Modern Politics and
Government
SEVENTH EDITION
Alan R. Ball
and
B. Guy Peters
macrnitlan
Contents
List of Tables
x
Preface
PARTI
xi
THE NATURE OF POLITICS
1 The Study of Politics
The problem of boundaries
The search for a paradigm
Traditional approaches
Comparative studies
Transitional approaches
Further developments
Systems analysis
Other theoretical developments
Political studies and practical politics
Conclusion
2 Politics, Power and Authority
Sources of political conflict
Means of reconciling political conflict
Political power
Political authority and influence
Distribution of power
Pluralism
Elitism
Marxism
Corporatism
Conclusion
3
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4
6
7
10
12
15
16
18
21
23
25
28
30
32
35
37
38
40
41
42
43
vi
3
Contents
Classification of Governments
Aims of classification
Problems of classification
Systems of classification
Classification of political structures
Conclusion
4 Political Culture
The nature of a political culture
Foundations of political culture
Key aspects of apolitical culture
Symbols and political culture
Development of a political culture
Political socialization
Agencies of socialization
Socialization and the political system
Conclusion
Globalization and the Influence of
International Politics
The international environment
Economic globalization
Political globalization
Policy globalization and regimes
Military globalization
Cultural globalization
Conclusion
PARTII
44
44
49
51
58
63
65
65
68
74
77
79
81
82
86
, 87
89
90
91
95
98
103
104
106
PARTIES, PRESSURE GROUPS AND
REPRESENTA TION
6 Political Parties and Electoral Systems
Definition
Functions of political parties
Party structure
Determinants of party structure
Party systems
Change and party systems
111
112
113
119
123
126
130
Contents
Electoral systems and political parties
The crisis of political parties
Conclusion
7 Pressure Groups
Pressure-group analysis
Determinants of pressure-group methods
Levels of pressure-group activity
'
Determinants of pressure-group influence
Interest groups and social capital
Conclusion
Representation, Elections and Voting
Behaviour
Theories of representation
Liberal democratic theories of representation
Collectivist theories of representation
Functions of elections
Voting behaviour
Turnout
Choosing political parties
The role of the mass media
Conclusion
PART III
vii
.
132
136
138
139
140
144
150
154
157
159
160
161
163
166
167
170
172
172
180
184
STRUCTURES OF GO VERNMENT
Assemblies
The nature of assemblies
Assembly—executive relations
Legislative functions
Representative functions
Internal organization
Second chambers
Conclusion: the decline of assemblies?
10 The Political Executive
The executive and the bureaucracy
Chief executives
187
188
190
196
199
200
204
207
209
209
212
viii
Contents
Origins and stability of chief executives
Functions and powers of chief executives
Chief executives and the political process
Cabinets
Conclusion
217
220
222
225
229
11 The Public Bureaucracy
Scope of government administration
Structure
Functions
_
Control of the bureaucracy
Recruitment and training
Changing the bureaucracy
Conclusion
230
230
233
235
240
244
247
250
12 Courts and the Political Process
The nature of law and the political process
Legal structure and recruitment
Functions of the judiciary
Control of the judiciary
Conclusion
251
254
257
261
266
268
13 The Military and Politics
Characteristics of the military
Limited interference in the political process
Direct interference
Military control
Conclusion
269
270
273
277
280
286
PARTIV POLITICAL CHANGE
14 Change in Political Systems
Problems of analysis
Political stability
Political change
Causes of political change
Economic and social factors
Contents
War and foreign intervention
Effectiveness of government
Individuals, groups and political elites
Political ideologies
The East European revolutions, 1989
Retrograde political change?
Change in industrialized democracies
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
ix
300
301
302
304
306
309
310
312
314
'
332