HISTORY Paper One Topic Four: Civil Resistance in South Africa - What was the nature of the civil society resistance? - Understand how the apartheid state had crushed opposition. - What was the opposition in SA by 1970. - How did the Black movement challenge the Apartheid State? - Role of Steve Biko and Factors that led to the Soweto uprising. - Understand whether students were influenced by the black conscious movement. - Legacy of Black Consciousness on South African politics. - What are the internal and external pressures on the SA government in the 1980s. - Analyse the factors that attempted to erode the national party control and white power. - How did the Botha government attempt to deal with increased opposition. - Total onslaught total strategy - Repression and reform - Internal pressure - Response to Botha’s reforms. - External pressure - International anti-apartheid movements - Boycotts - Support for the anti-apartheid struggles. Paper Two Topic Two: Independent Africa - How was independence realised in africa? - How did the newly independent states in Africa meet the political, economic and social challenges? - In-depth exploration of two comparative examples. congo/zaire and tanganyika/tanzania - Political challenges, issues, role of leaders, colonialism - Economic challenges, differing ideologies and colonialism - Social challenges, colonialism and tribalism - What were the benefits of independence - How was angola impacted by the cold war - In-depth analysis of the Angolan civil war and how it became a proxy war. - Africa drawn into the cold war - Outbreak of civil war Reasons for foreign involvement Significance of battle of cuito cuanavale Topic Three: Civil Society Protest - What forms of civil society protests emerged - What was the Civil rights movement - In-depth analysis of actions taken in the south to further civil rights for african americans - Reasons and origins of the civil rights movement - Role, impact and influence of MLK and influence of passive resistance on MLK - Civil rights organisations - Forms of protests through disobedience - Montgomery bus boycott - Greensboro sit-in - Education desegregation - Protest marches - Short term and long term gains - National awareness - Legislation - Attitudes and values - The Black Power Movement - In-depth analysis of how it developed - Origins and influences - Roles of stokely and malcolm - Methods of protest - Other forms of civil society protests - In-depth analysis of other civil protests. Topic Five: The coming of democracy in South Africa - How did SA emerge as a democracy and how did they come to terms with the past. - How was the settlement and unity achieved? - In-depth analysis of how SA overcame a number of obstacles. - Secret negotiations with the ANC exile - Unbanning of organisations - Breakdown of negotiations - Multi-party negotiation process resumes - Ongoing violence right wing and left wing responses. - Attempts to derail negotiations flare up - AWB invasion of world trade center - - Final road to democracy in 1994 How has SA chosen to remember the past - In-depth analysis of how SA redressed grievances - Truth and reconciliation commission - Reasons for the TRC - Restorative justice and the TRC hearings - Debates concerning the TRC - Responses of political parties and reasons for responses to the TRC and the final report of the TRC LIFE SCIENCES Paper One Life at molecular, cellular and tissue level - DNA - Code of life - DNA Structure and coding - How the work of many scientists allowed watson and crick to unravel genetic code - The structure and location of DNA and RNA - The simple structure of nucleotides. (ATCG) - The mitochondrial DNA also exists and remains unaltered. - Protein synthesis - The process of transcription of mRNA from DNA and where it takes place in the cell. (role of polymerase) - The translation of mRNA into specific proteins and where it takes place. (amino acids and tRNA) - How aberrations occur; definitions and effect of point frameshift mutations. (refer to insertion, deletion and substitution) - Application of DNA technology - Non-coding DNA is used for fingerprinting and the significance. - The role of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) - Interpretation and importance of a DNA fingerprint. - Meiosis - Location of chromosomes in cells and their structures - Significance of chromosomes in cell division - The difference between haploid and diploid number and the significance - Where, when and why meiosis takes place - The process of DNA replication as part of interphase. - The process and terminology of meiosis - - About chromosomal mutations that can arise - How to work with karyotypes Genetics and Genetic engineering - Inheritance - (MENDEL) the gene as a unit of inheritance, how it relates to chromosomes and the terms allele and gene pool. - The terms, genome, filial generations, gametes, phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant and recessive. - How monohybrid crosses occur, and how expected and actual phenotypic/genotypic ratios are derived. - Continuous characteristics tend to be polygenic in origin and are controlled by a few alleles. - How gene mutations may lead to speciation by producing variation. - What the human genome project is. - How pedigrees work. - Genetic Engineering - The meaning of the terms genetic engineering, recombinant DNA tech, GMOs and biotech. - Modifications take place using restrictions by modifying genetic materials. - How bacterial plasmids are used in medical applications. - Gene therapy as a means for correcting the cause of disorders. - GMO crops and the process of plant tissue cloning. - Impact of polyploidy in plant biology. - What transgenic organisms are. - What clones are and the process of animal cloning - Artificial selection. - Hybrid vigour and the tendency of a cross-bred individual to be more resilient. Life processes in plants and animals - Human Endocrine System - Location of these endocrine glands - Hypothalamus,pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads and other reproductive hormones. - Disorders of the endocrine system - Concept of homeostasis as a means of maintaining a stable internal environment - General role of negative feedback in homeostasis - - - Reproduction in Flowering plants - Similarities and differences between asexual and sexual reproduction - The advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction - The male and female parts of the flower and their functions - That fertilised ovules develop into seeds and the ovary into fruit - The difference between pollination and fertilisation - How asexual/sexual reproduction has historically led to improved food crops - How asexual/genetic engineering techniques are of benefit to food production and solving current food crises - Sexual reproduction is used in the production of new and improved varieties Diversity of reproductive strategies - How reproductive strategies maximise reproductive success in different environments. - External fertilisation vs internal - Ovipary, ovovivipary, vivipary - Amniotic egg - Parental care Human reproduction - The structure and function of human male and female reproductive systems - Male reproductive parts and their functions - Distinction between sperm/semen and erection/ejaculation - Female reproductive parts and their functions - The changes in the structures during puberty - That sperm and egg cells are produced in the germinal epithelium by meiosis. - The structure of a sperm - The menstrual cycle emphasising the roles of FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone - Development of primary follicle into Graafian follicle and ovulation - Concept of ferilisation - Structure and function of placenta, umbilical cord, amnion and amniotic fluid - Initiation of labour and birth by changing hormones - Contraception methods Environmental Studies - Population Ecology - - - - - - Definition of individual, population, community and ecosystem Size of a population is affected by immigration, emigration, mortality and births The effects of limiting factors on population growth Sampling methods - Mark recapture - method, precautions, calculation of population size - Quadrats - method, precautions, calculation of population size - Census - methods, limitations The importance of random sampling The definition of predator-prey relationships - Study two examples of predator-prey relationships from the south african context The impact of food webs and social organisation on population The species compete with each other for resources - Interspecific and intraspecific competition for food - Survival is determined by successful access to resources - Ecological niche defines resources and conditions necessary for survival of each species Ways of reducing competition - One strategy among plants - One strategy among animals The concept of ecological succession The social organisation enhances survival - Benefits of herds or flocks as a predator avoidance - Packs as a successful hunting strategy - Animals with a dominant breeding pair - Division of tasks among castes The application of population dynamics to humans populations - Reasons of exponential human population growth - Forecasts of human population growth in south africa Paper Two Evolution - Origin of an idea about origins - That the scientific theory of evolution emerges from different lines evidence - The role of erasmus darwin - Fundamental aspects of evolution - Macroevolution as patterns, trends and rates of changes over time - Darwin’s theory of evolution from previous life forms by natural selection - That natural selection operates on variation in inherited characteristics. - That artificial selection mimics natural selection - Formation of new species - The concept of a biological species - The two main causes of variation in organisms; mutations caused by changes in in base sequences and mutations can be neutral, lethal or beneficial - Mutations lead to genotypic variations in populations which may appear in the phenotype. - Cross breeding methods - The founder effect using ONE example relevant in south africa - The concepts of convergence and divergence in evolution - Mechanism of speciation for producing new species - Mechanisms of reproductive isolation - Breeding at different times of the year - Species-specific courtship - Adaptation to different pollinators - Hominid Studies - That the science of hominid study depends on fossilised remains, genetic evidence and archaeology - The hominids are bipedal animals in the fossil record - The hominid sequence proposed by scientists, rough dates, trend magnum, teeth and jaws - Australopithecus afarensis - Australopithecus africanus - Australopithecus sediba - Homo naledi - Homo habilis - Homo erectus - Homo neanderthalensis - Homo Sapiens - How bipedalism, fire-making, tool-making, language and culture can be interdependent - The out of africa hypothesis and evidence for african origin of all modern humans - That all modern humans are genetically very closely related to each other and to primates - Evolution in present times - Examples of evolution in progress GEOGRAPHY Paper One Geographical Skills - Using verbal, quantitative and symbolic data forms such as text, pictures, graphs, tables, diagrams and maps. - Practising field observation and mapping, interviewing people, interpreting sources and working with statistics - Applying communication, thinking, practical and social skills - Practising and following skills - Identifying questions and issues - Collecting and structuring info - Processing, interpreting and evaluating data - Making decisions and judgements - Deciding on a point of view - Suggesting solutions to problems Climate and Weather - Mid-latitude Cyclones - General characteristics - Areas where mid-latitude cyclones form - Conditions necessary for their formation - Stages of development and related weather conditions - Weather patterns associated - Reading and interpreting satellite images and synoptic weather maps - Tropical Cyclones - General characteristics - Areas where they form - Factors necessary for their formation - Stages of development - Associated weather patterns - Reading and interpreting - Case study - Impact they have on humans - Strategies to help - Subtropical Anticyclones - Location of high pressure cells - General characteristics - - Air circulation around south africa and its influence on weather and climate Travelling disturbances associated Reading and interpreting Valley Climates - The microclimate of valleys - Development of anabatic and katabatic winds, inversions, frost pockets and radiation fog - The influence of local climates on human activities Urban climates - Reasons for differences between rural and urban climates - Urban heat islands causes and effects - Concepts of pollution domes - Strategies to reduce the heat island effect Geomorphology - Drainage systems in south africa - Important concepts; drainage basin, catchment area, river system, watershed, tributary, river mouth, source, confluence, water table, surface run-off and groundwater - Types of rivers; permanent periodic, episodic and exotic - Drainage patterns; dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, centripetal, deranged and parallel drainage density - Stream order - Use of topographic maps to identify stream order and density - Discharge of a river; laminar and turbulent flow, hydrographs - Fluvial Processes - River profiles; transverse profile, longitudinal profile and their relationships to different stages of a river - Identification and description of fluvial landforms; meanders, oxbow lakes, braided streams, floodplain, natural levee, waterfall, rapids and delta - River grading - Rejuvenation of rivers - River capture - Superimposed and antecedent drainage patterns - Catchment and River management - Importance of managing drainage basins and catchment areas - Impact of people on drainage basins and catchment areas - Case study Rural and Urban Settlement - Study of settlements - Concept of settlements - Site and situation - Rural and urban settlements - Settlement classification - - - - - - Rural Settlements - How site and situation affect the location - Classification according to pattern and function - Reasons for different shapes of settlements - Land use in rural settlements Rural Settlements Issues - Rural-urban migration - Causes and consequences of rural depopulation - Case Study - Social Justice issues in rural areas Urban Settlements - The origin and development - How site and situation affect the location - Classification of urban settlements according to function Urban Hierarchies - The concepts of urban hierarchy - Lower and higher order functions, services, centres - Lower and higher order centres Urban Structure and Patterns - Internal structure and patterns of urban settlements - Models of urban structure - Changing urban patterns and land use in south african cities Urban Settlement Issues - Recent urbanisation patterns and trends in south africa - Urban issues related to rapid urbanisation - The growth of informal settlements and associated issues - A case study Economic geography of South Africa - Structure of the economy - Economic sectors - Contribution of various economic sectors - Use of current stats and graphical info - Agriculture - Contribution of agriculture - The role of small scale farmers and large scale farmers - Main products produced - - - - - Factors that favour and hinder agriculture - The importance of food security - A case study Mining - Contribution of mining - Significance of mining - Factors that favour and hinder mining - A case study Secondary and Tertiary Sectors - Contribution to south african economy - Types of industries - Factors influencing industrial development in south africa - South africa’s industrial regions - Gauteng; Durban Pinetown, Port Elizabeth- Uitenhage, South-Western Cape - Factors influencing their location - Main industrial activities - Case Study Quaternary Sector - Future growth and maintenance of this sector Strategies for Industrial Development - Overview of post-apartheid industrial development strategies - Concept and distributions of IDZs - A case study of a spatial development Initiative - Issues associated with industrial centralisation and decentralisation Informal Sector - Concept and characteristics of informal sector employment - Reasons for high informal sector employment - Challenges facing South Africa informal sector - A case study
