CHAPER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Human activities are common features at pandam wildlife park. Tourists seeking answers to
various questions around the wildlife park are often seen digging for clues, others write on walls
to leave an identity while others try to take with them some piece of artifacts from the sites. In
the process posing great threat to the sustainable tourism development of tourist site globally.
Human activities are important in conservation of tourist sites (Loulansi and Lowlanski 2011).
With the current rise in disturbing to note that quality of tourist site continue to deteriorates at the
hands of humanity. This calls for significant global mindset change towards identifying and
reducing impacts of human activities which are poising environmental, economic and ecotourism
damage at tourist sites.
These are purposeful human behavior where most people do or cause something to happen
(Murphy and Gabriel, 2010). The negative impacts of such behavior pose serious to sustainable
tourism development at tourist sites as vital data about them is destroyed, distorted or stolen.
Human activities can take the form of vandalism (Scott et.al 2007; Gaighe 2011 Ceccato and
Haining 2005; Nickens et, 1981), heritage and tourism property crimes (association of chief
police officers 2013; Ruoss and Alfare, 2013, Brodie et.al 2000), and landscape degradation due
to human negligence (Van Kooten and Bultte 2000; addisin, 2008; Pwiti, 2011; Godwin et.al
1997; Kruger 2006; Alkinson 2005). Authorized and unauthorized human practices (Leshika
Denton and Scott-Ireton, 2006, Breen 2007; Global heritage fund, 2009,; Thorsell and Sigaty,
2007; Von Clausewitz, 1999; Ruoss and Alfare; 2013; pricw, 2005), defacing (Philips 2004,
English heritage 2004, Kolar 2008 Ndoro and Pwiti 2009; Ruoss and Alfare 2013; price 2010;
Borges et.al 2011; Cole et.al 1999) and poor management and planning at managerial level
(Borges et.al 2011; global heritage fund 2010; Ruoss and Alfare, 2013), the various human
activities make it difficult for destination mangers to achieve sustainable tourism development
1
without meaningful information about the kind of activities humans undertake at the particular
destination of reference.
Sustainable tourism development is a difficult concept to operation (Berno and Bricker 2001)
academic market (Neto, 2003, Dinica (2009) meaning and Dougherty, 1995; Gilmore and
Simmons 2007; Stoddaard, Evans and Dave 2008). However the common trait among them is
the benefit of today’s generation without compromising the ability of the same resources to
benefit equally future generations. In the attempt to achieve sustainable tourism development
there are three component are socio-cultural sustainability that aim at attaining inter and
intragenerational equality (Mckercher, 2003; Preston, 2006 Muigua and Francis 2000 Gobaisi,
2004; Austrialina heritage commission 2000), Environmental sustainability were the
precautionary principle and maintenance of diversity are key (Sultton 2004; Otto, 2010;
Australian heritage commission 2000,IUCN council, 2007; Kausar, 2012). Economic
sustainability were recognizing product quality and interdependences between economic and
ecological system are important principles (Morelli, 2011; Borges et.al 2011; Otto 2010).
Based on the above understanding of sustainable tourism, various human activities are affecting
at least one of the three sustainable tourism components for example excavation bad for both
socio-cultural and the environmental at the site.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Pandam Wildlife Park in Plateau State Nigeria has been under human destructive activities over
the years. The nature reserve is friendly losing its law and forest due to constant human
activities, such as:
Hunting of wild animals, theft of artifacts, wildfire and tampering with aesthetic appeal of the
site
Environmental hazards example air pollution, water pollution, human pressure, land degradation
and deforestation affect tourist site in the park
Mismanagement also affect tourist site inflow
Lack of enforcement of laws and legislation affect pandam wildlife park
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1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study
Aim
The aim of the research is examining The Impact of Human Activities in Pandam Wildlife Park
for Sustainability of Tourist flow in Plateau State Nigeria.
Objectives of the study
i. To examine the impact of human activities affecting sustainability of tourist flow of
Pandam Wildlife Park.
ii. To identify environmental hazard on sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife.
Park
iii. To examine the impact of mismanagement on sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam
Wildlife Park
iv. To assess the impact of law enforcement in Pandam Wildlife Park
1.4 Research questions
i. What is the impact of human activity affecting sustainability of tourist flow of
Pandam Wildlife Park.
ii. What is the environmental hazard in Pandam Wldlife Park.
iii. What is the impact of mismanagement in Pandam Wildlife Park
iv. What is the impact of law enforcement in Pandam Wildlife Park
1.5 Significance of the study
This study will assist the management of tourism industries of the significance of human
activities and sustainability for tourist sites in growth of the industries. It will also serve a
document in this field of study.
Study will also be a very relevant tool for effective management of tourism industries using the
resource needed for good production and output. As this industry is a service oriented both on
human activities and sustainability of tourist sites in the industry. The industry will make use of
this research work and will go a long way to sustain their organization and the study will e useful
to other researcher in tourism.
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1.6 Scope of the study
The scope of this study is to look critically at the human activities and sustainability in the
tourism industry at pandam wildlife park plateau state Nigeria especially in terms of managing
the tourist sites and the important roles it plays.
1.7 limitation of the study
In all human endeavors there are also problems and constraints. As such this project cannot be an
exception to these constraints. They have limited coverage of certain information in this work.
In the first place there was a financial constraint due to the hard-economic situation in the
country. Also, problem of combining class with project writing, this also limited the coverage of
the study to be wider than this.
1.8 Operational definition of terms
Human activities: Are the various activities done by people, for instead it include leisure
entertainment, industry, recreation, war and exercise.
Sustainable tourism: Is the concept of visiting somewhere as a tourist and trying to make a
positive impact on the environment, society and economy.
Tourist site: Is a place of interest where tourist visit, typically for an exhibited of natural or
cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty offering leisure and amusement.
Wildlife park: Refer to undomesticated animal species, but has come to include as organisms
that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans.
Ecotourism: Are tourism directed toward exotic, often threatened, natural environments
intended to support conservation effort and observe wildlife.
Environmental sustainability: Is the rates of renewable resource harvest, pollution creation and
non-renewable depletion that can be continued indefinitely.
Economic sustainability: Refers to practices that support long-term economic growth without
negatively impacting, social, environmental and cultural aspect of the community.
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Conservation: Is the preservation or efficient use of resources, or the conservation of various
quantities under physical laws.
Strategy: A plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim.
Tourist flow: Refers to the spatial patterns of tourists visiting a city. It provides information that
is important in managing tourism and providing services and goods that are appropriate for
tourists and residents.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the review of relevant literatures related to the study. Under the following
headings:

Wildlife park management in Nigeria

Human Activities Affecting Sustainable Tourism Development of Pandam Wildlife Park

Environmental Hazard Affecting Pandam Wildlife Park

Mismanagement Affecting Sustainable Tourism Development of Pandam Wildlife Park

Law Enforcement in Sustainable Tourism Development in Pandam Wildlife Park

Strategies on Improving Sustainable Tourism Development at Pandam Wildlife Park

Summary of Review
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.1.1 Background of Wildlife Park Management in Nigeria
The ultimate goal of wildlife management is to stop extinction of many endangered species, but
in today’s situation, this is almost an impossible task due to many different ecological problems
such as climate change and pollution. According to him, many animals are in trouble due to
habitat loss, and some are threatened with the invasive species. Improving animal habitat is the
key to success and this can be achieved with several different techniques such as reforestation
and pest control amongst others (Caro, 2013).
As the world faces some of its greatest challenges through climate change, Wari
disclosed that protected areas’ values are ascending. They help to mitigate the extent of climate
change by storing carbon in forests and grasslands, soils and marine areas that would otherwise
be emitted into or stored in the atmosphere. He said that protected areas also assist in adaptation
to climate change: they are a source of fresh water and other environmental goods and services,
while also buffering the effects of natural disasters. The overall objective of the Nigeria National
Park Service is the establishment of an ecologically and geographically balanced network of
protected areas under the jurisdiction and the control of the Federal Government. Wildlife
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management is multidimensional task that needs to view things from many different perspectives
before choosing the perfect technique for given wildlife habitat. This makes wildlife
management very complex science, which makes things very difficult for wildlife managers
(Musyoki, 2012).
Conservation of wildlife in Nigeria started in 1916 when the Eastern Nigeria Game Law
was enacted. The Western and Northern Nigeria enacted subsequently game laws in 1928 and
1963 respectively. Essentially, the game laws were enacted for the preservation of the abundant
wild animals. The government in pursuit of wildlife and ecosystem conservation promulgated a
Decree in 1991 which formerly established Old Oyo National
Park and three others which are Gushaka Gumti National Park, Cross River National Park
and Chad Basin National park. Yankari was later added to the family of national parks by the
Federal Executive Council under a special request from the Bauchi state government. It was
gazetted as a national park by the National Park Order of 1993, bringing the number of national
parks in Nigeria to six (6), this is in addition to Kainji Lake National Park that was established in
1995. In 1999, yet another law was passed repealing Decree 36 of 1991 and replacing it with
Decree 46 of 1999, creating two additional national parks (Kamuka and Okomu). The current
National Park Law (Decree 46) is perhaps one of the most progressive laws on the subject in any
country in the world today (Margaba, 2020). Nigeria is a federation with a three tier system of
government. Each tier of government has responsibility to protect, control and manage specific
types of protected areas. Thus, the local government councils are responsible for communal
forest areas (CFA); the state governments are responsible for forest reserves, game reserves and
sanctuaries, while the federal government controls and manages National Parks under the
legislative list. Under this arrangement there are about 1,129 forest reserves, 29 games reserves,
4 game sanctuaries, 2 strict nature reserve and 8 national parks in the country (Marguba, 2020).
In understanding human activities in protected areas Molla, Mekonnen, Alemu, (2021)
discovered that the areas play a significant role in conserving biodiversity and essential
ecosystem services that sustain the wellbeing of humanity. As the world’s human population
increases, however, these ecologically vital resources are facing a considerable degradation
because of the ever-increasing demand for energy, food, fiber, shelter, etc. This study therefore
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looks at human activities affecting sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park
2.1.2 Human Activities Affecting sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park
Human settlements are habitats for the human population. Hence, they are recognized as
ecosystems. The deleterious impacts of man on the natural environment have been widely
reported. This has led to the disruption of basic functions and services provided by the
ecosystem, hence termed ecosystem degradation (Elizabeth and Bisong, 2019). For example,
habitat loss, fragmentation, and destruction are directly linked to the over-exploitation of forest
resources leading to the loss of forest biodiversity. These activities are aggravated as a result of
poor forest law and regulations and weak economic policies, especially in African countries. In
this region, there is over-dependence on forest products as a result of over-population. Protected
areas are often encroached upon by neighboring communities for settlement, farming, hunting,
logging, firewood collection, and other activities. Nigerian forest regions are under pressure from
various anthropogenic activities and developmental projects. The current advocacy is anchored
on the protection of forest resources and sustainable utilization within the ambience of social
forestry, which defines a cordial relationship between the local settlers and forest management
(Ogbonnaya, 2019).
Pandam Wildlife Park is popular in Nigeria, and it is one of the oldest protected areas in African
rainforests, notable for its biodiversity. It was established in 1972 in Plateau State, Nigeria. It is
home to many animals and plants that are rarely found in other parts of the country. It is a center
of tourist attraction but now gradually losing its intended purpose of creation. The original aim
was to enable tourists to appreciate the natural endowment present in Nigeria and conserve the
bioresources present for posterity. There are many species of reptiles and mammals. The latter
include elephants, baboons, antelopes, and other games. Species of birds are copious, while the
rivers are rich in fish species. Diverse economic trees are present to support the wildlife in
maintaining a balanced ecosystem. At present, the park is fast losing its core values due to
anthropogenic activities in and around the park. Human settlements around the park have also
been linked to over-exploitation of the forest resources due to over-dependence on forest
products for economic gains and survival. Human activities, especially wood extraction,
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agricultural activities, hunting, and burning, have created an unabated pressure on the forest.
This study therefore look at the environmental hazard affecting pandam wildlife park
2.1.3 Environmental Hazard Affecting Pandam Wildlife Park
Apart from poaching and indiscriminate killing of wildlife, the game population of Nigeria’s
forest has been considerably reduced because the thick forest which provide shade and refuge for
them have been drastically reduced as a result of deforestation (Agbogidi, 2012). There are
various views about what constitute threat to African forest among researchers. To Ogbonnaya
(2019) the worst threat to Africa forests is commercial logging. This activity inflicts large scale
devastation on forest cover within a short time. To Adeyoju (2011) and Agbogidi (2012), found
that the greatest enemy of the forest ecosystem is the traditional farming system, otherwise
known as bush-fallow or shifting cultivation which on the average is responsible for the
destruction of 200 square kilometres of potential forests in a year. Writing on Cross River
National Park (CRNP) Ife, (2013) found that threats to the integrity of CRN park was derive
mainly from hunting and farming by the local population, due to the challenges of hunting, bush
burning, failing of trees etc in our environment, scholars have argued that poaching is
significantly not an activity that local people engage in for the purpose of deriving leisure, but
one which is associated with their socio-economic upliftment.
To foster socio-ecological equity without any disregard to the legal provision establishing the
park. A new approach to conservation based upon local participation and sustainable utilization
of resources was suggested. The rationale for local community involvement in tourism project
according to sub-section 4.1.3 of 2005 National Tourism Policy for Nigeria is to ensure that the
local communities drive economic benefits from the tourism projects operating in their area.
Such benefits are as equipment, income generation, infrastructural development and preservation
of local heritage. This study therefore looks at the mismanagement affecting sustainable tourism
development of pandam wildlife park
2.1.4 Mismanaging affecting Pandam Wildlife Parkfor sustainability of tourist flow
Pandam Wildlife Park Plateau State is the home of rare animal, stunning views and so on.
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Pandam Game Reserve was established by the Benue- Plateau State Legal Notice number 1 of
1972 with October 20, 1975 the date of commencement. It is a great natural animal habitation
where many tourists and researchers from foreign countries come and explore different aspects.
However, the Pandam Game Reserve now faces years of neglect. Veering off the road towards
the reserve, the deploring state of the tourist village, which is supposedly chalets to
accommodate tourists, hidden among towering trees, is the first thing any visitors stares at. There
is also a multipurpose hall standing strong but obviously in need of a desperate make over,
otherwise, the stakeholders cannot get the benefits of this structure. The game reserve is situated
beside the Lafia-Shandam Road to the north of the Benue river. Moreover, it is barely a distance
of 60 kilometres to Lafia, the capital of Nasarawa State, therefore, there is a great potential to
draw numerous tourists to this place. The rate of corruption in Nigeria is a huge discouragement
to tourism, and this hinders the country from been a tourist destination (Osinubi et al., 2021).
However, there is a need for quality and effective management of tourism and tourist
destinations in Nigeria (Adeleke and Ogunsusi, 2019). This would however bring investors into
the country, and thus foster sustainable tourism development (Jemirade, 2021). Planning and
management entails personnel and qualified individuals who are skilled in the aspect of tourism
(Mason, 2003). Some of the management problems include security, infrastructural amenities,
promotion and awareness, funding and financing, attitude and image (Ndanusa, Harada, and
Islam, 2014).
A study by Da’an, Jidangkat, Chaskda, and Mwansat (2020) shows the presence of some human
activities, such as logging, firewood collection, fishing, farm encroachment, cattle grazing and
poaching in Pandam Game Reserve. If left uncontrolled, the implication of these socioeconomic
activities in Pandam Game Reserve could result to biodiversity loss (Da’an et al., 2020). A multistakeholder approach and participatory management of the reserve which considers the
socioeconomic concerns of locals have been suggested as a critical component for building
cooperation (Da’an et al., 2020).
However, Eagles (2021) states that ineffective management of ecotourism causes negative
impact on protected area resources. It provides an alternative mechanism of resource utilization
which may bring adverse impact on environmental resources (Sreekumar and Parayil, 2022).
According to Nimmak, Phil-Eze, Ezenwaji and Onwuadiochi (2020), Pandam Game Reserve is
10
faced with environmental challenges, such as destruction of wildlife species, unauthorized
deforestation and inadequate infrastructure, and they assert that: government should invest in the
ecotourism industry, facilities needed in the industry should be upgraded and/or provided, private
investors should be encouraged, unauthorized logging and poaching should be abated, and
capacity building for community members should be encouraged. This study therefore look at
law enforcement in sustainable tourism development in pandam wildlife park
2.1.5 Law Enforcement in Sustainability of Tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park
The general theory of community development is concerned with the adoption and
implementation of various resource allocations that can enhance the well-being of a people.
Three models of planning as regards the development of protected areas are recognized. They
are the neutral or idealistic, progressive and regressive models of planning (Elizabeth and
Bisong, 2019). The neutral or idealistic models involve the adoption of distant method of
resource allocation. This would involve the designation of protected areas without due
negotiations with the support communities. The progressive model of planning is concerned
with the involvement of all stakeholders in the planning process such that needs are channeled to
the appropriate actions.
The regressive model involves the selection and administration of the planning process in ways
that favour the most effluent group within the environment. An example of this is seen within
protected area whereby the various conservation processes are designed, executed and income
generated are used solely for the management of park. The planning model in use within
protected areas frequently accounts for level of cooperation that will result between the
management and the surrounding communities.
Planning models which include local community participation, more often than not, is
possible for the spate of increased conflicts witnessed in many protected areas. However,
planning models that take into consideration the involvement of these communities frequently
results in the co-management of such regions where both parties are stakeholders in the success
or failure of outlined objectives.
The planning models in use within protected areas also
accounts for the management approaches that will be adopted. Elizabeth and Bisong (2019)
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analyzed three approaches that are useful in understanding the planning and administration of
protected areas.
They include the Top-down, mixed management and bottom-up management approaches.
The top-down management approach involved a command management in which the
management of protected areas is strictly controlled by the park authorities while the local
communities have no direct control or power in the administration and management of the park
and its resources. Revenues accruing from eco-tourism are not allocated to the surrounding
communities or utilized to enhance their standard of living.
The second approach, which illustrates resources management in protected areas, is the
mixed top-down and bottom-up approaches, which attempts to partially involve local
communities in the management and administration of park areas. The resultant effects of such
attempts have created impacts. The third park management approach that can be considered is
the bottom-up community participation.
This management strategy involves a total and
complete participation of the indigenous people in the management of park affairs.
The
management approach in use within a region often adversely affects the development options to
be put in place by the park administrators.
For example, management approaches that exclude communities in the decision making
processes will not be thoroughly acquainted with the preferred development needs of the
communities, as opposed to management approaches that involve the communities in its decision
taking processes and as such are well ground in the selected development choices of the
communities.
In Nigeria, the management approach employed in protected areas is the mixed top-down
and bottom-up approach. This entails the application of ‘carrot’ of public benefit and a ‘stick’ of
regulations and enforcement in the villages within and bordering the park. The mechanism for
the realization of this goal is a Support Zone Community Programme. The Support Zone
Community Programme placed considerable emphasis on the following:
I.
Effective agricultural extension service.
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II.
Employment of indigenes of support zone as the key development activity in the support
zone.
III.
Wildlife management.
IV.
Road maintenance.
V.
Development of small scale industries.
The objectives of the extension work were to improve management practice on farms. To
introduce better varieties of existing crops, to maximize production on existing agricultural area
and reduce the requirement for new agricultural land.
In accordance with conservation objectives, the priority in which development assistance was to
be provided to support zone villages was based on the proximity to and perceived impact of each
village on the area constituting the park. The primary intention of the Support Zone Community
Programme was therefore to create a buffer zone around the protected area in a bid to reduce
apparent threats to the park from incursion, resources use and forest loss. The hope was to keep
major human impacts a greater distance than a conventional physical boundary would do, and to
do so in a way that helps, rather than host local communities. The Support Zone Community
Programme placed emphasis on the mutual dependence of the park and nearby communities, an
important theme in the community-based conservation strategy. The Support Zone Community
Programme is what has been put in place for the management of Pandam Wildlife Park. Thus,
this study will examine the effectiveness of Support Zone Community Programme for wildlife
conservation and tourism management in Pandam wildlife park in order to see the effectiveness
as well as the limitations of the approach. This study therefore look atstrategies on improving
sustainability of tourist flow at pandam wildlife park
2.1.6 Strategies on Improving sustainability of tourist flow at Pandam Wildlife Park
Security is very essential in every aspect of tourism management: security of workers from
zoonotic diseases and attack by wild animals; security of tourists, and security of eco-destination
and biodiversity therein from encroachment and destruction. If an eco-destination such as a
national park is destroyed by fire the attractive virtues of the resources that sustain tourists will
be lost, and it becomes unpopular. Similar situation happens when an eco-destination is flooded.
Flooding of a wildlife park destroys many faunas and negatively affects the landscape of the site,
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and tourists will be discouraged from visiting the destination (Ijeomah and Aiyeloja, 2011).
Pandam Wildlife Park is not visited for tourism during the rainy season because of the flooded
nature of the park, which hinders accessibility to the destination during that period (Ijeomah and
Emelue, 2019). Consequence upon the Tsunami disaster as a result of the over flown Indian
ocean the government of Sri Lanka complained of lost of about 200,0000 jobs due to tremendous
decrease in tourists visitation (Ashley, 2015). Though ecotourists prefer travelling to pristine
areas for the sake of vivid experience in viewing of wild animals in their natural environment,
mountain climbing, canoeing, walking along nature trails, studying endemic flora, hearing
natural sounds made by wild animals and flowing water bodies, and interacting with existing
cultural manifestations in a local setting, one of the management priorities of tourism outfits is to
guarantee their security. Safety of tourists and security of tourism operations contributes
immensely in guaranteeing visitation. Death of tourists makes an eco-destination unpopular as
potential tourists feel unprotected. It also reveals management lapses as tourists are supposed to
be properly guarded and guided to ensure their safety.
Wide spread of infectious disease can kill herds of animals such as elephant ( Loxodonta africana
) and buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ) and even affect domestic species (within the same family with
the wild ones) that stray into wildlife parks. A zoonotic disease could be transferred to zoo
keepers, and other persons that live in the lodges and enclave of eco-destinations (Eniang et al.
2011). Destruction of livestock of enclave and neighboring communities by diseases could result
in increased encroachment into the park by households to harness other non timber forest
products for survival as livestock are highly valued as wealth and social capital among
households living close to most protected areas of the world (Eniang, 2011; Mwakatobe 2013) .
Killing of game guards and zoo keepers by wild animals apart from being loss of ‘lives and
experience’ momentarily endangers tourists present within the destination at that time and
disrupts tourism operations. The killing of the head of carnivores section of Jos Wildlife Park, in
1970s by a lion inside an enclosure threatened staff of the park, endangered tourists and park
host communities as the entrance to lions’ den was left open, and the four individuals of lion
therein came out of their enclosure (Ijeomah, 2013).The destination was declared a danger zone
until men of the Nigerian Police Force invited by the Plateau State Tourism Corporation arrived
at the scene and shot them dead. Similarly, a lion has once killed a person at the University of
Ibadan zoo in Nigeria. A onetime herpertologist at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria was killed
14
by snake bite (Ijeomah, 2013).The nation (2013) reported of an experienced animal keeper killed
in an old zoo (established in 1948) in Addisa Ababa, Ethiopia while the Telegram Media limited
(2013) reported of an animal keeper in South Lakes Wild Animal Park killed by a Tiger. All
these deaths were caused by human error notwithstanding that the deceased were ‘well
experienced’ and worked with age – old wildlife/ tourism establishments. This implies that the
management of eco destinations should as frequent as possible remind the animal keepers of the
need to be very careful and cautious while opening animal enclosures, and also educate the
tourists through tour guides on the need to be escorted to the various parts of a tourist destination
by tourism officials, and that animals have right of ways in wildlife parks. In the case of Jos
Wildlife Park animal keepers were instructed to always lock themselves inside the enclosure
while feeding faunas to avoid tourists becoming victims of their mistakes (Ijeomah, 2013).
Adventure tourists want to be thrilled and perhaps frightened but not actually endangered (Cater,
2015). Some of the suggested strategies by Odunlami ( 2015).

To arrest deforestation, it is important to create a network of protected areas where the
forests are protected from encroachment

Improving the quality of resource information. New technologies offer considerable
promise in improving resource assessment. Remote sensing using radar imagery,
geographic positioning systems and geographic information system can assist in
assessing forest cover and identifying problem areas.

Improvements in forest management require sincere commitments on the part of both
government and industry to make real changes.

Promoting the use of agro forestry i.e. the practice of growing trees with agricultural
crops or livestock on the same parcel of land.

Industrial plantation of fast-growing trees have a great potential for satisfying much of
the demand for forest products and at the same time, reducing the need to exploit the
natural forest. Tree planting and the protecting of existing vegetation from fire, grazing
and land clearing should be encouraged and the appropriate incentives should be offered.

True participation of all interest groups like communities, companies, local government,
and other land users is needed in planning and execution of policies.
15

More support is needed for national and international Research into forestry and other
land uses for combating deforestation.

Highest priority should be given to reforms to natural resource policies and other policies
affecting forestlands. More support must be given to public education and awareness
building campaigns about forest sector issues.
In order to attain sustainable tourism development at the site without losing their tourism
value. Firstly, education of tourists through publications issued at the entry point, use of
posters public awareness campaigns and provision of tour guiding service. These result are
use else where and where proven to be useful in combating unsustainable practice at heritage
site (Associate for tourism in higher education 2005, Merivuoho 20011, Zedon 2004, ong
et.al 2014.
Secondly laws and legislations with emphasis placed heavy fines and penalties for deliberate
degradation destruction or alteration of site there is also need to implement policies that are
in the place as number of environmental policies are there but is also need to implement
policies that are in place as a number environmental policies are there but not being use at the
expense of the historic site. These suggestions are consistent with NSW (2018) and Zedon
(2017) agree that availability of correct regulatory frameworks and implementation of
existing policies are critical for sustainable tourism development.
Thirdly is site monitoring and management by proper system in place like carry in and carry
out system of managing litter managing visitor traffic number especially during peak periods
when school children are on holiday, monitoring of activities that people engage in whilst at
the site., these were also noted as effective by Heredge (2017), Graham (2016) and UNESCO
(2017)
Fourthly are the stakeholder involvement and collaboration with emphasis on local
community involvement, government and external stakeholder involvement Borge et.al
(2011) also view these as effective in management of historic sites, next was equal
distribution of funds generated from the site to communities so as reinforce sense of
belonging and ownership of the site, there is also need for supply of sustainable source of
energy as noted by (Quebee 2019).
16
In agreement with Zedon (2019) he also pointed out that is important to have a sustainable
tourism development plan in place. The plan should consider economic, socio-cultural and
environmental aspect related to sustainable tourism development.
2.2 Summary of Review
Based on the above understanding Hunting leads to animal extinction, theft of artifact leads to
loss valuable historical items, wildfire destroy destination attractions ( man-made and natural
attractions), deforestation deface natural beauty of Pandam Wildlife Park, kidnapping scares
visitors movement, civil unrest affect visitors patronage, vandalism damage property of Pandam
Wildlife Park, human activity make it difficult for destination managers to achieve sustainability
of tourist flow, Pandam Wildlife Park is fast losing it core value due to human activity,
overfishing as human activity affect Pandam lake.
Environmental hazard is messing up aesthetic appeal of a Pandam Wildlife Park, deforestation
also contributes in land degradation of Pandam Wildlife Park, noise pollution disturb visitors in
Pandam Wildlife Park, high visitors influx over stretches the infrastructure of Pandam Wildlife
Park, dumping of refuse anyhow in Pandam Wildlife Park is also an environmental hazard., lack
of water way also causes land erosion, farming also contributes in land degradation , lack of
good road to the park is caused by water erosion, tourist also contributes in causing
environmental hazard in Pandam Wildlife Park, wildfire also contributes in land degradation
Lack of supervision of staff affect sustainability of tourist flow, duty roasters helps in controlling
management system in Pandam Wildlife Park, mismanagement of Pandam Wildlife Park is also
caused by insufficient funding is affecting the management of Pandam Wildlife Park, lack of
attention in the park affect sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park, inadequate
government support in providing the park facilities also causes mismanagement Pandam Wildlife
Park, poor education of tourist on does and don’t in Pandam Wildlife Park is affecting the
management of Pandam Wildlife Park, understanding between the park and communities
improves management of Pandam Wildlife Park, entering the Park by the community Pandam
Wildlife Park without permission is causing a set-back to the management of Pandam Wildlife
Park, poor relationship between the management and visitors also causes a set-back to the
17
management of Pandam Wildlife Park, poor knowledge of tourism by staff also caused
mismanagement and affect sustainability of tourist inflow
Implementation of law for any form of destruction of site helps in sustainability of tourist flow in
Pandam Wildlife Park, consideration of welfare for staff on working hours helps in sustainability
of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park, implementation of law with emphasis on the entrance of
the park helps in sustainability of tourist flow Pandam Wildlife Park, implementation of law for
deforestation helps in sustainability of tourist flow , implementation of law on hunting helps in
sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park, implementation of law for theft of artifact
helps in sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park, implementation of law for the
duration of imprisonment helps in sustainability of tourist flow, implementation of law about
movement of outsider in the park helps in sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park ,
implementation of law for dumping of leather anyhow in Pandam Wildlife Park helps in
sustainability of tourist flow , implementation of law for those that temper with the aesthetic
appeal of the site helps in sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park plateau state
Nigeria.
18
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter explains the design of the study, area of the study, sampling method, target
population, instrument for data collection, method of data collection and method of data analysis.
3.2 Research Design
This study uses survey design method. A survey design study according to Mccombes (2021)
research design is a strategy for answering your research question using empirical data
3.3 Study area
Pandam wildlife park was established in 1972 during Gen Yakubu Gowon’s regime. The military
administrator for Benue plateau state was police commissioner J.D Gomwak (Joseph Deshi
Gomwalk).
The idea was conceived at an O.A.U submit in Adis Ababa Ethiopia where African head of state
were mandated to set aside 1/3 of their countries land mass for conservation, so the state
administrator invited Dr. Sylvia Kennedy Sykes to come and render his professional service
since she was a consultant zoologist. After careful survey of the entire state he recommended
Pandam, Waze, Bokono, Pia-river and Jos Park.
Pandam wildlife park was commissioned for public use in 1976 during Gen. Olusegun
Obansanjo’s regime.
Pandam Wildlife Park is located inPandam southern part of qua’anpan local government area
plateau state popularly known as “Home of peace and tourism’’ It is bounded to the South by
Dep-river and to the north by Namu-kongoragom communities. Size of the park 224km2, major
tribe in Pandam are: Doemak, Muryang, Eggon, Hausa. The research work therefore focuses on
the wildlife park.
3.4 Research Target Population
19
This study uses staff of pandam wildlife park comprises the management and staff, pandam,
Aningo and Namu communities. According to Creswell (2012) population is a group of
individuals who have the same characteristics. Target population is a subset of the target
population from which the sample is actually selected (Hu, 2014). Qua’anpan local government
has the total population of 197,276 population census (2006)
3.5 Sampling and Sampling Techniques
The study adopts random sampling method of obtain data from respondents. 100questionnaires
will be served to staffs and management of pandam wildlife park with the above mention
communities. According to (Bosire, 2011, Nyandemo, 2017) sampling technique is the approach
used in taking small group in a large group.
3.6 Data Research Instrument
The researcher used one basic data collection instrument which involves primary source of
information in order to obtain relevant information on the research work. Therefore, for
obtaining good and reliable facts and information, questionnaire (structure) were use for data
collection. According to Ajayi (2017) primary data is collected directly by a researcher in
accordance to their own standards.
3.7 Data collection Procedure
The researcher visits the tourists’ destination and the surrounding communities and administers
questionnaires to the respondents. According to Creswell (2014) the data collection steps include
setting the boundaries for the study, collecting information through structure or unstructured
questionnaires.
3.8 Method of data analysis
The research uses table percentage (%) as analytical parameters to analyze source data from
respondents
20
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter covers the presentation and analysis of the data collected from the respondents through
questionnaires. It also covers discussion of findings, a total of number of hundred (100) questionnaires
was administered by the researcher, and eighty-one (81) questionnaires were filled and returned.
This section covers an analysis of the data collected from the field in order to provide answers to the
research question and to achieve the objectives. The section begins with an analysis of the responses
based on the eighty-one (81) valid questionnaires returned.
4.2 .1 Data presentation and analysis
Number of
Numbers of
Numbers of
questionnaire
return
questionnaires
distributed
questionnaires not return
Namu community
25
23
2
Pandam Community
25
21
4
Pandam wildlife park
25
20
5
Aningo
25
17
8
Total
100
81
19
Source: field survey, 2023
A total of 100 questionnaires were served to staffs and management of Pandam Wildlife Park
with some selected communities who served as respondents. 81 valid questionnaires were filled
and returned.
21
Table 4.2.2 Gender of respondents
Gender
Variable
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Male
58
.71.6
71.6
71.6
Female
23
28.3
28.3
100.0
Total
81
100.0
100.0
Source: Field survey, 2023
According to above table 4.2 it shows that 71.6% of the respondents were male while 28.3% of the
respondents were females. This implies that majority of the respondents were male people highly
participate.
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
Ряд1
20,00%
10,00%
0,00%
Gender
Male
Female
Figure 4.2.2: Date of the chart showing gender of the respondents
22
Table 4.2.3 Age of respondents
Age Variable
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
18-30 years 37
45.7
45.7
45.7
31
and
44
above
54.3
54.3
100.0
Total
100.0
100.0
81
Source: Field survey, 2023
According to above table 4.3 it shows that 45.7% of the respondents were 18-30 years range
while 54.3% of the respondents were 31 and above range. This implies that the majority of
respondents were 31 and above age range.
30,00%
29,00%
28,00%
27,00%
26,00%
25,00%
24,00%
23,00%
Ряд1
Age
18-30 years
31 and
above
Figure 4.2.3: Date of the chart showing age of the respondents
Table 4.2.4 Marital status of respondents
Marital Variable
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Single
40
49.4
49.4
49.4
Married
20
24.7
24.7
74.1
Divorced
21
25.9
25.9
100.0
Total
81
100.0
100.0
23
Source: Field survey, 2023
According to above table 4.2.4 it shows that 49.4% of the respondents were single, and 24.7% of the
respondents were married, while 25.9% of the respondents were divorced. This implies that the
majority of respondents were single.
35,00%
30,00%
25,00%
20,00%
Ряд1
15,00%
10,00%
5,00%
0,00%
Marital
status
Single
Married Divorced
Figure 4.2.4: Date of the chart showing marital status of the respondents
24
Table 4.2.5 Occupation status of respondents
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Trader
33
40.7
40.7
40.7
Farming
10
12.3
12.3
12.3
8
9.9
9.9
15
18.5
18.5
6
7.4
7.4
9
11.1
11.1
81
100.0
100.0
9.9
Teaching
Valid
18.5
Fishing
7.4
Student
Civil
servant
Total
100
Source: Field Survey, 2023
Data in table 4.4 shows that 40.7% are traders, 12.3% are farming, 9.9% are teaching, 18.5% are
fishing, 7.4% are students and 11,1% are civil servants. This implies that majority of the
respondents are traders.
Occupation
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Trader
Farming
Teaching
Fishing
Student
Civil servant
Occupation
Figure 4.2.5
25
Data in the chart shows that 47.1% are traders, 10.0% are farming, 5.7% are teaching, 21.4% are
fishing, 8.6% are students and 7.1% are civil servants.
Table 4.2.6 Impact of human activity affecting sustainability of tourist flow of Pandam Wildlife Park.
ITEMS STATEMENT
SA A
UD
DA
SDA MEAN
REMARK
Hunting leads to animal extinction
Theft of artifact leads to loss valuable historical
items
Wildfire destroy destination attractions ( manmade and natural attractions)
Deforestation deface natural beauty of Pandam
Wildlife Park
Kidnapping scares visitors movement
51
19
4
4
3
4.42
Agree
51
19
4
4
3
4.42
Agree
36
40
0
4
1
4.37
Agree
36
28
0
16
1
4.37
Agree
37
20
3
11
10
4.44
Agree
Civil unrest affect visitors patronage
51
15
0
10
5
4.53
Agree
Vandalism affects Pandam Wildlife Park
Human activity make it difficult for destination
managers to achieve sustainability of tourist flow
Pandam wildlife park is fast losing its core value
due to human activity
Overfishing as human activity affect Pandam lake
Main mean
36
20
7
10
8
4.34
Agree
43
25
0
13
0
4.51
Agree
25
31
5
15
5
4.45
Agree
36
40
0
4
1
4.37
Agree
4.61
Agreed
Source: Field survey, 2023
According to above table 4.2.6 it shows the mean of the respondents on question one, hunting leads to
animal extinction with a mean of 4.61, theft of artifact leads to loss valuable historical items with a mean of
4.42, wildfire destroy destination attractions ( man-made and natural attractions) with a mean of 4.37,
deforestation deface natural beauty of Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.37, kidnapping scares visitors
movement with a mean of 4.44, civil unrest affect visitors patronage with a mean of 4.53, vandalism
damage property of Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.34, human activity make it difficult for
destination managers to achieve sustainability of tourist flow with a mean of 4.51, pandam wildlife park is
fast losing it core value due to human activity with a mean of 4.45 and Overfishing as human activity affect
Pandam lake with a mean of 4.37.
26
Table 4.2.7 Environmental hazard in Pandam Wildlife Park
ITEMS STATEMENT
SA A
UD
DA
SDA MEAN
REMARK
Environmental hazard is destroys aesthetic appeal
nature of Pandam Wildlife Park
Deforestation also contributes in land degradation
of Pandam Wildlife Park
Noise pollution disturb visitors in Pandam Wildlife
Park
Visitors influx over stretches the infrastructure of
Pandam Wildlife Park
Careless dumping of refuse causes environmental
hazard
Lack of water way also causes land erosion
51
15
0
10
5
4.53
Agree
36
20
7
10
8
4.34
Agree
43
25
0
13
0
4.51
Agree
25
31
5
15
5
4.45
Agree
36
40
0
4
1
4.37
Agree
51
19
4
4
3
4.42
Agree
Farming also contributes in land degradation
Lack of good road to the park is caused by water
erosion
Tourist also contributes in causing environmental
hazard in Pandam Wildlife Park
Wildfire also contributes to land degradation
Main mean
39
26
1
15
0
4.55
Agree
36
20
7
10
8
4.34
Agree
21
30
0
0
30
4.25
Agree
39
26
1
15
0
4.55
Agree
4.55
Agreed
Source: Field survey, 2023
According to above table 4.2.7 it shows the mean of the respondents on question two, environmental
hazard is messing up aesthetic appeal of a Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.53, deforestation
also contributes in land degradation of Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.34, noise pollution
disturb visitors in Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.51, high visitors influx over stretches the
infrastructure of Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.45, dumping of refuse anyhow in Pandam
Wildlife Park is also an environmental hazard with a mean of 4.37, lack of water way also causes land
erosion with a mean of 4.42, farming also contributes in land degradation with a mean of 4.55, and
lack of good road to the park is caused by water erosion with a mean of 4.34, tourist also contributes in
causing environmental hazard in Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.25 and wildfire also
contributes in land degradation with a mean of 4.55.
27
Table 4.2.8 Impact of mismanagement in Pandam Wildlife Park
ITEMS STATEMENT
SA A
UD
DA
SDA MEAN
REMARK
Lack of supervision of staff affect sustainability of
tourist flow
Duty roasters helps in controlling management
system in Pandam Wildlife Park
Mismanagement of Pandam Wildlife Park is
negatively affected by insufficient funding
Lack of attention in the park affects sustainability
of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park
Inadequate government support in providing the
park facilities also causes mismanagement Pandam
Wildlife Park
Poor education of tourist on dos and don’ts in
Pandam Wildlife Park is affecting the management
of Pandam Wildlife Park
Understanding between the park and communities
improves management of Pandam Wildlife Park
Encroaching into the park by the community is
causing a set-back to the management of Pandam
Wildlife Park
Poor relationship between the management and
visitors also causes set-back to the management of
Pandam Wildlife Park
Poor knowledge of tourism by staff also causes
mismanagement and affect sustainability of tourist
inflow
Main mean
20
50
0
1
10
4.50
Agree
30
20
10
15
6
4.53
Agree
50
19
4
5
3
4.42
Agree
30
26
7
10
8
4.34
Agree
40
30
2
9
0
4.52
Agree
51
15
0
10
5
4.53
Agree
30
26
7
10
8
4.34
Agree
36
20
7
10
8
4.34
Agree
21
30
0
0
30
4.25
Agree
51
15
0
10
5
4.53
Agree
4.53
Agreed
Source: Field survey, 2023
According to above table 4.2.8 it shows the mean of the respondents on question three, lack of
supervision of staff affect sustainability of tourist flow with a mean of 4.50, duty roasters helps in
controlling management system in Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.53, mismanagement of
Pandam Wildlife Park is also caused by insufficient funding is affecting the management of Pandam
Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.42, lack of attention in the park affect sustainability of tourist flow in
Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.34, inadequate government support in providing the park
facilities also causes mismanagement Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.52, poor education of
tourist on does and don’t in Pandam Wildlife Park is affecting the management of Pandam Wildlife
28
Park with a mean of 4.53, understanding between the park and communities improves management of
Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.34, entering the park by the community Pandam Wildlife
Park without permission is causing a set-back to the management of Pandam Wildlife Park with a
mean of 4.34, Poor relationship between the management and visitors also causes a set-back to the
management of Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.25 and Poor knowledge of tourism by staff
also caused mismanagement and affect sustainability of tourist inflow with a mean of 4.53.
Table 4.2.9 Impact of law enforcement in pandam wildlife park
ITEMS STATEMENT
SA A
UD
DA
SDA MEAN
REMARK
Implementation of law for any form of destruction
of site helps in sustainability of tourist flow in
Pandam Wildlife Park
Consideration of welfare for staff on working
hours helps in sustainability of tourist flow in
Pandam Wildlife Park
Implementation of law with emphasis on the
entrance of the park helps in sustainability of
tourist flow to Pandam Wildlife Park
41
21
5
10
4
4.61
Agree
51
19
4
4
3
4.42
Agree
36
40
0
4
1
4.37
Agree
Implementation of law for deforestation helps in
sustainability of tourist flow
Implementation of law on hunting helps in
sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife
Park
Implementation of law for theft of artifact helps in
sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife
Park
Implementation of law for the duration of
imprisonment helps in sustainability of tourist
flow
Implementation of law about movement of
outsider in the park helps in sustainability of
tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park
Implementation of law for careless dumping of
wastes in Pandam Wildlife Park helps in
sustainability of tourist flow
Implementation of law for those that temper with
the aesthetic appeal of the site helps in
sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife
Park
Main mean
36
28
0
16
1
4.37
Agree
37
20
3
11
10
4.44
Agree
51
15
0
10
5
4.53
Agree
36
20
7
10
8
4.34
Agree
43
25
0
13
0
4.51
Agree
25
31
5
15
5
4.45
Agree
36
40
0
4
1
4.37
Agree
4.61
Agreed
29
Source: Field survey, 2023
According to above table 4.2.9 it shows the mean of the respondents on question four, implementation
of law for any form of destruction of site helps in sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife
Park with a mean of 4.61, consideration of welfare for staff on working hours helps in sustainability of
tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.42, implementation of law with emphasis on
the entrance of the park helps in sustainability of tourist flow Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of
4.37, implementation of law for deforestation helps in sustainability of tourist flow with a mean of
4.37, implementation of law on hunting helps in sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park
with a mean of 4.44, implementation of law for theft of artifact helps in sustainability of tourist flow in
Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.53, implementation of law for the duration of imprisonment
helps in sustainability of tourist flow with a mean of 4.34, implementation of law about movement of
outsider in the park helps in sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of
4.51, implementation of law for Dumping of leather anyhow in Pandam Wildlife Park helps in
sustainability of tourist flow with a mean of 4.45 and implementation of law for those that temper with
the aesthetic appeal of the site helps in sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park with a
mean of 4.37.
4.3 Discussions
Data in table 4.6 describes the impact of human activity affecting sustainability of tourist flow of
Pandam Wildlife Park. The data entails that hunting leads to animal extinction with a mean of 4.61, theft
of artifact leads to loss valuable historical items with a mean of 4.42, wildfire destroy destination attractions (
man-made and natural attractions) with a mean of 4.37, deforestation deface natural beauty of Pandam
Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.37, kidnapping scares visitors movement with a mean of 4.44, civil unrest
affect visitors patronage with a mean of 4.53, vandalism damage property of Pandam Wildlife Park with a
mean of 4.34, human activity make it difficult for destination managers to achieve sustainability of tourist flow
with a mean of 4.51, pandam wildlife park is fast losing it core value due to human activity with a mean of
4.45 and Overfishing as human activity affect Pandam lake with a mean of 4.37. Agrees with Elizabeth
and Bisong (2019) and Boniface, Ogbonnaya, (2019).
Data in table 4.7 revealed that, environmental hazard in Pandam Wildlife Park. Data entails that,
environmental hazard is messing up aesthetic appeal of a Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.53,
30
deforestation also contributes in land degradation of Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.34, noise
pollution disturb visitors in Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.51, high visitors influx over
stretches the infrastructure of Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.45, dumping of refuse anyhow
in Pandam Wildlife Park is also an environmental hazard with a mean of 4.37, lack of water way also
causes land erosion with a mean of 4.42, farming also contributes in land degradation with a mean of
4.55, and lack of good road to the park is caused by water erosion with a mean of 4.34, tourist also
contributes in causing environmental hazard in Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.25 and wildfire
also contributes in land degradation with a mean of 4.55. Agrees with Agbogidi, (2012) Adeyoju,
(2011) and Ogbonnaya (2019)
Data in table 4.8 revealed the impact of mismanagement in Pandam Wildlife Park. Lack of supervision
of staff affect sustainability of tourist flow with a mean of 4.50, duty roasters helps in controlling
management system in Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.53, mismanagement of Pandam
Wildlife Park is also caused by insufficient funding is affecting the management of Pandam Wildlife
Park with a mean of 4.42, lack of attention in the park affect sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam
Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.34, inadequate government support in providing the park facilities also
causes mismanagement Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.52, poor education of tourist on does
and don’t in Pandam Wildlife Park is affecting the management of Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean
of 4.53, understanding between the park and communities improves management of Pandam Wildlife
Park with a mean of 4.34, entering the park by the community Pandam Wildlife Park without
permission is causing a set-back to the management of Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.34,
Poor relationship between the management and visitors also causes a set-back to the management of
Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.25 and Poor knowledge of tourism by staff also caused
mismanagement and affect sustainability of tourist inflow with a mean of 4.53. Agrees with Jemirade
(2021) and Da’an, Jidangkat, Chaskda, and Mwansat, (2020).
Data in table 4.9 describe impact of law enforcement in pandam wildlife park. The data entails that,
implementation of law for any form of destruction of site helps in sustainability of tourist flow in
Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.61, consideration of welfare for staff on working hours helps
in sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.42, implementation of law
with emphasis on the entrance of the park helps in sustainability of tourist flow Pandam Wildlife Park
with a mean of 4.37, implementation of law for deforestation helps in sustainability of tourist flow
31
with a mean of 4.37, implementation of law on hunting helps in sustainability of tourist flow in
Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.44, implementation of law for theft of artifact helps in
sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.53, implementation of law for
the duration of imprisonment helps in sustainability of tourist flow with a mean of 4.34,
implementation of law about movement of outsider in the park helps in sustainability of tourist flow in
Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.51, implementation of law for Dumping of leather anyhow in
Pandam Wildlife Park helps in sustainability of tourist flow with a mean of 4.45 and implementation
of law for those that temper with the aesthetic appeal of the site helps in sustainability of tourist flow
in Pandam Wildlife Park with a mean of 4.37. Agreed with Elizabeth and Bisong (2019).
32
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter exposes the conclusions from the dissertation, by comparing the main results of the
primary research to the information obtained from the literature review. Finally, some
recommendations for the tourism industry and for future research will be also presented.
5.2 Summary
The Project titled examining the impact of human activities in Pandam Wildlife Park for sustainability
of tourist flow in Plateau State Nigeria. The study examined the human activities in Pandam Wildlife
Park in Plateau State. It also further draws management levels of awareness about human activities in
Pandam Wildlife Parkin Plateau State.
The scope of study covers Pandam Wildlife Park in Plateau State. The significance and statement of
problems were also analyzed. Relevant literature were reviewed which covers, wildlife park
management in Nigeria, human activities affecting sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam wildlife
park, environmental hazard affecting Pandam wildlife park, mismanagement affecting sustainability of
tourist flow in Pandam wildlife park, law enforcement in sustainable tourist flow in Pandam wildlife
park and strategies on improving sustainable tourist flow at Pandam wildlife park. The research work
was carried out using the survey method of data collection. Which designed to collect data via the used
of questionnaires. The sample population comprises of 100 respondents selected from staff of Pandam
Wildlife Park comprises the management and staff, Pandam, Aningo and Namu communities. Data
collection were presented and analyzed in tabulation and percentage techniques for meaningful and
interpretation.
Findings of study revealed that Pandam Wildlife Park has community association that helped in
the management of Park which include: vigilante and ex-hunters clubs, farmers clubs, and others. Also
the communities contribute to the management of the park in the area of information giving, serving as
agent, historical site as well as in conflicts resolution. Among the constraints to community
participation as identified by the study are less recognition of the community by the park management,
low awareness and interest on the part of the community and inadequate manpower. Based on the
33
finding recommendations were made toward solving the problems such as the need forhuman
activities in Pandam Wildlife Park for sustainability of tourist flow in Plateau State.
5.3 Conclusion
The results obtained in this study show that the communities around Pandam Wildlife Park do
participate in the management of park resources and community participation is one of techniques
adopted by the management of Pandam Wildlife Park in managing the biodiversity in the park as
confirmed from the result of the study. The research found out that the participation of the
communities in the management of Pandam Wildlife Park is relevant which helps in the management
of the park in terms of reducing encroachers.
5.4 Recommendations
In the light of the findings of this study, the following recommendations for examining the impact of
human activities in Pandam Wildlife Park for sustainability of tourist flow in Plateau State Nigeria are
put forward.
As a result of the findings made from the data collected, the following recommendations are provided
at the course of the research:

More awareness should be created to the communities on the importance of nature
conservation, and other opportunities outside what they have been benefiting from the
park. This is recommended because; the value of participating in the management of the
park should be made known to the public most especially the jobless citizens of the study
area.

There is need for the park management to enlighten the communities in terms of their
funding status and policies concerning community involvement so as to make the
communities understand that the park management is appreciating their efforts towards
safeguarding the park.

The Government should provide grazing reserve areas for the communities and put in
place the basic amenities needed for them. This will drastically reducedthe rate of
uncontrolled human activities in the park.
34

The park management should create a task force consisting of the park rangers and
members of community associations for carrying out joint patrol.

The government should provide adequate fund needed for training and recruitment of
qualified personnel in the park.
5.5 Recommendation for Further Studies
Due to time constraint and other factors, the researcher was unable to cover some areas in the cause of
this study, as such there is a need for further research for those that are willing to carry a similar
research on this particular field areas, similar study should be conducted on another location so as to
help contribute to the body of knowledge.
35
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African World Heritage Fund. 2009. World heritage sites and sustainable tourism: Situational
analysis. Report 1. Great Zimbabwe world heritage site. Midrand, South Africa.
Agbogidi, O. M. (2012) “Deforestation and the Nigerian’s Rural environment”. In Ibitoyo, O. A
(ed) Rural Environment and Sustainable Development, Department of Geography and
Planning Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
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42
APPENDIX I
Department of Tourism Management
Technology,
School of Science and Technology,
Federal Polytechnic Bauchi,
P. M. B 0231
Bauchi State.
Dear Respondents,
I am a final year student of higher national diploma (HND II) Tourism management
technology of the above institution , I am conducting a research work on the topic “Impact of
Human Activities in Pandam Wildlife Park for Sustainability of Tourist flow in Plateau.
Please feel free to express your view on the attached questions as they will strictly be
used for research purpose alone. Your response shall be treated confidentially.
Thanks for your participation.
Yours faithfully
Dura Emmanuel
FPTB/SST/TMT/20/137088
08022038386
43
QUESTIONNAIRE
Instruction: please Tick ( ) where necessary against any of the alternative responses you
considered most appropriate.
SECTION A
PERSONAL INFORMATION
1. Gender: a. Male [
] b. Female [ ].
2. Age: a. 18-30 years [
] b. 31 and above [
3. Marital Status: a. Single [
4. Occupation: a. Trader [
] b. Married [
] b. Farming [
]
] c. Divorced. [
] c. Teaching [
]
] d. Fishing [
] e. Student [ ] f.
Civil servant [ ]
SECTION B
Keys: strongly agreed (SA)= 5, Agreed (A)= 4, Undecided (UD) =3, Disagreed (DA)= 2,
Strongly disagreed (SDA)= 1
Impact of human activity affecting sustainability of tourist flow of Pandam Wildlife Park .
S/N
Items statement
SA A
1
Hunting leads to animal extinction
2
Theft of artifact leads to loss valuable historical items
3
Wildfire destroy destination attractions ( man-made and
44
UD
DA
SDA
natural attractions)
4
Deforestation deface natural beauty of Pandam Wildlife Park
5
Kidnapping scares visitors movement
6
Civil unrest affect visitors patronage
7
Vandalism affects Pandam Wildlife Park
8
Human activity make it difficult for destination managers to
achieve sustainability of tourist flow
9
Pandam wildlife park is fast losing its core value due to
human activity.
10
Overfishing as human activity affect Pandam lake
Environmental hazard in Pandam Wildlife Park.
S/N
Items statement
SA A UD
1
Environmental hazard destroys aesthetic appeal nature of
Pandam Wildlife Park
2
Deforestation also contributes in land degradation of Pandam
Wildlife Park
3
Noise pollution disturb visitors in Pandam Wildlife Park
4
Visitors influx over stretches the infrastructure of Pandam
Wildlife Park
5
Careless dumping of refuse causes environmental hazard.
45
DA
SDA
6
Lack of water way also causes land erosion
7
Farming also contributes in land degradation
8
Lack of good road to the park is caused by water erosion
9
Tourist also contributes in causing environmental hazard in
Pandam Wildlife Park
10
Wildfire also contributes to land degradation
Impact of mismanagement in Pandam Wildlife Park
S/N
Items statement
SA A UD
1
Lack of supervision of staff affects sustainability of tourist
flow
2
Duty roaster helps in controlling management system in
Pandam Wildlife Park
3
Mismanagement of Pandam Wildlife Park is negatively
affected by insufficient funding.
4
Lack of attention in the park affects sustainability of tourist
flow in Pandam Wildlife Park
5
Inadequate government support in providing the park
facilities also causes mismanagement Pandam Wildlife Park
6
Poor education of tourist on dos and don’ts in Pandam
Wildlife Park is affecting the management of Pandam
Wildlife Park
46
DA
SDA
7
Understanding between the park and communities improves
management of Pandam Wildlife Park
8
Encroaching into the park by the community is causing a setback to the management of Pandam Wildlife Park
9
Poor relationship between the management and visitors also
causes a set-back to the management of Pandam Wildlife
Park
10
Poor
knowledge
of
tourism
by
staff
also
causes
mismanagement and affect sustainability of tourist inflow
Impact of law enforcement in pandam wildlife park
S/N
Items statement
SA A UD
1
Implementation of law for any form of destruction of site
helps in sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park
2
Consideration of welfare for staff on working hours helps in
sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park
3
Implementation of law with emphasis on the entrance of the
park helps in sustainability of tourist flow to Pandam Wildlife
Park
4
Implementation
of
law
for
deforestation
helps
in
sustainability of tourist flow
5
Implementation of law on hunting helps in sustainability of
47
DA
SDA
tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park
6
Implementation of law for theft of artifact helps in
sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife Park
7
Implementation of law for the duration of imprisonment
helps in sustainability of tourist flow
8
Implementation of law about movement of outsider in the
park helps in sustainability of tourist flow in Pandam Wildlife
Park
9
Implementation of law for careless dumping of wastes in
Pandam Wildlife Park helps in sustainability of tourist flow
10
Implementation of law for those that temper with the
aesthetic appeal of the site helps in sustainability of tourist
flow in Pandam Wildlife Park
48
APPENDX II
SIGNBOARD SHOWING THE ENTRANCE OF PANDAM WILDLIFE PARK
49
PICTURES OF SOME STAFFS AND ME IN PANDAM WILDLIFE PARK
50
PICTURES OF THE ACTIVITIES SIGNBOARD IN PANDAM WILDLIFE PARK
51
ADMINISTRATIVE BLOCK OF PANDAM WILDLIFE PARK
52