Government Property Senior High School NOT FOR SALE Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business and Management 1 Module 6 The Business Transactions and their Analysis to Include Definition and Nature of Business Transactions, Types of Source or Business Documents, and the Rules of Debits and Credits Department of Education Republic of the Philippines What I Need To Know For the Learners This is the introductory course in accounting, business and management data analysis that will develop your appreciation of accounting as language of business and an understanding of basic accounting concepts and principles that will help you analyze business transactions. “Is accounting important to you?” Accounting delivers financial information to different users through financial statements. It gives business owners the chance to analyze the overall efficiency and effectiveness of their business operations. Module Content This module in Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business and Management 1 for the 21 st century learners is designed to make learning more engaging and meaningful to ABM Senior High School learners in the flexible and blended learning environments. The module is aimed at citing specific examples in which accounting is used in making business decisions. The motivation behind this effort are the examples of service businesses wherein they provides intangible goods or services to customers. It usually generates profit by charging for labor or other services rendered to customers. Meaningful activities are given in the form of worksheets, assignments and online or virtual activities which allow learners to work at their own pace. As you go along, you will know the accounting cycle for service business. Learning is fun! So enjoy your journey as you unfold the most interesting and worthwhile activities in accounting. These are the competencies included in this module: analyze common business transactions using the rules of debit and credit (ABM_FABM11IIIg-j-27); and solve simple problems and exercises in the analyses of business transaction (ABM_FABM11- IIIg-j-28). Lesson The Business Transactions and their Analysis to Include Definition and Nature of Business Transactions, Types of Source or Business What’s In Activity 1. Review Instructions: differentiate the following terms. Write your answer on the line provided. 1. Service business ________________________________________________________. 2. Merchandising business ______________________________________________________. Manufacturing business ________________________________________________________. 3. What’s New Activity 2. Write the analysis, rules and journal entry of the business transaction illustrated below. The following are transactions for Anime World Gallery for the month of May. They will be recorded using the double-entry system. To analyze each transaction the following shall be used to show the effect on the accounts as follows: A (for Asset), L (for liability), or OE (Owner’s Equity). The effect on owner’s equity is sub classified as follows: OE:R (Revenue) and OE:E (expenses). Example on May 2: For Initial Investment May 2 Gisel Ong loves to watch anime. She draws posters of colorful anime characters. Sometimes she displays them in her office. To her surprise , many anime fans buy her drawings and paintings and place special orders for Anime characters of their choice. Thus, Gisel decided to open Anime World Gallery. Gisel invested P300,000 in this initial endeavor. Analysis Assets increased. Owner’s equity increased. Rules Debit increases in assets. Credit increases in owner’s equity. Entry Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to cash. Increase in owner’s equity is recorded by a credit to Ong, Capital. Show entry (Journal entry): Cash (A) Ong, Capital Initial Investment Dr 300,000 Cr 300,000 Your turn Issuance of Note for Cash May 3 Gisel Ong Issued a promissory note for a P100,000 loan from Allay Bank. The note carries a 12% interest per annum. The interest and the principal are payable after one year. Analysis ___________________________________________________. Rules ___________________________________________________. Entry ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________________________________________________. ____________ Acquisition of Office Equipment for Cash May 5 Ms. Ong acquired office equipment to be used for the office paying P180,000 in cash. Analysis ___________________________________________________. Rules ___________________________________________________. Entry ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________. Acquisition of Furniture Paying Down Payment and the Balance on Account. May 5 Ms. Ong acquired furniture from Bloom’s costing P40,000 paying P12,000 and the balance at the end of the month. (Note: A compound entry is needed in this transaction.) Analysis ___________________________________________________. Rules ___________________________________________________. Entry ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ ___________ ____________________ ____________________________________________________. Advance Payment of Rental Cr ____________ May 6 Gisel Ong rented office space and paid two-month rent in advance, all costing P18,000 Analysis ___________________________________________________. Rules ___________________________________________________. Entry ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________. Payment of Insurance Premiums May 7 Ms. Ong paid Asia Insurance Co. P10,800 for one year insurance of the gallery. Analysis ___________________________________________________. Rules ___________________________________________________. Entry ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________. Events not Affecting the Accounting Equation (no journal entry) May 7 Hired a part-time student helper with P4,000 monthly salary. The student helper started working on the following day. There is no entry necessary at this point as the hiring of the student helper has no effect on the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity. May 8 Called National Book Store and ordered art supplies worth P7,200. There is no entry necessary at this point as the ordering of the art supplies has no effect on the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity. Question: Why? Answer: _________________________________________________. Purchase of Art Supplies on Account May 8 The P7,200. worth of art supplies ordered from National Book Store were delivered on account. Analysis ___________________________________________________. Rules ___________________________________________________. Entry ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________. Income Earned on Account May 11 An oil painting of Naruto and an acrylic painting of L was delivered to Mr. Ku To. Gisel Ong billed Mr. Ku To P120,000 for the painting delivered. Analysis ___________________________________________________. Rules ___________________________________________________. Entry ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________. Partial Settlement of Accounts Payable May 12 Analysis Rules Entry Ms. Ong paid National Book Store P3,000 of the amount owned. ___________________________________________________. ___________________________________________________. ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________. Partial Collection of Accounts Receivable May 15 Ms. Ong received P50,000 from Mr. Ku To as partial payment for the anime painting delivered last May 11. Analysis ___________________________________________________. Rules ___________________________________________________. Entry ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________. May 18 Analysis Rules Entry Gisel Ong withdrew P18,000 for personal use. ___________________________________________________. ___________________________________________________. ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________. Collection of Unearned Income May 20 Analysis Rules Entry Ms. Ong received P80,000 cash for a contract to paint Lelouch. ___________________________________________________. ___________________________________________________. ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________ Cash Collection from Income Earned May 23 Gisel Ong received cash from Ms. Uto San P90,000 for a charcoal poster of Kirito. Analysis ___________________________________________________. Rules ___________________________________________________. Entry ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________. Payment of Salaries May 29 Analysis Rules Entry Ms. Ong paid helper’s salary for the month, P4,000. ___________________________________________________. ___________________________________________________. ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________________________________________________. ____________ Payment of Expenses Incurred / Consumed May 29 Gisel Ong paid water bill of P540 for the month. Analysis ___________________________________________________. Rules ___________________________________________________. Entry ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________ ____________________________________________________. Unpaid Expenses already Consumed / Incurred (Accrued Expenses) May 30 Ms. Ong received bill from Meralco amounting to P4,500. Analysis ___________________________________________________. Rules ___________________________________________________. Entry ___________________________________________________. ____________________________________________. Show entry: Dr ____________________ Cr ___________ ____________________ ____________________________________________________. ____________ What Is It What is a JOURNAL? A journal is a chronological record of events and business transactions showing all the effects of each transaction in terms of debit and credits. Because transactions are initially recorded in the journal, it is called the book of original entry. The simplest journal is the general journal. A journal entry should contain the following: 1. Date. Write the month on the first transaction unless there is a change in month for the succeeding transactions or a new page is used. 2. Account titles and explanations. Write the debit account on the extreme left of the first line and indent the credit account half- inch on the next line. The explanation describing the transaction is written on the extreme left of the next line below the credit. 3. P.R. (Posting Reference). Write the corresponding account number here once the entry is posted. However, it is left blank until the posting has been done. 4. Debit. Under this column, write the debit amount for each debit account. 5. Credit. Under this column, write the credit amount for each credit account. Presume that Gisel Ong established Anime World Gallery with an initial investment of P300,00 on May 2,2018. The journal entry is shown on the next page. Date 2018 May 2 Account Titles and Explanation Cash Ong, Capital Initial Investment P.R. Debit Credit 300,000 300,000 The Simple and Compound Entry When only two accounts are affected, you call this a simple entry where there is only one debit account and one credit account. The previous example where the owner, Gisel Ong, made an initial investment is a simple entry. In some cases, a transaction would require the use of three or more accounts, in which case the entry is called a compound entry. Journalizing the Transactions Journalizing is the process of recording a transaction in a journal after it has been recognized and measured. In journalizing transactions, the double-entry system is used. In this case, two or more accounts are affected by each transaction. It follows that for every debit, a corresponding credit is made. The total debits should equal total credits for every transaction. In this way, the quality of the accounting equation is maintained. Rules for Debit and Credit Your debit to show: Your credit to show: 1. Increase in assets 2. Decrease in liability 3. Decrease in owner’s equity - Owner’s withdrawal - Expenses 1. Decrease in assets 2. Increase in liability 3. Increase in owner’s equity - Initial investment - Additional investment -Revenue/income THE ANALYSIS OF A TRANSACTION Following are the steps involve in analyzing transaction: 1. From the business document, determine the kind of transaction or exchange made. 2. Analyze the transaction to determine the accounts affected. They can either affect the assets, liabilities, owner’s equity, revenue, or expenses accounts. 3. Determine the effect of the transaction on the accounts affected. The transaction can either increase of decrease the accounts. 4. Apply the rules of debited and credited to show the corresponding increase or decrease. The example is given on the activity 2 exercises. What’s More Activity 3. Essay Instructions. Answer the question briefly based on your own understanding. Write your answer on the lines provided. 1. What is a journal? ________________________________________________________________ ______________________. 2. What is a difference between a simple entry and a compound entry? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________. 3. Discuss the analysis of a transaction. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________. 4. State the rules of debit and credit. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________. Answer Key: Activity 1. Review 1. Engaged in the rendering of service 2. Engaged in buying and selling goods 3. Engaged in the reproduction of items to be sold. Activity 2: Identification May 3 Analysis: Asset Increase, Liabilities Increased. Rules: Debit increases in assets. Credit increases in liabilities. Entry: Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to cash. Increase in liabilities is recorded by a credit to notes payable. Journal entry illustration: Dr Cash (A) Cr 100,000 Notes Payable (L) 100,000 Borrowed money from the bank by Issuing a promissory note May 5 Analysis: An asset increased. Another asset decreased. Rules: Debit increases in assets. Credit decreases in assets. Entry: Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to office equipment. Decrease in assets is recorded by a credit to cash. Journal entry illustration: Dr Office Equipment (A) Cr 180,000 Cash (A) 180,000 Purchased office equipment for cash May 5 Analysis: Asset increased. Assets decreased. Liabilities increased. Rules: Debit increases in assets. Credit decreases in assets. Credit increases in liabilities. Enty: assets accounts Increases in assets is recorded by a debit to furniture and fixture. Decreases in is recorded by a credit to cash. Increase in liabilities is recorded by a credit to payable. Journal entry illustration: Dr Cr Furniture and Fixture (A) 40,000 Cash (A) 12,000 Accounts Payable (L) 28,000 Bought furniture for paying cash and the balance on account May 6 Analysis: An asset increased. Another asset decreased. Rules: Debit increases in assets. Credit increases in assets. Entry: Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to prepaid rent. Decrease in assets is recorded by a credit to cash. Journal entry illustration: Dr Prepaid Rent (A) Cr 18,000 Cash (A) 18,000 Paid two months rent in advance May 7 Analysis: An asset increased. Another asset decreased. Rules: Debit increases in assets. Credit increases in assets. Entry: Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to prepaid insurance. Decrease in assets is recorded by a credit to cash. Journal entry illustration: Dr Prepaid Rent (A) Cash (A) Cr 10,800 10,800 Paid one year insurance premium May 7 There is no entry necessary at this point as the hiring of the student helper has no effect on the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity. May 8 There is no entry necessary at this point as the ordering of the art supplies has no effect on the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity. No delivery of the supplies has been made, thereby no liability arises. May 8 (Purchase of art supplies on account) Analysis: Assets increased. Liabilities increased. Rules: Debit increases in assets. Credit increases in liabilities. Entry: Increases in assets is recorded by a debit to art supplies. Increase in liabilities is recorded by a credit to accounts payable. Journal entry illustration: Dr Art Supplies (A) Cr 7,200 Accounts Payable (L) 7,200 Purchased art supplies on account May 11 Analysis: Assets increased. Owner’s equity increased. Rules: Debit increases in assets. Credit increases in owner’s equity. Entry: Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to accounts receivable. Increase in owner’s equity is recorded by a credit to painting revenue. Journal entry illustration: Dr Accounts Receivable (A) Cr 120,000 Painting Revenue (OE:R) 120,000 Anime painting on account May 12 Analysis: Assets decreased. Liabilities decreased. Rules: Debit decreases in liabilities. Credit decreases in assets. Entry: Decrease in liabilities is recorded by a debit to accounts payable. Decrease in assets is recorded by a credit to cash. Journal entry illustration: Dr Accounts Payable (L) 3,000 Cr Cash (A) 3,000 Made partial payment to National Book Store May 15 Analysis: An asset increased. Another asset decreased. Rules: Debit increases in assets. Credit decreases in assets. Entry: Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to cash. Decrease in assets is recorded by a credit to accounts receivable. Journal entry illustration: Dr Cash (A) Cr 50,000 Accounts Receivable (A) 50,000 Received cash as partial collection from Mr. Ku To May 18 Analysis: Assets decreased. Owner’s equity decreased. Rules: Debit decreases in owner’s equity. Credit decreases in assets. Entry: Decrease in owner’s equity is recorded by a debit to Ong, Drawing. Decrease in assets is recorded by a credit to cash. Journal entry illustration: Dr Ong, Drawing (OE) Cr 18,000 Cash (A) 18,000 Withdrew cash for personal use May 20 Analysis: Assets increased. Liabilities increased. Rules: Debit increases assets. Credit increases in liabilities. Entry: increase in assets is recorded by a debit to cash. Increase in liabilities is recorded by a credit to unearned painting revenue. Journal entry illustration: Dr Cash (A) Cr 80,000 Unearned Painting Revenue (L) Received cash for painting services to be rendered 80,000 May 23 Analysis: Assets increased. Owner’s equity increased. Rules: Debit increases in assets. Credit increases in owner’s equity. Entry: Increase in assets is recorded by a debit to cash. Increase in owner’s equity is recorded by a credit to painting revenue. Journal entry illustration: Dr Cash (A) Cr 90,000 Painting Revenue (OE:R) 90,000 Received cash for a charcoal painting May 25 Analysis: Assets decreased. Owner’s equity decreased. Rules: Debit decreases in owner’s equity. Credit decreases in assets. Entry: Decrease in owner’s equity is recorded by a debit to salaries expense. Decrease in assets is recorded by a credit to cash. Journal entry illustration: Dr Salaries expense (OE:E) Cr 4,000 Cash (A) 4,000 Paid helper’s salary for the month May 29 Analysis: Assets decreased. Owner’s equity decreased. Rules: Debit decreases in owner’s equity. Credit decreases in assets. Entry: Decrease in owner’s equity is recorded by a debit to utilities expense. Decrease in assets is recorded by a credit to cash. Journal entry illustration: Dr Utilities expense (OE:E) Cr 540 Cash (A) 540 Paid water bill for the month May 30 Analysis: Liabilities increased. Owner’s equity decreased. Rules: Debit decreases in owner’s equity. Owner’s equity decreased. Entry: Decrease in owner’s equity is recorded by a debit to utilities expense. Increase in liabilities is recorded by a credit to utilities payable. Journal entry illustration: Dr Utilities expense (OE:E) Utilities Payable (L) Received bill from Meralco Cr 4,500 4,500