccas on September 14,
1815 Galleon Trade.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
Economic Context
b) Opening of Suez Canal
• Suez Canal, an artificial sea-level waterway
in Egypt, connects the Mediterranean Sea to
the Red Sea. Suez Canal was constructed
under French diplomat, Ferdinand de
Lesseps and was officially opened on
November 17, 1869. The opening of Suez
Canal became a huge advantage in
commercial enterprises between Europe
and East Asia.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
Economic Context
c) Establish Monopolies in the Philippines
• The main source of wealth during the post
Galleon era in 1850, government, monopoly
contracts for collection of different
revenues and were opened to foreigner.
The Chinese instantly took advantage of this
commercial opportunity and thus for the
rest of the 19th century.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The Social Background
The social picture of the 19th century was the use of a)
education b) the rise of Chinese mestizo and c) the rise of
Inquilinous.
a. The coming of Spanish colonizer, schools were
established and run by the catholic missionaries. The
natives (Filipinos) were converts to Catholic faith and
make them obedient to colonial government and
the Catholic Church in the Philippines. King Philip II
mandated Spanish authorities to educate the locals,
teach them to read, write and learn Spanish. The first
formal schools were the parochial schools.
In 1863, a royal decree called for the establishment of
public school system in the Philippines.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The Social Background
b. The Rise of Chinese Mestizo
At the beginning of the 19th century, economic
and political changes in Europe affects Spanish
and consequently the Philippines. The
elimination of the galleon trade, Manila
became open almost without restriction by the
mid-1830s. Economic progresses in the
Philippines during the 19th century resulted the
use of new breed of rich and influential Filipino
middle class, the class composed of Spanish
and Chinese mestizos ascended to position of
power in the Philippine Society.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The Social Background
c. The Rise of the Inquilinos
Contextually, the 19th century inquilino (tenant)
system in the Philippines is better understood
as a qualified system of tenancy or the right to
use land in exchange for sent.
The Elimination of the Galleon Trade and
Opening of Suez Canal gave way to intensive
rice cultivation and production of crossinquilinos paid or fixed rent and was
determined by the size and quality of land
being cultivated.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The Political Landscape
Under these political influencer are:
a.
Liberalism
• is a worldview founded on ideas of freedom
and equality. Political philosophies consider
individual liberty and underscore individual
rights and equality and opportunity.
Liberalism in the Philippines was introduced
and modelled in the Philippines was
introduced and modelled by Governor –
General Carlos Maria De La Torre, who held
the position from 1869 to 1871, widely
considered the most beloved Spanish
governor assigned in the Philippines.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The Political Landscape
Under these political influencer are:
b. The Impact of the Bourbon Reforms
• the Spanish Bourbon King Philip V,
advocated to reform and modify the
Spanish empire. These policy changes as
the Bourbon reforms endeavored to curtail
contraband commerce, reclaim control
over transatlantic trade, restrict the church
power, reform state finances. Bourbon
policy become more advantageous to the
Philippines which was under Spain from
1565 to 1898.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
The Political Landscape
Under these political influencer are:
c. The Cadiz Constitution
• Spain promulgated the Cadiz Constitution
in March 1812. The Cadiz constitution was
the first constitution in Europe to deal
with
national
sovereignty.
This
constitution was very influential as liberal
constitution which vested sovereignty in
the people, recognized the equality of all
men and the individual liberty of the
citizen, and granted the right of suffrage.
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City
An Autonomous University
College of Arts and Sciences
Sources:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/history
https://classroom.synonym.com/three-types-of-history-sources12081403.html
https://www.importantindia.com/23240/importance-of-history-in-ourlife/#:~:text=History%20is%20a%20good%20subject%20for%20career%20and,
lawyers%20base%20their%20legal%20arguments%20on%20past%20cases.