CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
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1. Qualitative Inorganic Analysis
careful procedures for
recognizing the presence
of different metal ions
have been developed.
2. Quantitative Analysis
the determination of the
absolute or relative abundance of one, several or
all particular substance/s
present in a sample.
3. Error by Instrumental Methods
5-10% and sometimes
significantly greater
4. 0.005-0.1%
accuracy value of the
chemical methods of
quantitative analysis.
5. Radiometric Methods
Activation analysis
6. X-ray Methods
-absorption and emission
X-ray analysis
-X-ray phase analysis
7. Chromatographic Methods
liquid, gas, and gas liquid
chromatography
8. Spectral/Optical Methods
- emission and absorption
spectral analysis
- photometric analysis
- colorimetric analysis
- turbidimetric analysis
- luminescence analysis
9. Electrochemical Methods
- conductometry
- polarography
- potentiometry
10. Ultramicroanalysis
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uses 1 - 10^-1 mg sample
and 10^-3 - 10^-6 ml solution volume
11. Macroanalysis
uses sample usually
>100 mg and a solution
volume greater than 10 ml
12. Quantitative Analysis
refers to analyses in
which the amount of concentration of an analyte
may be determined and
expressed as a numerical
value in appropriate units.
13. Qualitative Analysis
refers to analyses in
which substances are
identified or classified on
the basis of their chemical
or physical properties.
14. Nitrogen in Food
establishes their protein
content and their nutritional value.
15. Ionized Calcium in Blood Serum
helps diagnose parathyroid disease in human patients.
16. Quantitative analysis -> Ultraviolet-Visible
Spectroscopy
studying the color of the
indicator solution with different concentrations of
the metal ion.
17. Concentration
the absolute or relative
abundance.
18. Volumetric Analysis
Doesn't take much time to
perform in the laboratory.
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19. Gravimetric Analysis
Does take much time to
perform in the laboratory.
20. Volumetric Analysis
The results obtained are
in most cases satisfactory.
21. Gravimetric Analysis
yields more accurate data
about the composition of
a sample than volumetric
analysis.
22. Volumetric Method
is any procedure in which
the volume of reagent
needed to react with analyte is measured.
23. Analyte
the substance determined or to be analyzed.
24. Chemical Indicator Method
Completion of the reaction is indicated by a
change in color of the indicator used
25. Chemical Indicator Methods
a. Neutralization
b. Redox (oxidation - reduction)
c. Precipitimitry
d. Compleximetry
26. Neutralization
a process in which hydrogen ions reacts with
hydroxyl ion or the reaction between equivalent
amount of acid and base
to form salt and water.
27. Acidimetry and Alkalimetry
types of Neutralization
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28. Acidimetry
acidic substance is titrated with a standard solution of an alkali.
29. Alkalimetry
basic substance is titrated
with a standard solution of
an acid
30. Electrometric Method
Completion of the reaction is indicated by electrical means
31. Electrometric Methods
a. Amperometric method
b. Conductometic method
c. Colulometric method
d. Potentiometric method
32. Amperometric Method
The equivalence point in
a titration is established
from changes in the amperage of a current passing through the solution
33. Conductometic Method
the equivalence point in
a titration is established
from changes in the conductivity of the solution
being titrated.
34. Colulometric Method
the quantity of the unknown is established from
ampere time measurements of electrolytic cell
where the solution to be
titrated is added.
35. Potentiometric Method
the equivalence point in
a titration is established
from changes in the relative potential of a cell
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of which the solution being titrated is a component part.
36. Gravimetric Method
the quantity of desired
constituent is computed
based on the weight of
precipitate obtained from
a sample.
37. Gravimetric Methods
a. Chemical precipitation
method
b. Electrolyte deposition
method
c. Colorimetric method
d. Other Physio-chemical
method
e. Gas-Volumetric
method
38. Chemical precipitation method
the analyte is converted
into soluble precipitate.
39. Chemical precipitation Method
Sulfates treated with BaCl
+ HCl = BaSO4
40. Colorimetric Method
Unknown substance is
converted into a colored
compound and the intensity of the color is compared with the standard
41. Other Physio-chemical Method
the physical property of a
substance is determined
like turbidity, degree of refraction, intensity of spectrum lines.
42. Optical and Electrical Method
Other Physio-chemical
Methods
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43. Optical Method
based upon the properties of radiant energy and
its behavior upon interaction with the system measured.
44. Absorption and Combustion Method
Gas Volumetric Methods
45. Absorption Method
the amount of the desired
constituent is computed
based on the change in
volume of the gaseous
sample after selective absorption of the component.
46. Combustion Method
based on the changed in
volume brought about by
the burning a mixture of
gases.
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