Sports Management
Some love sports some love taking chances
and other challenges, these traits, together,
make a winning combination for a career in
sports management, which includes any and
every business aspect of sports and
recreation
The
field
of
sports
management
encompasses a wide range of business
related careers involved in sports and
recreation. Sports management jobs might
involve balancing a team’s finances,
managing the logistics of a sporting event or
working as a liaison between coaches,
players and the media.
Sports Management will give us the clear
view on how a Sports Tournament runs and
considering the factors that greatly affects to
the success of the tournament.
Management
The process of planning, executing and
evaluating any particular job or project to
achieve optimum quality output. It is an act of
doing the right thing at the time, at the right
place, by the right people designed to
achieved the best result.
3Ms of Management
▶ Material
▶ Manpower
▶ Methods Used
What is Sports Management?
Sports Management is an act or manner of
planning, organizing, leading, controlling and
coordinating of many diverse efforts so that at
the end effective progress will be made
toward the achievement of the goals and
purposes of an organization or institution
assigned to conduct a sport competition.
THE TRENDS OF SPORTS MANAGEMENT
THEORIES
Autocratic Theory
An Autocratic sports manager is a person
who is vested with the absolute power and
final authority. Such person believes in strict
obedience to a command and authority is
delegated from the top without due regards to
the opinions of the subordinate.
Laissez Faire (Anarchic) Theory
Complete freedom is given to set the goals,
make decisions, and do as pleased. It is a
“leadership social situation.”
Democratic theory
It is the direction and oversight of an
organization which assures that aims are
shared in the making, that policies and
methods are agreed by those involved, that
all participants feel both free and eager to
contribute their best creative effort, that
stimulating personal leadership is assured
and in consequence the total outcome
maximizes the aims of the organization.
Behavioristic Theory
This theory emphasizes group dynamics,
human
motivation,
and
interpersonal
relationship. The emphasis is on the
promotion and maintenance of human
effectiveness thru meeting needs of the
individuals challenging them with lofty ideals.
System Theory
A system is a group of interrelated and interdependent elements operating together and
interacting in an orderly manner to achieve a
desired effect. In system theory, there are
sub systems and supra system or cluster of
system. In system theory, each system has
its own environment and functions within it.
Eclectic Theory
Each theory has its own strength and
weakness, the eclectic system expounds the
theory that
there are many theories that may be applied
to a situation and not one theory alone.
THE
ACTIVITIES
MANAGEMENT
OF
SPORTS
The management
of sports requires good relationship. Effective
leadership is a process of the interaction, and
inter-relatedness as well as interdependence
of the following elements as a whole, namely;
▶ The Personality
▶ The Syntality of the Group
▶ The Goal and Objective,
▶ The situation or the climate of the
environment
THE FUNCTION OF MANAGEMENT
Planning- it involves establishing of goals
and arranging in logical order from immediate
to long range. It includes deciding what
needs to happen in the future and generating
plans
for
action.
It
also
includes
assessments, estimates of the situations,
resources, special needs, etc.
Organizing- it involves identifying the
responsibilities to be performed, grouping the
responsibilities into departments of division,
and specifying organizational relationships.
making optimum use of the resources require
to enable the successful carrying out of
plans.
Staffing- are job analysis, recruitment, and
hiring for appropriate jobs. Effective staffing
means filling the position with the right
people. It prevents duplication of work and
identifies individual responsibilities.
Directing- is determining the needs to be
done in a situation are and getting people to
do it. This
involves motivating and leading employees to
work for the achievement of the goals of
organization.
Controlling-. it involves the setting and
achieving Checking progress against plans of
performance
standards and application of policies and
procedures.
ORGANIZATION
MANAGEMENT
IN
SPORTS
PLANS AND MANAGEMENT OF SPORTS
PROGRAM
The success and failure of any sports
program rest on the following factors:
1. How well it is planned.
2. How systematic ones plans, implement
and execute.
3. How qualified are the personnel who will
implement the plan selected and
formulated.
4. The quality and quantity of the guidance
extended to plan implementers.
5. How resourceful are the person involved
in the program
6. How valid and reliable are the measuring
instruments used to evaluate the
achievement of the program to institute
corrective and enrichment measures.
REQUISITES
PROGRAM
▶
▶
▶
▶
OF
A
GOOD
SPORTS
Clear
Specific
Simple
Flexible
FAILURE IN MANAGEMENT MAY RESULT
TO:
▶ Unnecessary waste of effort and time
▶ Wastage in material resources
▶ Frustrations on the part of the leaders and
the participants
▶ Withdrawal of moral and financial support
from the program sponsors
▶ Unfinished projects or programs
SPORT TOURNAMENT
Organization
A band of living organism grouped together
aimed at achieving a goal or a mission.
VALUES OF ORGANIZATION
▶ More people do the thinking
▶ More shoulders carry the task that makes it
lighter
▶ Promotes cooperation, division of labor and
unity
▶ Develops leadership and fellowship
▶ Prevents or controls abuse of ruling power
The meat of the sports development
programs. It gives life and color plus
additional thrill to physical and social
development of people in the society.
Tournament
▶ A meeting for contest in athletics or other
sports.
▶ A trial of skill in some game in which
competitors play a series of contest.
▶ Meeting at an appointed time and place for
the performance of exercise and sports.
participating
Objectives of Tournament
Ex.
Bye = 𝑃2-N(8 next power of two to 6)
Bye = 8 – 6 (- minus 6 total number of
teams)
Bye = 2
( equals to 2 byes)
▶ Improves the physical qualities of its
personnel.
▶ Provides recreational activities for each
members.
▶ Promotes closer relationship among
personnel members.
▶ Reduces the wide gap between the
superior and the followers.
▶ Minimizes undesirable activities within the
organization.
▶ Strengthen the feeling of belongingness to
a group.
▶ Provides desirable and pleasant topics for
discussion during leisure.
▶ Facilitates business of official transaction
within or outside the office.
Seeding- is a process employed to place the
competitors who by virtue of previous
performance and reputation are considered
superior, in separate brackets in order to
minimize their chances of meeting in early
round. Usually, “byes” are assigned to
seeded teams (as you can see on the
diagram below, with two seeded entries, one
should be placed on the top of the upper
bracket and the other at the bottom of the
lower bracket) and should play on the
second round.
TOURNAMENT SYSTEM
▶ The type of tournament to be used
depends on some factors namely:
▶ Available funds
▶ Available Space
▶ Available Supplies and Equipment
▶ Objective of the Organizer
▶ The Number of Entries
Example Diagram of 6 (six) teams Single
elimination:
THE ELIMINATION TOURNAMENT
The first step in arranging single and double
elimination tournament is to know the
number
competing or participating in the event.
When the number of teams competing is not
an even (power of two) (example 2, 4, 8, 16,
32, etc) some teams become “byes.”
Byes must be arranged as to avoid having an
uneven numbers of teams left to complete in
the semi-final or final rounds.
Remember, “ All the Byes” must be placed
in the second round.
DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF BYES
Formula:
TYPES OF TOURNAMENT
SINGLE TOURNAMENT
This type of tournament eliminates one half of
the competitors after their first defeat. A
single defeat eliminates a team. This is also
called the “knock out system”.
𝑩𝒚𝒆 = 𝑷𝟐-N
Bye=nearest power of 2-Number of teams
Advantages:
▶ The tournament can be finished within a
short period of time
▶ Less expensive and needs less equipment,
facilities and officiating officials
▶ It is interesting to watch which team
remains in the championship
▶ Taking everything equal, the last game will
be among the best competing teams
▶ It is more interesting to watch or wait for
the surviving teams.
▶ The last game will really decide the
championship between two best teams.
▶ There is enough time in selecting the best
players as more games are played by
winning teams.
Disadvantages:
▶ The championship may not be the best
team
▶ It Emphasizes elimination
▶ There is not enough time to select the best
players due to few numbers of games played
▶ It is not commensurate to the time, effort
and expenses.
Formula:
G=N-1
Disadvantages:
▶ Not all teams play the same number of
games.
▶ Not all teams have a chance to play
against each other
▶ It is hard to follow the schedule
▶ A team’s next opponent will not be known
immediately after the first pairing
Formula
Example:
7 Teams
Formula:
G=N-1
G=7-1
G=6 (number of games) Number of BYES
= 8 -7= 1 Bye
G=2 (N-1)
Example:
4 teams
G=2(N-1)
G=2(4-1)
G=2(3)
G=6 (number of games)
Number of BYES = 4 - 4 = 0 Bye
DOUBLE ELIMINATION TOURNAMENT
This type of tournament is superior to the
single elimination as it gives a chance for a
team to play at least two games. A team with
two loses either consecutively or not is
eliminated. A good team, however, losing its
first game still has a chance to win the
championship.
Note:
▶ If Winner - 5 wins in game 6, there shall be
a playoff (winner 4 has no loss which means,
winner
4 is twice to beat).
Advantages:
▶ It permits each team to play at least two
games.
▶ More games are involved and greater
interest is engendered.
▶ All alphabets in Capital Letters like A, B, C,
etc. stands for a team.
▶ All letter “G” with numbers i.e. G1, G2, G3
etc. stands for game numbers.
▶ “W” stands for winner and “L” stands for
loser. W1- means winner of the game
number 1and L2
means loser of game number 2.
2
G= 56
2
G= 28 (Number of Games)
▶ All teams going towards the right side of
the diagram are on the LOSING bracket and
those
who go to the left are on the WINNING
bracket.
▶ In the Championship game the team from
the right side of the bracket has to defeat the
team from the winning bracket (left side of the
diagram) twice. The team on the right side
has a loss while that on the left has no loss.
▶ For team pairings, when seeding is not
used, draw lots for letter assignment of each
team is
used.
ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENT
If sufficient time and facilities are available,
the round robin tournament is the best
tournament to employ.
Advantages:
▶ It produces the true champion
▶ All teams have a chance to play against
each other
▶ All teams play an equal number of games
▶ It is easy to determine the best player
▶ It is easy to prepare the schedule and
definitely know one’s next opponent
▶ It commensurate to the time, effort and
expenses
Disadvantages
▶
Needs
more
financing,
facilities,
equipment, supplies, etc
▶ It takes a longer time to finish the
tournament
▶ some games are found to be dull and
uninteresting
▶ Some weak teams may default their games
especially when their opponent is strong
Formula G= N(N-1)
2
Example G= 8(8-1)
2
G= 8(7)
Number of Byes = 8-8 = 0
Determining the Number of Rounds
Formula : No. of Games
No. of Teams
2
Example = Number of Teams = 8
Number of Games=28
Number of Rounds =28
8
2
=28
4
= 7 (Number of
Rounds)
Determining the number of rounds is
important to plot schedule of the game. There
is another easy way to determine the number
of rounds. If the number of teams are add the
number of rounds will be the same to the
number of teams (example: 7 teams = 7
rounds), but if the number of team is even,
minus the number of team to one (1),
(example: 8 teams -1 = 7 rounds).
Eight (8) Teams Entries
Round Round Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round
1
2
7
1 vs 8 1 vs 7
1vs 6
1 vs 5
1 vs 4
1vs 3
1 vs 2
2 vs 7 8 vs 6
7 vs 5
6 vs 4
5 vs 3
4 vs 2
3 vs 8
3 vs 6 2 vs 5
8 vs 4
7 vs 3
6 vs 2
5 vs 8
4 vs 7
G=21 (Number of Games)
Number of Byes = 8-8=0
Number of Rounds =21
8
2
=28
4
= 7 (Number of Rounds)
Discuss the sequence on plotting the
elimination tournament from the start
4 vs 5 3 vs 4 2 vs 3
8 vs 2 7 vs 8 6 vs 7 5 vs 6
up to scheduling.
– Plotting the tournament is crucial as
it impacts the fairness and outcome
of the competition, public attitudes,
To draw up a round-robin schedule, place as
commercial interests, and the cost of
many numbers as there are teams in two
policing. To start with, In every sports
vertical columns. The number should be
event, we all know that there are
arranged consecutively down the first column
ways or type of tournament used. We
and up to the second. With each number
should schedule the game first. With
representing a team, this arrangement
this, we can identify who will be the
provides pairing for theIn first
round.
Thus, of four teams or
double
elimination
four to
number
entries.
teams
have a of
game
first and who
Team 1 plays Team 8; Team
2 plays
We have
six Team
games7;and since four iswilladvance
included in for
thethe
power
next of
round. you
Team 3 plays Team 6;two’s
and meaning
Team 4 it
plays
has no bye. In writing
the
number
of you
teams,
it
draw
the
brackets.
will
need
to
Team 5 in the first round.
To be
obtain
pairings
must
written
vertically downward. so in four teams, all of the
draw for the spots on the tournament
for subsequent rounds, competitors,
rotate the numbers
will be playing in the first round, since ther is no bye.
bracket. Determine the number of
counter-clockwise aroundDouble
one ofelimination
the numbersbrackets are divided
into a winners bracket and
people competing or participating in
which remains fixed. a losers
In thebracket,
following
with the winner of the losers bracket competing
the event. Some teams become
examples, number one for
(1) first
is fixed
the the winner of the
placewith
against
winners bracket. Losers of
"byes"
when the number of
other number rotated around
it.
winners bracket matches drop down into a spot and play another
competing
teams
is not
an even
loser to see who advances to the losers
bracket.
Let the
game
(power
of
two)
(for
example,
2, 4, 8,
In a Double Round- Robin
Tournament
begin!
game one the
– composed of team 1 and 2 and then game two
etc.).You
will place
each
above is also used, however,
the cycle
from 3 and 4. and let16,
– composed
of team
us32,
have
the result.
Winner
team's
name
in
a
hat
and
begin
Round 1 to 7 is repeated.
Before
start
ofand winner 2 from game 2 let them play and
one
from the
game
one
the
teams three.
one atSince
a time.
the Round-Robin each team
should
draw three.
lots so let us have drawing
this will
be game
the result
, winner
Reward
the
winner/winners
of your
for their assigned number
for pairing
we have reached
the second round. We can now proceed to losers
tournament
with
something
that
purposes. It is also suggested
in abe loser one, game one and game two, loser two. let's
Bracket. Sothat
this will
do the
a little
boasting.
Double Round-Robin after
now letone
themcycle
play inisgame four. so let them
us have
result
winner. Now
completed that another
of thelots
let'sdrawing
go back to
winners bracket, in winner's bracket we have
(number) be made to have
another
sequence
already
placed
the loser one, in the loser's bracket
of pairings of teams.
and place the loser two in the loser's bracket then we have another
concern the loser three. Now we will place the loser tree in losers
Example: Seven (7) Teams
(with
bracket.Entries
Now, this
will be loser three and loser four in game five. Now
BYE)
let us have the result, winner five. Don't forget to identify the loser tree
where it came from, so meaning you have to write the broken line
G= 7(7-1)
from game 3 will be placed in game 5 as loser 3. Now we have only
2
one game remaining. because we have now we are now on five
G= 7(6)
games or pip game left. Winner 5 play with winner 3 in game six. If
2
the 5 won, put a note below the diagram that if winner 5 wins game
six, there shall be playoff and then let us have the results.
G= 42
2