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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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GOOD GOVERNANCE
SAFEGUARDING THE ELECTORAL AND
POLITICAL PROCESSES
SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE
COMMUNITY
CHILD ABUSE
THE DANGERS OF PORNOGRAPHY
POPULATION EXPLOSION
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
DRUG ABUSE
POLUTION
UNEMPLOYMENT
GRAFT AND CORRUPTION
lesson 1
GOVERNANCE
 Governance is the management of the
resources endowment of a state.
 a manner in which the power of authorities is
exercised through economic and soial
resources of the country’s development.
 the manner in which the responsibility is
discharged by goverment officials is through
governance which can be acquired by
election, appointment or delegation in the
public domain or in the area of commerce corporate governance.
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GOOD
GOVERNANCE
Pertains to he existence of an efficient and
accountable institution, be it judicial,
executive, administrative, economic,
corporate and entrenched rules that
protect human rights, respect the rule of
law, and ensure that people are free to
participate in and will be heard on,
desicions that affect their lives, and most
especially for the promotion of societt’s
development.
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Characteristics of Good Governance
1. ACCOUNTABLE
2. PARTICIPATORY
3. TRANSPARENT
4. BASED ON THE RULE OF LAW
Principles of Good Governance
 it focuses on the organization’s purpose
and on the outcomes for citizens and
service users.
 it performs effectively in clearly defined
functions and roles.
 it promotes values for the whole
organization and demonstrates values of
good governance through behavior
5. EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE
 it means that the information relative to
their desicions and risk managemenht are
transparent.
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 it develops the capacity and capability of
the governing body to be effective
LESSON 2
SAFEGUARDING
THE ELECTORAL
AND POLITICAL
PROCESSES
WHY SHOULD WE VOTE?
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SAFEGUARDING THE ELECTORAL
AND POLITICAL PROCESSES
CHEATING DURING ELECTIONS
 REGISTRATION
 Registration of non-qualified voters
 Disenfranchisement of qualified
voters
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SAFEGUARDING THE ELECTORAL
AND POLITICAL PROCESSES
1, Vote Buying
5. Ballots writing by only one person or group
of persons
6. Voting by persons other than the
registered vots
a. with or without chained balloting
b. with or without identifying marks
2. Negative vote buying
7. Misreading ballots
8. Ballots/Ballot boxes snatching or
destruction
3. Waylaying of voters
9. Ballots/Baloot boxes substitution
a. through fraud or stealth
terrorism
b. through intimidation or downright
4. Stuffing of balots boxes with fake ballots
10. falsification (Tampering) of election
returns
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11. Falsification of statement of votes or
certiicate of canvass in the municipal o city of
canvassers
SAFEGUARDING THE ELECTORAL
AND POLITICAL PROCESSES
OVERSEAS ABSENTEE VOTING ACT
OF 2003
- who may apply?
all citizen in the philippines abroad, atleast
18 years old on the day of election
R.A. No 8189 known as The Voters
Registration Act No. 8189
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SAFEGUARDING THE ELECTORAL AND
POLITICAL PROCESSES
WHO ARE DISQUALIFIED
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● those who lost their citizensip in
accordance with Philippine laws
● those who have expressly denounced
their Philippines citizenship and who
have pledge allegiance to a foreign
country
● those who have been convicted by final
judgement of a court or tribunal of an
offense punishable by imprisonment for
not less that one yera, unless such
diability has been removed by plenary
pardon or amnesty
● an immigrant or permanet resident who
recognized as such to the host country,
unlkess he/she executes upon filing of
an application for registration as
overseas absentee voter, an affidavit
declaring that
○ he/she shall resume actual physical
residence in the philppines not later
than 3 years from approval of
his/her registration; and
○ he/she has not applied for
citizenchip in another country
● any citizen of the philippines abroad
previosly declared insane or incomptent
by competent authority in the philippines.
DO’s
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DO’s
 choose a credible candidate
 support the campaign for a peaceful and
orderly conduct of election.
 if possible, attemd amd participate in the
“Miting de Avance” of the candidtes for
you to be able to know their platforms
and goals.
 encourage oters to exercise their rights
 adhere to the results/procedures set by
the COMELEC
 prepare a list of your chosesn
candidates before going to your
repective polling place.
 go to the polling center early to avoid rush
 beware of trouble-makers who intent to
disrupt the conduct of the election; and
 report any untoward incident to the
nearest station or COMELEC
DON’Ts
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● raise funds thru dances,lotteries and
cockfighting in support of particular
candidates
● carry firearms and deadly weapon
● post, display, distribute and use of illegal
campaign materials
● sell, furnish, offer, serve or take
intoxicating liquor
● VOTE-SELLING
● vote more than once or in substitution of
another
● hald fairs, cockfighting,boxing, horse
races or similar sports
● open booths of stalls of the sale, etc. of
waves, merchandise or refreshments,
within 30 meters radius from polling
places; and
● accept free transportation, food, drinks
and things of value from any candidate of
their parties.
LESSON 3
SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN
THE COMMUNITY
POVERTY
the ff. are social, scientific and
cultral disiplines about poverty.
1. In Economics
○ Absolute poverty
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○ Relative Poverty
SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE
COMMUNITY
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1. the family cannot afford to buy
adequateand balanced diet food
2. they cannot afford to buy atleast 3 sets
of clothing
3. they cannot send their children even up
to grade VI
4. They cannot attend to their medical
needs, such as buying vitamins,
medicine for their illness
5. they don;t pay attention to the sanitation
of their families home and surroundings;
and
6. they cannot pay their house rentals
SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN
THE COMMUNITY
2. in politics
3. in law
4. in education
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Types of causes of POVERTY
B. Aggregate
1. CASE -
A. INDIVIDUAL
 Status of education, skills,
experience and intelligence
 health, handicap. and age;
 work orientation, time horizon and
culture of poverty; and
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 discriminion, together with race and
sex, etc.
2. GENERIC
 Inadequate non-poverty
employment opportunities;
 Inadequate overall demand
 low national income
ELIMINATING POVERTY
1. BROADEN ACCESS TO EDUCATION
ANDD TECHNOLOGY AMONG THE
MARGINALIZED GROUPS, AND
ESPECIALLY AMONG GIRLS AND
WOMEN
2. SHARE THE BENEFITS OF
ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH AN
EMPHASIS ON MORE WIDESPREAD
EMPLOYMENT
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3. ROUT OUT CORRUPTION, WHICH
HARMS SOCIETY AS A WHOLE.
4. IMPROVE GOVERMENT CAPACITY
TO PROVIDE UNIVERSAL ACCESS
TO ESSENTIAL GOODS AND
SERVICES, INCLUDINGPOTABLE
WATER, AFFORDABLE FOOD,
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE,
EDUCATION, HOUSING AND OTHER
SOCIAL SERVICES
lesson 4
CHILD ABUSE
1. CHILD ABUSE
a) Psychological and physical abuse,
sexual abuse, cruelty, neglect and
maltreatment
b) an act which could either be by
words or deeds which debases,
degrades or demeans the intrinsic
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c) deprivation of the child’s basic needs
unreasonably for survival such as
food, clothes and shelter; and
d) No medical treatment is given to an
injured child wh results in a serious
impairment of his growth and
development or in his permanent
incapasity or death
2. SEXUAL ABUSE
a) it is any employment, use,
persuasion, inducement, enticement,
coercion of a child to engage in, or
assist another person engage in
sexual intercourse or lascivious
conduct, or the molestation,
prostitution or incest with children.
3. BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME
CHILD ABUSE
 FORMS OF CHILD ABUSE
a) Physical Abuse
b) Psychological Abuse
c) Deception
d) Child Trafficking
e) neglect
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f) Child labor
g) Abuser ans Neglecters
● SPECIAL PARENT
● SPECIAL CHILD
Characteristics of Abusive Parent
1. Inadequate parenting skills and lack of
knowledge concerning normal child
development are exhibited
2. Emotional immaturity with poor impulse
control is often demostrated
3. they are socially isolated, especially from
community resources and lack of social
support system; and
4. they often come from families with
violent parents.
Helping the young child cope with
Child Abuse
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● support and belief by parents and
significant
● stay calm
● do not blame the child
● a child’s own internal coping resources
will have an impact effect
● the child’s developmental level, age and
gender influences the effect of sexual
behavior
● a child abuse by the person she/he trust
has more serious effect than a nonfriendly member
● the child appears to be more seriously
affected when physical abuse, threats or
intimidation accompany the sexual
abuse.
SEXUALIZED BEHAVIOR
1.
2.
3.
4.
Acting out with peers sexually
false or pseudo-mature sexual behavior
excessive masturbation; and
confusion on sexual identity and what is
appropriate sexually between children
and adult.
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LESSON 5
THE DANGERS OF
PORNOGRAPHY
The word pornography comes from the
greek words “porne” which means a
harlot, prostitute or whore and “graphos”
means a writing depiction
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As There are eight harmful etfects of
pornography on a person such
Pornography is the celebration, the
promotion,The authorization and the
legitimization of rape, Harassneni,
battery and the abuse of children,For the
sexual pleasure of men. Pornography
Eroticizes dominance and submission, of
which Rape, battery, sexual harassment,
and the sexual And physical abuse of
children. It employs the Enforcement of
others powerlessness.
1. Sexual arousal;
2. aggression
3. Desensitization
4. Attitude towards women
5. decline in family values,
6. Causal model of rape;
7. Feminist ideological effects; and
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8. catharsis
1. Sexual Arousal.
2. Aggression.
3. Desensitization.
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Desensitization effects were strongest
among R-rated slasher films
Which, while containing sexual scene, were
not pornographic.
● Attitude Towards Women. Exposure to
pornography lecads to Antisocial
attitudes about women.
● Decline in Family Values.
Causal Model of Rape. Russel (1993)
argues that pornography predisposes
some males to want to rape women by:
1. pairing sexually arousing stimuli with
rape:
2. 2. increasing males self-generated rape
fantasies:
3. 3. sexualizing dominance and
submission; and
4. 4 creating an appetite for increasingly
stronger material
Ideological Effects
● In short, the system of sexism male
power -or male supremacy Is
institutionalized so that men, as a group
have access to economie Social, sexual,
and political power that women do not
have
Catharsis.
● Pornography prevents harmful etfects
like rape and Other sex crimes. The
cathartic eflect of pornography is
believed due To a substitution effect, by
which potential sex offenders receive
sexual Gratification from pornographic
content, rather than from eriminal acts
Against individuals.
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CYBERSEX
● Everyday we are facing a new area of
danger especially for the YOUTHS-the
Internet. Many of our young women
are hooked into cybersex.
● Cybersex or computer sex is a virtual
sex encounter wherein two Or more
persons are connected remotely via a
computer network and Send sexually
explicit messages describing a sexual
experience to one Another.
Disadvantages
1. Considering the fact that the Philippines
is a Christian country, Everybody
believes that cybersex could deteriorate
the values Of our youths if it will be
allowed to continue.
2. It is also a form of infidelity.
3. While it does not involve physical
contact, crities claim That powerful
emotions involved can cause marital
stress, Especially when cybersex
culminates in an Internet romance.
4. Internet adultery became the ground for
divorce in the United States.
5. There is, also the separate risk factor of
Internet addiction,Which is perceived to
be the cause of social isolation and loss
Of work productivity.
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Dangers and Advantages
Cybersex, according to its defenders
satisfies the sexual desires Without the risk
of being contaminated by sexually
transmitted Disease.
It is a safe way for young people who have
not yet engaged in sexual Activity to
experiment. It allows husband and wife to
carry out elaborate Sexual fantasies even
when they are physically separated.
Some people Who are suffering from longterm ailments (including HIV. Engage in
Cybersex as a way to satisty ther sexual
desire and gratification without Putting their
partners at risk.
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POPULATION
EXPLOSION
● There has been a rapid growth
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of the human population in
the last century due to the
difference in the birth rate
and the mortality rates. In
the next one decade, the
population of the world is
expected to grow by another
billion. The impact of
uncontrolled population
growth impacts not just a
section of the society, but
the entire population suffers
from its infinite impact on
the economy and the
environment. With an
understanding of the
population growth patterns,
we can try to understand the
contributing factors and how
POPULATION
● A population is a distinct
group of individuals, whether
that group comprises a nation
or a group of people with a
common characteristic. In
statistics, a population is
the pool of individuals from
which a statistical sample is
drawn for a study.
POPULATION EXPLOSION
● POPULATION EXPLOSION
pyramiding
number
of
a
biological population. As the
number of population increase,
so do the problems related to
the increase population
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EFFECTS OF POPULATION EXPLOSION
● INCREASE IN BIRTH RATES DUE TO
MEDICAL IMPROVEMENT
● DECREASE IN DEATH RATES DUE TO
BETTER MEDICAL FACILITIES AND
ADVANCEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF
MEDICINE
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● MIGRATION TO URBAN CITIES DUE
TO SEVERAL REASONS LIKE; JOB
OPPURTUNITIES, REBELLION, AND
NATURAL CAUSES LIKE FLOOD,
EARTHQAUAKES, TSUNAMI,
HURRICANES AND E.T.C









UNEMPLOYMENT
POVERTY
MALNUTRITION
AIR AND WATER POLUTION
LACK OF EDUCATION RESOURCES
DOMESTICVIOLENCE
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
SHORTAGE OF BASIC NEEDS
INCREASED DEATH RATES
Education and Empowerment
● The impacts of a growing
population need to be brought
to the attention of all. Birth
control and family planning is
the first step that needs to
be taken to ensure a gradual
decline in the growth rate of
the population. About 40% of
worldwide pregnancies are
unintentional which can be
avoided by the use of oral
contraceptives or other birth
control devices like condoms
or intrauterine device.
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● With the increasing population
and the rising demand, there
is an increased level in the
air, water and soil pollution.
This is not only impacting the
lives of humans but has also
affected the lives of many
animals resulting in the
endangering of many species
and the extinction of many.
The high levels of pollution
have resulted in contamination
of water and soil that has
rendered many patches of land
and water bodies unfit for
use. Drinking water is fast
becoming inadequate to support
the needs of millions of
people. With the increase the
demand for crops to meet the
global food requirements there
has been an increase in
deforestation to provide for
LESSON 7
JUVENILE
DELINQUENCY
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● Juvenile delinquency refers to the
violation of a law by a juvenile. It
includes those acts that would be
crimes committed by adults such as
car theft and burglary.
● Many people use the term juvenile to
include anything the youngsters do
that violates the standards of
societyregardless whether these are
committed legally or illegally.
● The legal age in which a person is
considered a juvenile varies from
place to place. In most countries, it is
under 17 years old.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
● The termjuvenile delinquency was
established so that young offenders
could avoid the disgrace of being
classified as criminals in the logbook of
police headquarters.
● Juvenile Delinquency Laws were
designed to provide treatment, rather
than punishment.
● In other places, the policemen may just
ignore children who are accused of
minor delinquencies or refer them
directly to their parents.
Predictors of Delinquency
● The following are the causes of
delinqueney:
I community disorganization;
2. availability of drugs and firearms;
3. persistent poverty;
4. violence in the home;
5. problem behaviors;
6. poor parental monitoring;
7. inconsistent disciplinary parents, and
8. maltreatment
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LESSON 8
DRUG ABUSE
● A drug is defined as a substance that
by virtue of its chemical nature alters
the structure or function of a living
organism.
● It is any absorbed subhstance that
changes or enhances any physical or
psychological function in the body.
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Four Stages and Patterns in
Using Drugs
1. Experimental Use. Just to give it a try.
2. Seeking the Mood Swing/Occasional
Use. Using drugs for socialization or out of
"pakikisama."
3. Harmful Use/Intensified. The craving for
drug starts.
4. Dependence. There is already a need for
continuous
administration of drugs.
Personality Dynamics Contributory to Drug
Abuse are:
1. Impulsivity and Egocentricity
2. Emotionally instability
3 Low frustration tolerance
4. Immaturity
5. Poor self-image
6. Weak ego control
7. Strong need for independence
8. Need for acceptance and belongingness
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Description of a Drug Dependent
1. He resorts to commit criminal offenses
like stealing, kiling, rape and other forms
of acts which are contrary to the law
2. He enjoys the company of peers who
are also also into drugs
3. He prefers the company of similarly
troubled, invidualk, shares the same
habits, attitudes and general life style
4. He acts without guilt feelings.
5. He develops trust with peers and
dissociates himself from his own family.
6. He becomes a lonely isolated individual.
7. He is insensitive and inconsiderate to
his surroundings
8. He becomes suspicious.
9. His values diminish.
10. He becomes troublesome and fights
even his ownparents.
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Other Factors Contributory to
Drugs are:
●
Impact of the influence of mass media
like printed materials, radio, television
and movies;
● Ignorance, apathy and permissiveness;
and
● Laxity of government authorities.
Harmful Effects of Drugs
1. Physical Effects
Malnutrition
● Secondary Infection
● PTB Bronchitis
● Hepatitis, Cirrhosis
● Gastric Ulcer
2.
3.
4.
5.
Skin Infections
Fetal Deformity
Impaired erception and Judgment
Secondary Psychosis
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Psychological Effects
● Amotivational Syndrome
● Lowering of 1Q
Social Effects
● Socially non-functional
● Tnterpersonal relationship deterioration
● Socially maladjusted
Economic Effects
● The treatment and rehabilitation of drug
dependents is very expensive
Spiritual/Moral Effect
● Pathological liars, manipulative.
● No relationship with God as he forgets
God's existence, drugs become his god.
● Lowering of their moral values.
● Indulge in prostitution.
Effects on the Drug Dependent Worker
● Absenteeism
● Resentment
● Reduced morals
● Shunning of friends
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●
●
●
●
●
●
Nervousness
Long lunch brcaks
Irritability
Arrives late and departs carly from work.
Hand tremors.
Involved in quarrels with fellow workers
resulting from belligerent behavior
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POLLUTION
● Pollution is something that is added to
the ecosystem which has
Fundamental effect.
● The high rate of energy usage by a
modern growing population is one of
the causes of pollution.
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The Different Kinds of Pollution
are
●
●
●
●
Air Pollution;
Noise Pollution
Water Pollution; and
Land Pollution
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1. Air Pollution
● These are substances which are
accumulated in the air. It endangers
human health once it isin sufficient
concentration or produce other
measured effects on living things and
other materials.
● The six major types of pollutants are
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides, particulate, sulfur
dioxide, and photochemical oxidants.
Examples of Air Pollution
● Tobacco Smoke
○ This is one of the major forms of
pollution in buildings. It is not only
the smoker who is affected, but also
everyone who inhales it.
● Exhaust Gases of Vehicles.
○ Pollution from exhaust gases which
emitted by by vehicles is
responsible for 60% of all air
population and in cities up to 80%.
CONTROL MEASURES
Noise Pollution
● This pollution is also known as unwanted
sounds that are carried by the air
● t has irritating and detrimental effects on
humans and animals.
● Combustion of Coal
● Acid Rain
● It is through the concerted effort of the
people that we can COmbat or minimize
air pollution. It is through legislation
where air Polution can be controlled
efficiently.
 Establishment of more smokeless zones
as mandated by Republic Act No. 9211.
 Control over the kinds of fuel used in
cars, airplanes, power stations, etc.
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Water Pollution
● Water pollution is the introduction of
chemical, physical or biological material
into fresh or ocean waters that degrade
the quality of water and affects the
organisms living in it.
● (nonbiogradable, bioaccumulative,
chemical compounds, pesticides and
heavy metals)
Examples of Water Pollution
● Sewage disposal and domestic wastes
● Mining and Agricultural Wastes
● Industrial Affuent
Control Measures
● Through the cooperation of the Filipıno
people not to pollute water in any
manner
● Education of the community people by
the NSTP students and
● Through research and legislation.
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Control Measures
Land Pollution
● Land pollution is brought by the
degradation of the Earth's land surface
through misuse of the soil by poor
agricultural practices, industrial wastes
dumping, and indiscriminate disposal of
urban wastes and mineral exploitation.
Examples of Land Pollution
● Waste Disposal
● An anti-littering campaign can make the
people aware about the effects of land
pollution on their health.
● Organic wastes should be thrown and
dumped in places far from residential
houses.
● Recycling of inorganic materials such as
cans, glass, plastic, paper and metals.
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UNEMPLOYMENT
● Work is very essential in order for us to
live. We will not be able support
Ourselves in our daily sustenance as
well as our families if to support we do
not work
Definition of Unemployment
● Unemployment is defined as the
percentage of the labor force
unemployed at any time. It is endemic in
very single free market economy.
Types of Unemployment
 Frictional unemployment
 Structural unemployment
1. Work is intended for the fulfillment of the
worker
2. Work is intended for the benefit of the
community.
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3. Work is intended for the glory of God.
 Cyclical unemployment-business-cycle
Causes of Unemployment
● Social security benefits for the
unemployed reduce incentives to work;
● Fixed costs associated with hiring
workers make it uneconomical to do so;
● Changing industries require changing
skills and geographic locations which the
workforce cannot keep up with;
● Immigrants "taking all our jobs";
● Exportation of jobs to the developing
world; and
● Overpopulation.
The Contemporary Problems of
Unemployment
● Shock.
● Denial.
● Frustration.
● Depression and Pessimism.
● Despair.
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● Resignation. .
GRAFT AND CORRUPTION
● Craft and corruption is not only true to
our country, but all over Graft and the
world
● It is the deviation of officials from the
norm of what Prevails at a given time. It
can be in the form of bribery, nepotism,
and appropriation of public resources for
private use which is not in accord with
established rules.
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● Another definition states that it is the
impairment of integrity, virtue moral
principle.
● it is an act of acquiring money, position,
or other profit by dishonest and illegal
means, as by actual theft or taking
advantage of a public office or a position
of trust or employment to obtain fees,
prerequisites, profit or contracts, or pay
for work not done or service not
rendered or performed.
Causes of Corruption according to
Ronquillo, et. al
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1. Bad examples set by the leaders in
government.
2. Low and unrealistic salaries ol
government officials
3. Marked discrepancy between the
cultural and legal norms
4. The excessive discretionary powers
accorded to public officials and the
presence of red tape in the bureaucracy
usually results in corruption due to
high attractive inducements offered
under the circumstances.
5. The complex system of the judiciary
which hinders the prosecution of public
servants who have been accused of
corrupt practioo corrupt practices.
6. Segments in the bureaucracy are prone
to corruption.
The Effects of Graft and Corruption
III Effects
● Loss of respect for allegiance to the
government.
● Dislocates national economic planning.
● Causes wastage of government funds.
Funds are channeled to the pockets of
contractors and government officials.
● Cost of corruption is eventually passed
on to the public and becomes a form of
taxation.
● Accentuates already existing inequalities
in the society.
Positive Effects
1. The depressed sector may benefit in the
form of gainful employment as in
nepotism.
2. It provides supplement mechanism for
investment purposes. The money can be
invested in private enterprise.
3. It may increase the eftectiveness level of
the bureaucracy.
Preventive Measures
1. . The provisions of the Constitution,
specifically Article Il State Policies Sec.
27 which clearly provides that "The State
shall maintain honesty and integrity in
the public service and take positive and
effective measures against graft and
corruption," should be implemented.
2. The role of the Ombudsman in acting
promptly on complaints in any manner
against public officials or employees of
government.
3. The Code of Conduct and Ethical
Standards should be observed
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