RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
PLAGIARISM
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND
- Plagiarism is presenting others' work

Voluntary Participation
Any person should not be coerced to
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
without adequate acknowledgement of its source,

participate in any research undertaking.
Informed Consent
creation done by another person.

fully informed about the procedures and risks
involved.

portion of it.
Participants should be protected from
physical, financial, or psychological harm.
distinguish a quotation taken directly from a
source.
Data can be
measured.

- Failing to put quotation marks to
Risk of Harm


Deals with
numbers.

Data which can be
measured.
observed but not
Prospective research participants must be
- Copying an entire written work or
Deals with
descriptions.
- Claiming authorship of a work or

QUANTITATIVE DATA
QUALITATIVE DATA
as though it were one’s own.

Length, height,
Colors, textures,
area, volume,
smells, tastes,
weight, speed,
appearance,
time, temperature,
beauty, etc.
humidity, sound
Qualitative →

levels, cost,
members, ages,
Quality
etc.

- Giving incorrect information about
Confidentiality
Participants must be assured that their
the source of a quotation.
Identity and other personal information will not
- Merely changing the words but retaining
be available to anyone.
the sentence structure so that the selection or

Anonymity
The participants must remain anonymous
quotes still bears the resemblance to the original
source.
- Using so many words and ideas from the
throughout the study.
original source that it makes up a large portion of
your work, even if you acknowledge the original
author.

Quantitative →
Quantity
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Case study

This study involves an investigation of a
A type of research that aims to gather and
Researchers are sensitive to participants’
needs and participants are actively engaged
analyze non numerical data in order to gain an
person, group, organization, or situation for a
understanding of individuals' social reality,
long period of time to explain why such things
including understanding their attitudes, beliefs,
occur to the subject under study. Some examples
observation,interviews, documents, e-mails,
and motivation.
of this type of study are the fields of social care,
blogs, videos, etc.
nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers,
KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Phenomenology
It is the study of how people give meaning
to their experiences, like the death of loved ones,
care for the people, and friendliness of the people.

Ethnography
It is understanding of how a particular

It may result in changes in research questions
after new discoveries occur. It develops from
Historical Analysis
This is the study of primary documents to
concepts.

It is a process of describing a situation,
explain the connection of past events to
analyzing data for themes or categories, and
the present time. An example of this is explaining
making interpretations or drawing
the happenings during the
conclusions.
Marcos regime.

It may be subjected to the researcher’s
personal interpretation.
CHARACTERISTICS AND USES OF
operations, and lifestyle.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Grounded Theory
Qualitative research takes place in a natural
setting like home, school, institution, or
This occurs when a researcher discovers a
community. Researchers gain actual
new theory based on the data collected. It is a
substantive area.

Data are collected through
a specific to a general understanding of
includes their organizational set-up, internal
research methodology for discovering theory in a

education, etc.
cultural group goes about their daily lives which

in the process.
experiences of the research participants.

It focuses on participants’ perceptions and
experiences (Franenkel and Wallen, 1988 in
Creswell, 2013)

The researchers, as a primary instrument in
data collection, view social phenomena and
situations holistically
STRENGHTS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESERACH
1. Issues can be analyzed through detailed
1. Research quality is heavily dependent
and deep examination.
on the researcher’s skills and may be
influenced by the researcher's outlooks.
2. Interviews are not being delimited to
specific questions and can be
2. the volume of data makes analysis and
guided/redirected by the researcher along
interpretation time-consuming.
the process.
3. Issues of anonymity and confidentiality
3. The research framework and direction
can bring/result in problems when
can be easily revised as new information
presenting findings.
emerges.
4. The researcher's presence during data
4. The obtained data from human
gathering, which is often unavoidable in
experience is powerful and sometimes
qualitative research, can affect the
more interesting than quantitative data.
subjects' attitudes towards the process.