1 Student Name: Hayatun Nabi Student Numbee: 21182302 Course and Year: MSc Public Health Module Code: LBR7456 Module Title: Global Public Health-A social context approach 2 Table of Contents What is Global Health ................................................................................................................................... 3 Non-Communicable Disease ........................................................................................................................ 3 Types of Non-communicable Diseases ..................................................................................................... 3 Why it’s a public health concern? ............................................................................................................. 4 Role of Globalization and NCDs .............................................................................................................. 5 Global Health Governance ............................................................................................................................ 5 Determinants: ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Social ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Environmental ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Economic .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Political ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 3 What is Global Health Global health is an area for research, practice, and study that prioritize bettering well-being and attaining balance in health for people globally (Beaglehole and Bonita, 2010). Global health focuses on global health problems, solutions, and determinants, which include several disciplines beyond and within the health sciences, as well as promoting interdisciplinary relationships. It is an activity of population based avoidance with personal level medical care (Koplan et al., 2009). Non-Communicable Disease Chronic issues don't originate from a (severe) contagious procedure and are, therefore, "not communicable." An illness with a long term history that doesn't solve immediately and requires long-term treatment is hardly ever achieved (Allen, 2017). Types of Non-communicable Diseases Coronary Heart disease (e.g., cardiovascular disease, Heart stroke) Most cancers Chronic respiratory system infection Diabetic issues Chronic neurological issues (e.g., dementia and Alzheimer's disease) Arthritis diseases Accidental injuries (e.g., from traffic collisions) 4 = Source: (Mathers and Loncar, 2006) Why it’s a public health concern? Non-communicable diseases impact individuals in low and middle income nations around the world. Non-communicable diseases, for example, cardiovascular disease, cancer, severe respiratory system illness, and diabetic issues, are classified as the major reasons behind fatality world-wide and signify a growing global health risk (World Health Organization, 2018). Noncommunicable diseases kill forty-one million individuals every year, equal to over seven of ten fatalities globally (Beran et al., 2019). Altering economic, structural, and social aspects, for example, many people relocating to urban areas and the spread of poor life-style have powered the NCD problems that kill about fifteen million individuals before going to the age of seventy every year. A load of non-communicable diseases between working age individuals results in higher health care expenses, restricted power to work, and economic insecurity (Heller et al., 2019). 5 Role of Globalization and NCDs Globalization is a crucial determinant of NCD outbreaks as it has immediate effects on threats to communities and indirectly influences nationwide financial and health systems. NCDs are issued in under developed and developed countries. Middle and low income countries have the disaster of sharing the compound load of more and more common chronic illnesses along with a backlog of avoidable contagious conditions (Beaglehole and Yach, 2003). Although globalization has led to the growing levels of NCDs in a couple of ways: directly, through enhancing the levels of risks via changing behaviors of work as well as consumption; and indirectly, with the effect on nationwide economic climates and health care systems (Zimmet and Alberti, 2006). The developing worldwide load of NCDs in under-developed nations around the world and poor communities has been overlooked by policymakers, significant bilateral and multilateral support donors, as well as academics (Beaglehole and Yach, 2003). In spite of strong research on the intensity of this load, the preventability of the triggers, along with the risk it presents to already strained healthcare systems, global and national actions are insufficient. Global Health Governance The WHO Team of NCDs accounts for worldwide leadership, co-ordination, assistance, and technical help to minimize premature fatality rate as well as deaths from NCDs. In 2019, the World Health Assembly expanded the WHO plan of action for the avoidance as well as control of non-communicable diseases from 2013 to 2020-2030 (Kluge et al., 2020). It is considered necessary for the progression of an Execution Map from 2023 to 2030 to speed up the development of controlling and preventing non-communicable diseases (Bosu, 2012). The Execution Map facilitates steps to attain a couple of global goals with a huge effect on the management and prevention of non-communicable diseases. Non-communicable diseases are a significant worldwide problem for the United Nations 2030 Plan for Sustainable Development. The Plan aims to minimize early deaths from noncommunicable diseases by 1 / 3 by 2030 (Maher et al., 2012). WHO World Health Organization plays an integral leadership part in the co-ordination as well as promotion of the worldwide fight 6 against non-communicable diseases along with the accomplishment of the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) target 3.4. Determinants: Social Social factors form the distribution of the 4 primary behavioral risks of non-communicable diseases that is a poor diet plan, lack of exercise, cigarette smoking, and excessive use of alcohol, and 3 physical problems that are potential risks for non-communicable diseases, namely, hypertension, weight problems, and diabetic issues (Allen and Feigl, 2017). Furthermore, social determinants result in stress paths impacting psychological health along with other noncommunicable diseases. Stress is linked to bad behaviors, which threaten non-communicable illnesses (Pou et al., 2017). Environmental contact with toxins associated with particularly noncommunicable diseases is also socially determined. Environmental Environmental determinants possibly causing non-communicable diseases, as stated by the WHO, involve ambient and home air pollution, secondhand cigarette smoking, contact with chemical substances, radiation and disturbance, and work-related threats (World Health Organization, 2017). Furthermore, the world health organization focuses on life exposure to ecological threats in early life; for example, chemical substances and air toxins may possibly enhance NCD risk in life (Dhimal et al., 2021). Economic Whenever people with non-communicable diseases deal with huge health-related costs along with a limited power to work, families battle against increased economic risk. Such high healthrelated expenditures and reduced work productivity strain economic systems and hamper economic and social development (Bloom et a., 2012). 7 Political Growing death rates from NCDs worldwide cause problems for policymakers. In line with the WHO, non-communicable diseases are caused by a combination of physical, genetic, ecological, as well as behavioral factors (Malaria, 2017). Fatalities from non-communicable diseases are expected to rise to fifty-two million by 2030; eighty percent of these come in low and middle income areas (World Health Organization, 2017). This implies a sudden look at policies that can fight non-communicable diseases. References Allen, L., 2017. Are we facing a noncommunicable disease pandemic?. Journal of epidemiology and global health, 7(1), pp.5-9. 8 Allen, L.N. and Feigl, A.B., 2017. Reframing non-communicable diseases as socially transmitted conditions. The Lancet Global Health, 5(7), pp.e644-e646. Beaglehole, R. and Bonita, R., 2010. What is global health?. Global Health Action, 3. World Health Organization, 2018. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018. Beaglehole, R. and Yach, D., 2003. Globalisation and the prevention and control of noncommunicable disease: the neglected chronic diseases of adults. The Lancet, 362(9387), pp.903908. Beran, D., Pedersen, H.B. and Robertson, J., 2019. Noncommunicable diseases, access to essential medicines and universal health coverage. Global health action, 12(1), p.1670014. Bloom, D.E., Cafiero, E., Jané-Llopis, E., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Bloom, L.R., Fathima, S., Feigl, A.B., Gaziano, T., Hamandi, A., Mowafi, M. and O’Farrell, D., 2012. The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases (No. 8712). Program on the Global Demography of Aging. Bosu, W.K., 2012. A comprehensive review of the policy and programmatic response to chronic non-communicable disease in Ghana. Ghana medical journal, 46(2), pp.69-78. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2015. Overview of non-communicable diseases and related risk factors. Dhimal, M., Neupane, T. and Dhimal, M.L., 2021. Understanding linkages between environmental risk factors and noncommunicable diseases—A review. FASEB BioAdvances, 3(5), p.287. Heller, O., Somerville, C., Suggs, L.S., Lachat, S., Piper, J., Aya Pastrana, N., Correia, J.C., Miranda, J.J. and Beran, D., 2019. The process of prioritization of non-communicable diseases in the global health policy arena. Health policy and planning, 34(5), pp.370-383. Kluge, H.H.P., Wickramasinghe, K., Rippin, H.L., Mendes, R., Peters, D.H., Kontsevaya, A. and Breda, J., 2020. Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the COVID-19 response. The Lancet, 395(10238), pp.1678-1680. 9 Koplan, J.P., Bond, T.C., Merson, M.H., Reddy, K.S., Rodriguez, M.H., Sewankambo, N.K. and Wasserheit, J.N., 2009. Towards a common definition of global health. The Lancet, 373(9679), pp.1993-1995. Maher, D., Ford, N. and Unwin, N., 2012. Priorities for developing countries in the global response to non-communicable diseases. Globalization and health, 8(1), pp.1-8. Malaria, W.H.O., 2017. Factsheet. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Mathers, C.D. and Loncar, D., 2006. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS medicine, 3(11), p.e442. Muka, T., Imo, D., Jaspers, L., Colpani, V., Chaker, L., van der Lee, S.J., Mendis, S., Chowdhury, R., Bramer, W.M., Falla, A. and Pazoki, R., 2015. The global impact of noncommunicable diseases on healthcare spending and national income: a systematic review. European journal of epidemiology, 30(4), pp.251-277. Pou, S.A., Tumas, N., Soria, D.S., Ortiz, P. and del Pilar Díaz, M., 2017. Large-scale societal factors and noncommunicable diseases: Urbanization, poverty and mortality spatial patterns in Argentina. Applied geography, 86, pp.32-40. World Health Organization, 2017. Noncommunicable diseases. Fact sheet. World Health Organisation, Geneva. http://www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/. Accessed, 23. World Health Organization, 2017. Preventing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) by reducing environmental risk factors (No. WHO/FWC/EPE/17.01). World Health Organization. Zimmet, P.Z. and Alberti, K.G.M., 2006. Introduction: Globalization and the non-communicable disease epidemic. Obesity, 14(1), p.1.
