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Module of Life and works of Rizal for prelim period
Life And Works Of Rizal (Technological Institute of the Philippines)
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Module 1
Why study history?
● History gives us a rich knowledge of the past which help us understand the present
● A knowledge of history allows us to understand the present and predict the future
● History provides us with valuable lessons of the past which will guide us in our actions
today
● History promotes tolerance of other people and their culture
● History can be interesting and fun
● A knowledge of history can make us proud of our own culture and heritage
● Historical knowledge is no more and no less than carefully and critically constructed
collective memory.
RA 1425
● Known as rizal law
● It was signed by Pres. Ramon Magsaysay 12 June 1956. The original proponent of the
bill was Sen C. M. Recto, but Sen. Laurel was the senate Education Committee Chair,
under which the deliberations of the bill will be heard, before i would pass the floor
readings
● Author- Claro M. Recto
● Sponsored the bill in the senate- Jose P. Laurel
● Signed- June 12 1956
● An act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and
universities courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels
Noli Me Tangee and El Filibusterismo authorizing the printing and distribution thereof
and for other purposes.
● Mandates all educational institutions in the philippines to offer courses about Jose Rizal
Objectives
● To include in the curriculum of students in all levels in the philippines the study of the
life, works and writings of Jose Rizal who in 1901 was selected by the Taft Commission
to be the Philippine's national hero
● To present a nationalistic example done by rizal so that all students from all levelswould
possess a stronger sense of nationalism, which during that period, (1950’s) is
experiencing unprecedented challenges preceding the war from which the philippines,
and its people have suffered both politico-economic and cultural challenges
Important points
● Re-dedication of the ideals of freedom and nationalism
● Honoring the national hero and patriot, jose rizal remember with special fondness and
devotion the lives and works that have shaped the national character
● Life, work, writings of jose rizal particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo should be constant and inspiring source of patriotism
● Instill values of moral character, civic conscience, personal discipline and duties of
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citizenship
It arouse filipino nationalism
Makes the Filipino people remember who they are and that they have their own identity
as a nation.
“besides the duty of every one to seek his perfection, there is in every man an
innate desire to cultivate his intelligence” - jose rizal
Why study history
There are a lot of reasons why we need to study history. Firstly, it helps us to appreciate
our culture and heritage . Second, it teaches us significant lessons from the past that will
help us make better decisions in the future. Third is it allows us to understand the
present and predict the future. Lastly, history helps us in analyzing how the past has
shaped global, national, and local relationships between societies and individuals.
History helps us understand and struggle with complicated concerns and dilemmas.
Indeed, whether it is a good or tragic experience in our life, history is a knowledge or
lesson that we can treasure forever.
Why study rizal
We need to study Rizal to honor our national hero for dedicating his life and efforts to the
development of the Filipino people. Through the study of Rizal's life, works, and writings,
one might get an inspiring source of patriotism. It gives advice on how to deal with
current issues. History enables us to recognize who we are. We identify ourselves not
only in terms of where we are going, but also in terms of where we've come from. Rizal
instills patriotism and offers a variety of important life values. Lastly, is to reawaken
youth's commitment to the ideas of liberty and nationalism for which our heroes fought
and died.
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REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS
AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME
TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND
DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a rededication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died;
WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot,
Jose Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that
have shaped the national character;
WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with
which the minds of the youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in
school, should be suffused;
WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to
regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character,
personal discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now,
therefore,
SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools,
colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the
original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their
English translation shall be used as basic texts. The Board of National Education is
hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwit measures to implement and carry out
the provisions of this Section, including the writing and printing of appropriate primers,
readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this
Act, promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to carry
out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and
regulations providing for the exemption of students for reasons of religious belief stated
in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the provision contained in the
second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the course provide
for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take effect thirty
(30) days after their publication in the Official Gazette.
SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in
their
libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the
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Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography.
The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their
translations in English as well as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of
approved books for required reading in all public or private schools, colleges and
Universities
The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books,
depending upon the enrollment of the school, college or university
SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English,
Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular
editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read
them, through the Purok organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the country
SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section
nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of
religious doctrines by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public
School
SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be
appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry
out the purposes of this Act
SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Approved: June 12, 1956
Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in June 1956.
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WHY STUDY RIZAL?
It is of great importance that students understand the rationale behind having to take up
a Rizal course in college. For high school students, the Noli Me Tangere and the El
Filibusterismo are injected into the Filipino subject as part of the overall curriculum. In
tertiary education, however, Rizal is a subject required of any course, in any college or
university in the Philippines
1. BECAUSE IT IS MANDATED BY LAW
The Rizal Law, enacted in 1956, seeks to accomplish the following goals:
• To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideals of freedom and nationalism, for which
our heroes lived and died
• To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works in shaping the
Filipino character
• To gain an inspiring source of patriotism through the study of Rizal’s life, works, and
writings.
2. BECAUSE OF THE LESSONS CONTAINED WITHIN THE COURSE
• To recognize the importance of Rizal’s ideals and teachings in relation to present
conditions and situations in the society.
• To encourage the application of such ideals in current social and personal problems
and issues.
• To develop an appreciation and deeper understanding of all that Rizal fought and died
for.
• To foster the development of the Filipino youth in all aspects of Citizenship
THE STORY OF THE RIZAL LAW
Filing of the Rizal Bill
In 1956, Sen. Claro M. Recto filed a measure which became the original Rizal Bill. Under
the bill it shall be obligatory for college and university students to study the life and works
of Rizal.
Senator Claro M. Recto was the main proponent of the Rizal Bill. He sought to sponsor
the bill at Congress. However, this was met with stiff opposition from the
Catholic Church
During the 1955 Senate election, the church charged Recto with being a communist and
an anti- Catholic. After Recto's election, the Church continued to oppose the bill
mandating the reading of Rizal's novels Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo, claiming
it would violate freedom of conscience and religion
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On May 12, 1956, a compromise inserted by Committee on Education Chairman Jose P.
Laurel that accommodated the objections of the Catholic Church was approved
unanimously
The bill specified that only college (university) students would have the option of reading
unexpurgated versions of clerically-contested reading material, such as Noli Me Tángere
and El Filibusterismo.
On June 12, 1956, the bill was approved by the Philippine Legislature as Republic Act
1425; otherwise known as Rizal Law. Incidentally, June 12 was declared as Flag Day.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIZAL LAW
EFFECTS OF THE RIZAL LAW
Positive Effects:
According to Hernando Abaya, 1984, the nationalist reawakening began on the UP
campus, sparked by the teaching of Rizal’s life and his writings made compulsory by the
Noli-Fili law, co-authored by Recto and Laurel. This is a statement from a person who
was able to witness the condition of the country before and after the Rizal law was
implemented. He saw the change and the positive effect of the law to our country back
then.
The youth was made aware of the contributions and the principled life of Jose Rizal who
was an emblem of substantial nationalism and unconditional love for the country. He
embodies brilliance coupled with humility and prestige that goes along with service. This
Republic Act has pushed for Rizal to be a role model for the youth of this country.
Through this republic act the essence of freedom and independence was emphasized to
the youth. Also, it has been implied through this act that national identity is a very
important legacy that our heroes have achieved through sacrificing their own lives. They
have passed it on to us, and it is our role to nurture and protect it.
Negative Effects:
The R. A. 1425 just caused havoc within educational institutions. Take the case of UP a
couple of years after this law’s implementation. The UP Student Catholic Action and
numerous publications and students were pushed to go against their President, Dr.
Singco because they feel that the University is starting to become godless. It has just
caused a mass confusion between faith and nationalism.
The faith of the people is being compromised. This law is endangering the Christian
growth of the students who are still in their formative years. This can drive
the youth to question the credibility of the church and its teachings and traditions.
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According to a survey that we have conducted in our university, the Rizal course is not
actually significant for the students. It has just been a laborious subject that adds
unnecessary work load to students, and it sometimes drives the students to lose focus
on their majors
Synthesis
The academic subject on the life, works , and writings of Jose Rizal was not mandated
by law for nothing. Far from being impractical, the course interestingly offers many
benefits that some contemporary academicians declare that the subject, especially when
taught properly, is more beneficial than many subjects in various curricula
The following are just some of the significance of the academic subject:
1. The subject provides insights on how to deal with current problems
There is a dictum ``He who controls the past controls the future ." Our view of
history forms the manner we perceive the present, and therefore influences the
kind of solutions we provide for existing problems. Jose Rizal course, as a history
subject, is full of historical information from which one could base his decisions in
life. In various ways, the subject , for instance , teaches that being educated is a
vital ingredient for a person or country to be really free and successful
2. It helps us understand better ourselves as Filipinos
The past helps us understand who we are. We comprehensively define ourselves
not only in terms of where we are going but also where we come from. Our
heredity, past behaviors, and old habits as a nation are all significant clues and
determinants to our present situation. Interestingly, the life of a very important
national historical figure like Jose Rizal contributes much to shedding light on our
collective experience and identity as Filipinos. The good grasp of the past offered
by this subject would help us in dealing wisely with the present
3. It teaches nationalism and patriotism
Nationalism involves the desire to attain freedom and political independence ,
especially by a country under foreign power, while patriotism denotes proud
devotion and loyalty to one's nation. Jose Rizal's life, works, and writingsespecially his novels-essentially if not perfectly radiate these traits. For one
thing , the subject helps us to understand our country better
4.
It provides various essential life lessons
We can learn much from the way Rizal faced various challenges in life. As a
controversial figure in his timehe encountered serious dilemmas and
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predicaments but responded decently and high mindedlyThrough the crucial
decisions he made in his life, we can sense his priorities and convictions which
manifest how noble, selfless, and great the national hero was. For example, his
many resolutions exemplified the aphorism that in this life there are things more
important than personal feeling and happiness
5. It helps in developing logical and critical thinking
Critical Thinking refers to discerning, evaluative, and analytical thinking. A
Philosophy majorJose Rizal unsurprisingly demonstrated his critical thinking skills
in his argumentative essays, satires, novels, speeches, and written debates. In
deciding what to believe or do, Rizal also proved his being a reasonably
reflective thinker, never succumbing to the irrational whims and baseless
opinions of anyone. In fact, he indiscriminately evaluated and criticized even the
doctrines of the dominant
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Module 2
Concept of a hero
❖ The oncept of “hero”and “heroism”seem to have existed in all cultures on earth, in many
forms and varieties
❖ The word itself has probably appeared first in ancient greece, where it was combined in
the name of one of the greatest heroes of all times: “heracles
Ancient greece
According to robert Graves
- An authority on greek culture
- The name hero is derived from that of the great goddess Hera so hero means “Hera;s
Glory
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Heracles then lived, acted and died in the name and for the glory of that goddess
One of the most famous Greek heroes was the Athenian Theseus, who sailed from his
city to Crete to fight against the Minotaur and save his young countrymen and women,
who were supposed to be sacrificed to a monster
In a book Graves describes important feature of life of a hero
- dies not just to glorify his mother but to save his people- the tribe of which he is chieffrom all their yearly sins and all possible punishments
Japan
● Japanese Yamato Take, who was the son of a king was accredited with slaying a
dangerous serpent of Omi.
- Similar deeds were performed by Heracle
Christians
- Jesus' heroism was not apparent in his physical powers but in doing miracles. His death
in agony on the cross presents him as a classic hero. Jesus was a classic victim
-Like heracles, he went up after his death to heaven to become a proper deity
The hero then possessed the three main characteristics of heroism:
1. They performed outstanding deeds
2. They risk their very being for the sake of others rather than for their own glory. They
were all victims
The humanity of heroes
● Heroes are human beings
● They are made, not born
● A product of his time
● Responded to the call of the times
● Are not born saints
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Ordinary human beings facing challenges with an extraordinary response
In studying them, heir frailties might surface
How did rizal became a hero?
A hero is…
An admirable leader towering over his peers, who serves a noble cause possessing exceptional
talent, distinguished valor and/or hold enterprise, exercising a determinative influence over the
spiritual life of his people in a particular remarkable event.
Stand for what is right even if you stand alone
Characteristics to be examined:
● The extent of the persons sacrifice for the welfare of the country
● Movies and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal the moral character of the
person
● The influence of the person to his age or epoch and the succeeding eras
According to Dr. Corpuz
● Heroes are those who have a concept of a nation and thereafter and struggle for the
nations freedom
● Heroes also think of the future
Rizal as hero
1. Performed outstanding deed
-used the pen to fight
2. Risked his very being for the sake of his countrymen
- He wagged a non violent crusade against the oppressors of his countrymen
3. He is a victim
- Suffered political martyrdom
Was Rizal an American sponsored hero?
● The Spaniards, the Filipinos and the Americans raised Rizal to the rank of supremacy
among the heroes
- Thus rizal's life, works and martyrdom raised him to the highest place in the
pantheon of our revolutionary heroes
● His supremacy was acknowledge by his contemporaries (Aguinaldo, Bonifacio, etc)
- Spanish writers acknowledge his fame
- American colonial legislators who came to admire our people through his history
acknowledge him as well
● It is simply not true that there was ever any colonialists meeting or plot to impose rizal
as the national hero of the philippines
● The decision to honor him in this way was made by the Filipinos, for the filipinos.
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Patriotism And nationalism
Do you know the symbol of your country and explain every part that makes it ?
Do you know the lyrics of your National Anthem?
What is the History of your country ?
Who were the loyal generals of President Emilio Aguinaldo ?
Can you name the presidents of the Philippines from Aguinaldo to Aquino?
Why do malls play the "Lupang Hinirang" in their movie theaters?
In a formal program, why does the national anthem come first before the prayer?
What does it take to be a Filipino ? To be a truly Filipino citizen?
What does Nationalism mean?
From the Philippines , its stronghold , nationalism is a devotion of love for one's country.
Nationalism means to give more importance to unity by way of a cultural background , including
language and heritage. It implies to a person that his country is the most superior among other
countries and he will defend it no matter what
What does Patriotism mean?
Patriotism is a devotion to one's country for no other reason than being a citizen of that country.
It is a common virtue that pertains to the love for a nation , with more emphasis on values and
beliefs. One who is patriotic will be ready to make any sacrifice for his country . He will never
live selfishly for himself alone . A soldier for instance makes the supreme sacrifice of his life for
the sake of his country
What is the difference between PATRIOTISM and NATIONALISM?
Patriotism vs. Nationalism
Nationalism and patriotism are often used interchangeably , meaning one for the other. There is,
however, a wide distinction between nationalism and patriotism as political concepts .
Nationalism , etymologically, means love , care for preservation and patronage of one's native
land and everything in it the country of birth of a national whether it be Filipino or otherwise
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To be a Filipino nationalist, therefore, the ethnological ramifications of nationalism must all be
present in one's being. This implies a heartfelt dedication for the love, care, and preservation of
the Philippines and everything that is identified with it: the Philippine territory the inhabitants ,
Philippine sovereignty, its government , all things that represent and symbolize the country the
aspirations, hopes, dreams and needs of the Filipino people .
On the other hand, patriotism is taken from the Latin term pater , which literally means "father".
Patriotism is the willingness and determination to lay down one's life for the fatherland-the
constant resolve to sacrifice one's life and limb for the preservation of the State. It is the total
realization of that love for the country, which is nationalism . In other words, to be patriotic is to
be nationalistic . Conversely one cannot be patriotic without being nationalistic
The famous poet Rabindranath Tagore, himself a great patriot, said that patriotism is more
important than nationalism. A patriot loves his own country but he does not hate the people of
other countries. A nationalist might consider his own nation important and hate the people of
other nations. A patriot is international in his outlook. He is broad-minded and tolerant. He is a
citizen of the world. A nationalist may be narrow-minded. He may think in terms of his own
country and hate all those who are not his countrymen
The following are 10 modern ways to express Filipino Nationalism:
1. Respect the Philippine flag and value the Filipino identity Being Filipinos, we should respect
our Philippine flag and its purpose. The history and value of this flag are connected to the
freedom we have today. Encourage our fellowmen to participate and respect our flag and its
anthem and even our different symbols. They provide us with our identity as Filipinos or citizens
of the beautiful Republic of the Philippines
2. Be a productive citizen. Be industrious and make ourselves productive , not only for ourselves
but for our country as well. Serve the people, serve our nation
3. Be aware of the issues in our country. We must be aware and updated on the significant
issues happening in the countryExtend help to the needy fellow men, especially the victims of
disasters like typhoons, flooding, and the like.
4. Stand proud of every Filipino's achievement. Filipinos are globally competitive in many
aspects. They are proud to be Filipinos and for the honors they bring to our country. They unite
every Filipino for their achievements . We can be proud of Filipinos like Manny Pacquiao, the
Azkals Football Team, the Gilas Pilipinas Basketball Team, and many more.
5. Patronize and support our own products. The Philippines has rich resources to create quality
goods and products. The manpower services we provide are also globally competitive. Our
economy will improve more if we ourselves patronize our own products which characterize our
creativity, resourcefulness, and industry
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6. Preserve Filipino culture . The Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural elements. They
are our identity. Be proud and preserve the culture we have for they are our treasure. We have
to keep them for the future generation
7. Respect everyone and value our traditions. Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. Even
in modern times, many Filipinos show and value their noble norms and traditions. So, we
Filipinos must continue to exercise these good traditions like respecting our elders and others,
by using " po at opo", being hospitable , and being religious
8. Speak out our own language . Using our own language is manifesting and preserving our
national identity. It is our unique means of communicating and interacting with our fellowmen.
Our language is an important tool to achieve further unity and national development
9. Remember and commemorate our heroes' sacrifices for our country There were many
Filipinos who died for our democracy, freedom, and independenceSome fought using their pens
and tongues, while some used the power of their arms and weapons. Each had their own way of
showing their love and respect for our countryIn today's generation, let value and treasure our
heroes ' sacrifices and devotion to our country
10. Love our family, our neighbors, and our compatriots . Love and help one another. That way,
we are showing the world that we are proud to be Filipinos. Stand united! Do something to help
each other and for the greater good of the mother country. Love everyone and love our country
as we love ourselves.
There are many ways to show our love for our country. In our generation, there are things that
test our nationalism. What is important though is that we stand united as Filipino people and we
love the Philippines as our mother country. Let us manifest the essence of nationalism in every
aspect of our life
We must do our part to instill Patriotism in the next generation
1.Teach our history
Our history is full of exciting and inspiring characters and events that would make any Filipino
proud. However, most of us never learn more than what we need for school exams. A quick look
at the phenomenal hit movie , Heneral Lunawill tell us that our history shapes the world we live
in, and what our future will be if we do not learn from it. Help history becomes relevant to
children by telling history through the experiences of your family or ancestor, or even the region
you trace your roots to
2.Teach and make them understand the "Panatang Makabayan and "Lupang Hinirang
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Previous generations had events to teach patriotism the hard wayIn the absence of more
extreme circumstances , our children need to go back to basicsOur Patriotic Oath and National
Anthem are more than just required memorization pieces. The words carry such depth when
discussed in the context of our history and deserve nothing less than full respect shown through
an upright posture and by placing the right hand over one's heart when singing Lupang Hinirang
" or the right arm at a right angle to the body when reciting the Panata . Hats must be removed
and phones are not to be touched
3.Respecting the Philippine flag A recent video of a student using the Philippine flag as a mop
shocked citizens , but more than the act, it was the disrespect that angered so many . Thanks to
the freedom and peace we enjoy today , we all take our flag for granted . But this should not
stop us from teaching our children to act appropriately when handling the flag, reciting the
"Panatang Makabayan,or singing Lupang Hinirang Before it
4.Keep children informed and involved
Many events such as natural calamities and cases of injustice are not exactly normal discussion
points for children. However, if we want them to understand the gravity or significance of these
events, we can try to talk about them in age-appropriate ways so that as early as childhood,
they understand that we are all affected by what happens , and must work together as one
community
5.Significant historical places
It never ceases to amaze me how many historical places we have in our countryWhether you go
north or south, you will surely find a beautiful cathedral from a long-gone era, a bell tower that
served as a watchpoint for Filipino guerillas against Spanish or Japanese soldiers , or a
monument dedicated to a hero born in that province , or a plaque commemorating a special and
significant event. But you need not go far. A trip to Luneta and a walk around Manila is more
than enough to make history come alive. Everyone has his own way of imparting patriotism to
the next generation . Hopefully , our children will grow up and live in peaceful times that will
never the depths of their patriotism. But even in quiet times, may they grow up with a deep love
for their country and understand that they are a part of this society both the good and the bad in
it. If we can raise them this way, we can be sure that they will be responsible patriotic citizens
who will raise our country to new heights
Fact !
In the Philippines, today, we are lacking in patriots largely due to the diffusion of Filipino values ,
culture , influence of conquistadores, and the confluence of historical bad governance . The
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Philippine State is in dire need of statesmen who truly understand the basics of politics, politics
being defined as the systematic study of the state ...
Remember
For as long as our political leaders blind us of these things, for as long as the Filipino people
refuse to learn, for as long as we remain mediocre, for as long we could not change our self
inwardly, for as long as we refuse to change, nationalism and patriotism will only be words in the
dictionary
The state being defined a shaving four basic elements;
● Territory ( the philippine archipelago, its waters, subterranean shelves,
● People - the filipino people who are nationalistic and patriotic
● Sovereignty- freedom from foreign ductates
● Government- a body politic composed of delegates who are considered to be
representatives of the people to stand and fight for filipino interest, dream, aspiration and
hopes
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WHO MADE RIZAL OUR FOREMOST NATIONAL HERO AND WHY
A national hero of the Philippines is a Filipino who has been recognized as a national
hero for their role in the history of the Philippines. The term may refer to all Filipino
historical figures recognized as heroes but more strictly refers to those officially
designated. In 1995 the Philippine National Heroes Committee officially recommended
several people for the designation, but this was not acted upon. As of 2007, no one had
ever been formally recognized as a Philippine national hero.
The reformist writer Jose Rizal, today generally considered the greatest Filipino hero
and often honored as the Philippine national hero, has never been explicitly proclaimed
as the (or even a) national hero. Besides Rizal, the only Filipino currently given implied
recognition as a national hero is Andrés Bonifacio, based on the Philippine
government's policy on national holidays. At the same time, other historical figures are
commemorated in public municipal or provincial holidays. Only Rizal and Andrés
Bonifacio are observed in whole or "regular" national holidays- the only ones, based on
this metric. The National Heroes Committee recommended Jose Rizal, Andres
Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat, Juan Luna,
Melchora Aquino, and Gabriela Silang to be recognized as national heroes on
November 15, 1995. No action was taken on the recommendation.
Unfortunately, however, some Filipinos still believe that Rizal is a "made-to-order"
national hero and that the maker or manufacturer was the Americans, particularly Civil
Governor William Howard Taft.
1.The doctrines of Rizal are not for one epoch but for all epochs. They are as valid today as
they were yesterdayIt cannot be said that because the political ideals of Rizal have been
achieved because of the change in the institutions, the wisdom of his counsels or the value of
his doctrines have ceased to be opportune. They have not
2. As a towering figure in the Propaganda Campaign, he took an "admirable partin that
movement w/c roughly covered the period from 882 - 1896
3. Blumentritt after reading Rizal's wrote & congratulated its author , saying among other things:
Your work, as we Germans say has been written w/ the blood of the heart...
4. Rizal's friends & admirers praised w justificable pride the & its author his enemies were
equally loud & bitter in attacking & condemning the same
5. The proponents & opponents of the Rizal Law engaged themselves in bitter & long drawn out debate the finally resulted in the enactment of a compromise measure now known as RA
1425
6. Cong Henry Allen Cooper Wisconsin delivered an eulogy of Rizal & even recited the martyr's
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Ultimo Pensamiento on the floor of the U. S. House of Representatives in order to prove the
capacity of the Filipinos for self-government
7. No Filipino has yet been born who could equal or surpass Rizal as a "person of distinguished
valor/enterprise in danger and fortitude in suffering ."
8. Dr. Frank C. Laubach American biographer of Rizal spoke of the hero's great courage
9. To the bigoted Spaniards in Spain & in the PhilippinesRizal was the most intelligent, most
courageous, & most dangerous enemy of the reactionaries & the tyrants
10. Fernando Acevedo, who called Rizal his distinguido amigo compañero y paisano" wrote the
letter from ZaragozaSpain, on 25 Oct 1889: see in you the model Filipinoyour application to
study & you talents have placed on a height w/c revere & admire ."
11. The Bicolano Dr. Tomas Arejola wrote Rizal in Madrid, 9 Feb 1891 saying: "Your moral
influence over us is indisputable."
12. Guillermo Puatu of Bulacan wrote this tribute to Rizal: Among the foreigners who recognized
Rizal as the leading Filipino of his time were Napoleon M. KheilDr. Rheinhold Rost& Vicente
BarrantesProf. Blumentritt told Dr. Maximo Viola in May 1887 that Rizal was the greatest
product of the Philippines & that his coming to the world was like the appearance of a rare
comelwhose rare brilliance appears only every other century
13. Napoleon Kheil of Prague, Austria, wrote to Rizal and said
dr. Rost, distinguished Malayologist and librarian of the india office of London, called Rizal “una
perla hombre”
14. Don Vicente Barrantes admitted that Rizal was the first among the Filipinos "
15. Even before the outbreak of the revolution against Spain in 1896. many instances can be
cited to prove that his country here & abroad recognized Rizal's leadership. In the early part of
1899 he was unanimously elected by the Filipinos in Barcelona & Madrid as honorary pres. of la
Solidaridad
16. In the early part of 1899 he was unanimously elected by the Filipinos in Barcelona & Madrid
as honorary pres
17. In Paris, he organized & became chief of the Indios Bravos. In Jan 1891Rizal was again
unanimously chosen Responsable (chief) of the Spanish-Filipino Association
18. He was also the founder & moving spirit in the founding of la Liga Filipina on Manila in 3 Jul
1892
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19. A year after Rizal's execution Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo & the other revolutionary chiefs exiled
to Hong Kong held a commemorative program there on 29 Dec 1897 on the occasion of the
anniversary of the hero's execution & martyrdom
20. Of utmost significance in the public's appreciation for Rizal's patriotic labors in behalf of his
people were the tributes paid by the revolutionary government to his memory
21. On 20 Dec 1898 at the revolutionary capital of Malolos Pres. Aguinaldo issued the official
proclamation making 30 Dec of that year as " Rizal Day "
22. should be further noted that both the La Independencia, edited by Gen. Antonio Luna, & the
Heraldo de la Revolucion official organ of the revolutionary government , issued a special
supplement in honor of Rizal in one of their December issues in 1898
23. Cecilio Apóstol on 30 Dec of the same year , wrote these lines: Duerme en paz las sombras
de la nada Redentor de una Patria esclavizada! llores de la tumba en el misterio Del español el
triunfo momentáneo : Que si Una bala destrozó su cráneo, También tu idea destrozó un imperio
24. The Filipinos were not alone in grieving the untimely death of their hero & idol, for the
intellectual & scientific circles of the world felt keenly the loss of Rizal, who was their esteemed
colleague & friend
25. Among the scientific neurological services held especially to honor Rizal, the one sponsored
by the Anthropological Society of Berlin on 20 Nov 1897 at the initiative of Dr. Rudolph Virchow,
its president, was the most important & significant. Dr. Ed Seler recited the German translation
of Rizal's My Last Farewell" on that occasion
27 Beyond the shadow of a doubt that the Great Malayanby his own efforts & sacrifices for his
oppressed countrymen , had projected himself as the foremost leader of the Philippines until the
moment of his immolation
28. The idea of naming the district of Morong after Rizal came from Dr. Pardo de Tavera , a
Filipino , & not from Judge Taft, an American
29. Dr. Laubach's view about the question is as follows: The tradition that every American hears
when he reaches the Philippine Islands is that W. H. Taft, feeling that the Filipinos needed a
heromade one out of Rizal. We trust this book (Rizal: Man & Martyr.will serve to show how
empty that statement isit speaks well for Taft that he was sufficiently free from racial prejudice to
appreciate in some measure the stature of a great Filipinowas a Spaniard who did more than
any other to save Rizal for posterityRetaña whose work (Vida Escritos del Dr. Jose
RizalMadrid , 1907)is by far the most complete than we have (in lost his money in the cause of
the Filipinos and died a poor man
30. Granting that commission chose Rizal out of several great Filipinos as the No. 1hero of his
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people, still we can say that what the commission did was merely to confirm a sort of fait
accompli, & that was that Jose Rizal had already been acclaimed by his countrymen & the
scientific world as the foremost hero & martyr of the land of his birth
31. William Cameron Forbes , an ardent admirer of Rizal & the governor- general of the
Philippines during the construction of the Rizal Mausoleum on the Luneta , is appropriate at the
point of acknowledging Rizal as national hero through placing his picture on the postage stamp
and currency Landmarks after him
32. While the foremost national heroes of other countries are soldier-generals like George
Washington of US, Napoleon & Joan of Arc of France , simon Bolivar of Venezuela, Jose de
San Martin of Argentina, Bernardo O'Higgins of Chile, Jimmu Tenno of Japan , etc., our greatest
hero was a pacifist & a civilian whose weapon was his quill
33. Great men said about the pen being mightier & more powerful than the sword. Napoleon
himself, who was a great conqueror & ruler said: There are only two powers in the world the
sword & the pen; and in the end the former is always conquered by the latter
34 The following statement of Sir Thomas Browne is more applicable to the role played by Rizal
in our libertarian struggle: " Scholars are men of peace they bear no arms; but their tongues are
sharper than the sword ; their pens carry further & give a louder report than thunder I had rather
stand in the shock of a basilisk
35. Quoted from BulwerTake away the swordstates can be saved w/o itbring the pen!
36. The Austrian savant Prof. Blumentritt judged him as "the most prominent man of his own
people" and the greatest man the Malayan race has produced"
His struggles, sacrifices, and notable contributions to today’s independence were held accountable for
making Dr. Jose Rizal our national hero. Of course, Rizal himself, his people, and the few influential
foreigners all contributed to making him the greatest hero and martyr of his people. Jose Rizal, considered
the greatest among the Filipino heroes, was not explicitly proclaimed as a national hero. His exceptional
dedication and conviction to his life’s purpose are beyond the realm of imagination, knowing that he
sacrificed his own life, not having the assurance that his sacrifices will be worth it. If he hadn’t, and among
other noteworthy heroes of our history, fought for our well-deserved freedom, maybe we’ll still be in the
hands of our unjust captors. His “excellent qualities and merits” (Rafael Palma) made him Our Foremost
National Hero.
POP QUIZ
1. It was Josefa, the ninth child of Francisco and Teodora, who had epilepsy and died a
spinster. TRUE
2. Filibustero means one who is against the government. TRUE
3. Governor-general Francisco Cruz issued a decree directing all Filipino families to choose
new surnames from a list of Spanish family names. FALSE - NARCISO CLAVERIA
4. Jose Rizal was fondly called Pepito by his family & friends. FALSE- PEPE OR UTE
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5. Jose Rizal died at the age of 35- TRUE
6. R.A. 1425 is the law that provides “that courses on the life, works, and writings of Jose
Rizal, particularly his novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo shall be included in
the curricula of all schools, colleges, and universities, public or private.” TRUE
7. Our National hero was born on June 19, 1869. FALSE- 1861
8. Rizal finished his medical courses at the University of Sto. Tomas. FALSEUNIBERSIDAD CENTRAL DE MADRID
9. Jose Rizal’s true love was Josephine Bracken, who personified Maria Clara in his novel
Noli Me Tangere FALSE- LEONOR RIVERA
10. The complete name of our National hero is Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo
Realond TRUE
RIZAL QUIZ 1
Unexpurgated- Another word for unabridged as used in the draft of R.A.1425, just like a book in its
complete parts and sections without some kinds of cut or deletion
Legislation - Before a law becomes a law, it must pass through this stage
R.A.1425- Rizal Law is also known as
June 12, 1956- The Rizal law was signed on
House Bill 5561 and Senate Bill 438- Before it became the Rizal Law, it was called______.
Claro M. Recto- The Rizal Law was authored by
Jose P. Laurel- The Rizal Law was sponsored by
Noli Me Tangere- In the Law, it is one of the novels of Rizal which the readings of it should be mandatory
Fr. Horacio Dela Costa S.J.- Who was the supporter of Recto inside the church who saw the good
intentions of the hero through his writings
To rebel against the Spaniards - All are intentions of Rizal in making his novels EXCEPT
Historical Context and Legal
Basis of Rizal Day and Other
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Memorials in honor of Jose
Rizal
Posted on September 19, 2012
HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND LEGAL BASIS OF RIZAL DAY AND
OTHER MEMORIALS IN HONOR OF JOSE RIZAL
By: Quennie Ann J. Palafox
For over a century now, the nation has never failed to observe the anniversary of the
martyrdom our great national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal. This year, the President will lead
the simultaneous raising of Philippine flag at half-mast and wreath offering at the
monument of Jose Rizal at the Rizal Park in Manila, Calamba, Laguna and in Dapitan,
Zamboanga del Norte on December 30, 2010. The theme of this year’s commemoration
is “Rizal: Haligi ng Bayan”.
Although frequently at the center of controversies and criticism of the public, the
government must be given credits for its efforts in ensuring that the memory of Rizal
stays in our hearts through the issuance of legislative acts, decrees and other
proclamations honoring him.
Two years after the execution of Rizal in Bagumbayan, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo issued on
Dec. 20, 1898 a decree designating Dec. 30 as the anniversary of Jose Rizal’s death and
also as “a national day of mourning” for Rizal and other victims of the Spanish
government throughout its three centuries of oppressive rule. He made a directive that
all national flags shall be hoisted at half-mast from 12 noon on Dec. 29 and all offices of
the government shall be closed the whole day on December 30 as a sign of mourning.
On December 30, 1898, Filipinos celebrated Rizal Day for the first time and chose Club
Filipino in Manila to be the venue.
The Americans, to win the sympathy of the Filipinos, and to convince them that they
were pro-Filipinos more than the Spaniards, gave Rizal official recognition. This was to
make them conform to the new government. Rizal acquired the official title of Philippine
National Hero in 1901 under the country’s first American civil governor, William
Howard Taft. On the recommendation of Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, the Taft
Commission renamed the district of Morong into the Province of Rizal through Act 137
on June 11, 1901. This was one of the first official steps taken by the Taft Commission to
honor Rizal. Since then, Jose Rizal came to be known as the National Hero.
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It was also during the American times that Rizal’s death anniversary was made an
official holiday. On February 1, 1902, the Philippine Commission enacted Act. No. 345
which set December 30 of each year as Rizal Day, and made it one of the ten official
holidays of the Philippines. As the nationalist spirit of the Filipinos was at the highest
point during that time, they were able to convince the government to erect a monument
for Rizal. Thus, Act No. 243 was enacted on September 28, 1901 granting the right to use
public land upon the Luneta in the City of Manila upon which to erect a statue of Jose
Rizal.
So important was the observation of Rizal Day that President Quirino approved on June
9, 1948 Republic Act No. 229 which prohibits cockfighting, horse racing and jai-alai
every 30th of December of each year, in order to have proper observance of Rizal Day.
To give ample time to prepare for the birth centenary of Jose Rizal in 1961, the Rizal
National Centennial Commission was created by Executive Order No. 52, issued by Pres.
Ramon Magsaysay on August 10, 1954 to undertake the construction of a National
Cultural Shrine and other memorials to be dedicated to Jose Rizal. JRNCC became Rizal
Presidential Committee on 1 July 1962 after President Diosdado Macapagal issued
Executive Order No. 14.
Jose Rizal’s vast role in the attainment of the nation’s freedom led to the issuance of
Republic Act 1425 on June 12, 1956. Commonly known as the Rizal Act, it was
sponsored by Senator Claro M. Recto. It requires the curricula of private and public
schools, colleges and universities courses to include the life, works and writings of Jose
Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo in order to educate
the students about the concept of nationalism.
A few days before the celebration of the birth centenary of Jose Rizal in 1961, Pres.
Garcia issued Executive Order No. 429 on June 2, creating a decoration intended to
perpetuate Rizal’s memory, to be known as the Rizal Pro Patria Award. It was to be
awarded by the President of the Philippines to those who have rendered outstanding
work for the benefit of their community. Among the recipients of this decoration in the
past were N. V. M. Gonzalez, Alejandro Roces, Juan Nakpil, Felipe Padilla De Leon, and
Wilfredo Ma. Guerero.
In Manila streets were named with reference to the national hero, Jose Rizal. In
Sampaloc, two streets are named after his pen names, Laong Laan and Dimasalang.
Blumentritt, a main thoroughfare, was named after Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rizal’s
friend, while Dapitan street situated near the University of Santo Tomas was named
after a municipality in Zamboanga del Norte, where Rizal was deported in 1892. Other
street names have references to Rizal’s novels such as Sisa, Basilio, and Simoun.
Rizal monuments are concrete memorials to his legacy. The most prominent is the
Rizal monument in Manila, unveiled on December 30, 1913 in line with the 17th
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Anniversary of the martyrdom of Jose Rizal. However, the Rizal monument in the town
Daet in Camarines Norte holds the distinction of the first ever erected in honor of Rizal.
National Hero of the Philippines
From Wikipedia
A national hero of the Philippines is a Filipino who has been recognized as a national
hero for his or her role in the history of the Philippines. Loosely, the term may refer to all
Filipino historical figures recognized as heroes, but the term more strictly refers to those
officially designated as such. In 1995 the Philippine National Heroes Committee officially
recommended several people for the designation, but this was not acted upon. As of
2007, no one had ever been officially recognized as a Philippine national hero. [1]
The reformist writer Jose Rizal, today generally considered the greatest Filipino hero
and often given as the Philippine national hero, has never been explicitly proclaimed as
the (or even a) national hero by the Philippine government.[1] Besides Pepe (Jose
Rizal), the only other Filipinos currently given implied recognition as national heroes are
revolutionaries, such as Andrés Bonifacio.[1] While other historical figures are
commemorated in public municipal or provincial holidays, Rizal and Bonifacio are
commemorated in national holidays and as such are national heroes by implication. [1]
The National Heroes Committee recommended Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Emilio
Aguinaldo, Apolinario Mabini, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat, Emilio
Jacinto, Juan Luna, "GomBurZa" (collectively, Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora), Melchora Aquino, and Gabriela Silang to be recognized as national
heroes on November 15, 1995.[1] No action has yet been taken on these
recommendations by the committee.
A bill filed by Congressman Rene Relampagos from Bohol in February 2014 sought,
among other things, to declare Jose Rizal as the sole Filipino national hero. [2] According
to the bill, he was a nationalist and well known for his Philippine reforms advocacy
during the Spanish colonial era.[3] As of January 1, 2017, the status of the bill was
"Pending with the Committee on REVISION OF LAWS since 2014-02-19". [4] In honor of
their heroic actions, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines)
issues commemorative coins.[5]
Qualifications
According to the 1993 Technical Committee, the National Hero shall be: [6]
·
Those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the
nation's freedom.
·
Those who define and contribute to a system or life of freedom and order for a
nation. Heroes are those who make the nation's constitution and laws.
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·
Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation.
Three more criteria were added in 1995:[6]
·
A hero is part of the people's expression. But the process of a people's
internalization of a hero's life and works takes time, with the youth forming a part
of the internalization.
·
A hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations.
·
The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in
history, but of the entire process that made this particular person a hero.
History
1890s
Already admired in his lifetime for his nationalistic writings and activities, Jose Rizal was
executed for treason on December 30, 1896 by the Spanish colonial government. His
writings had helped inspire the Philippine Revolution against colonial rule. On
December 20, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Philippine government, decreed
December 30 of every year a day of national mourning in honor of Rizal and other
victims of the revolution. Henceforth, December 30 has been celebrated as Rizal Day.[1]
1900s
By the start of the 20th century, the Philippines had become a territory of the United
States. Rizal was given special attention as a hero by the American colonial
administration because, unlike more radical figures whose ideas could inspire
resistance against American rule, he was interpreted to represent peaceful political
advocacy.[7][8] Rizal was selected over the revolutionaries Andres Bonifacio, who was
viewed as too radical, and Apolinario Mabini, who was considered unregenerate. [8] In
June 1901, Act No. 137 of the Taft Commission reorganized the district of Morong into
the Province of Rizal.[1]
1910s
On February 23, 1918, the Philippine Legislature issued Act No. 2760 which promoted
the creation, maintenance, and improvement of national monuments, particularly the
creation of a monument in memory of Andres Bonifacio, leader of the Katipunan secret
society which spearheaded the Philippine Revolution. [1]
1920s
On February 16, 1921, the Philippine Legislature enacted Act No. 2946, which made
November 30 of each year a legal holiday to commemorate the birth of Andres
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Bonifacio, henceforth called Bonifacio Day.[1]
1930s
On October 28, 1931, the Philippine Legislature enacted Act No. 3827, declaring the
last Sunday of August of every year as National Heroes Day.[1]
1960s
By or even before 1960, Rizal was already held in such esteem that he was referred to
as the Philippine national hero, even though no legislation had been passed making it
official. That year, historian Teodoro Agoncillo wrote in his History of the Filipino People
that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other countries, was not "the leader of
its liberation forces".[9] Agoncillo noted the sentiments of certain quarters calling for
Rizal's replacement as the national hero by Andres Bonifacio, since Rizal was
interpreted as ultimately a reformist content to be under Spain, not a revolutionary
wishing for independence. A distant relative of Emilio Aguinaldo who took over the reins
of revolutionary power from Bonifacio and ordered the "execution" of the former,
Agoncillo opined that Bonifacio should not replace Rizal as the national hero but be
honored alongside him.[9]
1970s
Historian Renato Constantino, building upon sentiments noted by Agoncillo, wrote in his
1970 essay Veneration Without Understanding that Rizal was unworthy of his high
status since he was a "United States-sponsored hero". [7]
1990s
In 1990, historian Ambeth Ocampo stated that Rizal was a "conscious hero" stating that
he has projected himself as a national figure prior to his execution and that he was
deemed as the national hero by Bonifacio, noting naming Rizal as the honorary
president of the Katipunan, long-before being given reverence by the American colonial
administrators.[10]
President Fidel V. Ramos formed the National Heroes Committee on March 28, 1993
under Executive Order No. 75, titled "Creating the National Heroes Committee Under
the Office of the President". The National Heroes Committee was tasked to study,
evaluate and recommend Filipino national heroes to recognize their heroic character
and remarkable achievements for the country.[1]
On November 30, 1994 (Bonifacio Day), President Ramos issued Proclamation No. 510
which declared the year 1996 (the centennial of the Philippine Revolution) as the Year
of Filipino Heroes.[1]
The National Heroes Committee recommended the following nine individuals to be
recognized as national heroes on November 15, 1995: [1]
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·
Jose Rizal[1]
·
Andres Bonifacio[1]
·
Emilio Aguinaldo[1]
·
Apolinario Mabini[1]
·
Marcelo H. del Pilar[1]
·
Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat[1]
·
Juan Luna[1]
·
Melchora Aquino[1]
·
Gabriela Silang[1]
Their report was submitted to the Department of Education, Culture and Sports on
November 22 of that year. However, no action was taken afterwards. It was speculated
that any action might cause a number of requests for proclamation or trigger debates
that revolve around the controversies about the concerned historical figures. [1]
2000s
On July 24, 2007, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo approved Republic Act No. 9256,
which declared the Monday nearest August 21 a nationwide special holiday in honor of
Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr., called Ninoy Aquino Day. August 21 is Aquino's
death anniversary.[11] On the same date President Macapagal-Arroyo also approved
Republic Act No. 9492, which decreed that National Heroes Day be celebrated on the
last Monday of August, Bonifacio Day on the Monday nearest November 30, and Rizal
Day on the Monday nearest December 30.[12]
Following the death of President Corazon "Cory" Aquino on August 1, 2009, two
resolutions, House Joint Resolution Nos. 41 and 42, have been filed proposing her
official recognition as a national hero with her birthdate January 25 as Cory Aquino Day.
[13][14]
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WHY IS JOSE RIZAL OUR
NATIONAL HERO?
A hero symbolizes goodness. Rizal gave us freedom by using
goodness. Jose Rizal became the Philippine national hero because he
fought for freedom in a silent but powerful way. He expressed his love for
the Philippines through his novels, essays, and articles rather than through
the use of force or aggression. He was a very amazing person at his time.
He was humble, fighting for reforms through his writings instead of through
a revolution. He used his intelligence, talents, and skills more peaceful than
aggressive.
Rizal is an American-sponsored hero: he opted for a nonviolence
reform in the government. Instead, he used his writings to open the eyes of
the Filipinos. He dedicated his life to his fellow citizens without hesitation.
He was known for his humility and coolness but never fought in a war.
Most of the world Heroes were elevated as such because of their war
exploits. Rizal never did it. He was using his pen for criticism about the
handling of the Spanish government in the Philippines. He fought to have
the Philippines a permanent representation in the Spanish Cortes. That's
why when the US accepted the Philippines as a vassal country, Gen. Taft,
who was the Governor-general here, appointed Jose Rizal as the National
Hero for the Philippines to douse the fighting fervor of the Filipinos who
were fighting for freedom at that time.
The Americans decided for him to be a national hero during their time
in the country. It is said that the Americans, Civil Governor William Howard
Taft, chose Jose Rizal to be the national hero as a strategy. Rizal didn't
want a bloody revolution in his time. So, they wanted him to be a "good
example" to the Filipinos so that the people would not revolt against the
Americans.
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Rizal became a National Hero because he passed the criteria by being a
National Hero during the American period.
Adding that, Rizal passed the Criteria for National Heroes.
1. Heroes have a concept of nation and aspire and struggle for the nation’s
freedom. In reality, however, a revolution has no end. Revolutions are only
the beginning. One cannot desire free, only to sink back into bondage.
2. Heroes define and contribute to a system or life of freedom and order for
a nation. Freedom without order will only lead to anarchy. Therefore,
heroes are those who make the nation’s constitution and laws. To the latter,
constitutions are only the beginning, for the people living under the
constitution constitute a nation.
3. Heroes contribute to the quality of life and destiny. (As defined by Dr.
Onofre D. Corpuz)
Additional Criteria for Heroes
1. A hero is part of the people’s expression. But the process of a people’s
internalization of a hero’s life and works takes time, with the youth forming
a part of the internalization.
2. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations.
3. The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or
event in history but of the entire process that made this particular person a
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hero.
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