Psych Crash Course - #28: Psychological Disorders https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuhJ-GkRRQc 1. What important role did Nellie Bly play in regards to hospital reform? ○ Nellie Bly was an investigative journalist who exposed terrible conditions in mental hospitals in the late 1800s, leading to hospital reform. 2. David Rosenhan conducted an experiment he called “On being Sane in Insane Places.” This is also one of the 40 Studies. Describe his findings. ○ Rosenhan sent participants to mental hospitals claiming they were hearing voices. Once admitted, yhey behaved normally but were still diagnosed as mentally ill. His findings showed that psychiatric diagnosis is subjective and often inaccurate. 3. In 2010, the World Health Organization reported that 450 million people suffer from mental or behavioral disorders. 4. Define what it means to have a psychological disorder: ○ Having a psychological disorder means that an individual’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors cause signifigant distress or impairment in functioning. 5. The medical model states that psychological disorders have physiological causes that can be diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and treated with medication or therapy. This model is seen as being narrow and not widely used today. 6. The Biopsychosocial approach states that everything psychological is also biological. 7. This approach widely makes use of the DSM-V. Discuss what the DSM is and how it can lead to problems. ○ The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, is a widely used system for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders. However, it can lead to problems such as overdiagnosis, medicalizing normal behavior, and cultural biases in diagnosis. Psych Crash Course - #29: OCD and Anxiety Disorders https://youtu.be/aX7jnVXXG5o 1. Define psychological disorder: ○ A psychological disorder is a pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors cause signifigant distress or impairment in functioning. 2. Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent anxiety but also often by the avoidance behaviors that reduce the anxiety. 3. About how many people will have an anxiety disorder? ○ About 1 in 4 people have anxiety disorder 4. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: ○ What are obsessions? ■ ○ Obsessions are persistent and intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that are unwanted and cause distress What are compulsions? ■ Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession. 5. What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder? ○ GAD is characterized by excessive and persistent anxiety and worry about a variety of things, often with no specific trigger. 6. Describe the symptoms of a panic attack: ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Sudden onset of intense fear/discomfort Sweating Trembling Shortness of breath Feelings of dread/impending doom **A common trigger for panic disorders is simply the fear of having another attack** 7. How are phobias debilitating to people? ○ They can cause intense fear/anxiety in response to a specific object or situation, leading to avoidance behaviors that can interfere with daily life. Learning Perspective • Conditioning (stimulus generalization, reinforcement) • Observational Learning • Cognition Biological Perspective • Natural Selection • Genetics and twin studies • Brain chemistry (over arousal in areas of the brain that deal with impulse control and habitual behaviors) Psych Crash Course - #30: Depression and Bipolar https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwMlHkWKDwM 1. How does Kay Jamison describe bipolar disorder? ○ He describes bipolar disorder as a mood disorder characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood and energy. 2. What is a mood? ○ A pervasive and sustained emotional state that can influence one’s perception of the world and behavior. 3. What is a mood disorder? ○ A psychological disorder characterized by disturbances in mood that interfere with daily functioning. 4. In order to be diagnosed with a mood disorder, you must exhibit 5 or more signs for at least two weeks. What are some of the symptoms? ○ ○ Depression ■ Feeling of hopelessness ■ Loss of interest/pleasure in activities ■ Changes in appetite or sleep patterns ■ Difficulty concentrating Mania ■ Irritability ■ Grandiosity ■ Some kind of insomia ■ Racing thoughts Some facts about MOOD DISORDERS: • Depression is known as the common cold of psychological disorders. • The cause of mood disorders is often a combination of biological, genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. • Women tend to seek treatment more often. 5. A brain in a depressive state slows down, while a brain in a manic state speeds 6. Neurotransmitter activity: Imbalances in nuerotransmittters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine can contribute to mood disorders. 7. Norepinephrine: A nuerotrasnmitter that is involved in the body’s stress response and can contribute to symptoms of anxiety and depression. 8. Serotonin: A nuerotransmitter that is involved in regulating mjood, appetite, and sleep. Imbalances can be linked to depression and anxiety. 9. Social Cognitive View: Suggests that mood disorders are influenced by one’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, as well as the social and cultural context in which they occur. 10. Internal Lens: The individual’s subjective interpretations of events and experiences that can influence their mood and behavior 11. How can you break the cycle of depression? Breaking the cycle of depression involves therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes such as exercise healthy eating, and stress management. Psych Crash Course - #32: Schizophrenia and Dissociative Disorders https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxktavpRdzU 1. What is schizophrenia? How many people are affected with this? ○ A mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior, delusions, and hallucinations. 1% of the population is affected with schizophrenia. 2. When does schizophrenia strike in men and women? ○ Late teens or early 20s for men and onset to late 20s for women 3. Schizophrenic spectrum: 1. Loss of Contact with reality. 2. Psychotic Symptoms: delusions an hallucinations 3. Disorganized speech and behavior 4. Breakdown in selective attention 5. Delusions of grandeur or persecution not based in reality 6. Narratives of personal experience and identity 7. Perceptual disturbances and sensory experiences 8. Disorganized, unpredictable, inappropiate, incongruent behavior and emotions ○ Positive Symptoms: ■ ○ Negative Symptoms: ■ ○ Hallucinations, delusions, disordered speech and behavior Flat affect, lack of motivation, social withdrawal Disorganized Symptoms: ■ Disorganized speech and behavior 4. Brain Abnormalities: Individuals with schizophrenia tend to have in large ventricles, which are fluid-filled spaces within the brain, and a smaller prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive functioning . 5. Extra dopamine receptors: Extra dopamine receptors in the brain have been linked to schizophrenia. 6. Extra activity in the thalamus and amygdala: Schizophrenic individuals tend to have extra activity in the thalamus, which is responsible for processing sensory information and amygdala, which is responsible for processing emotions. 7. Diathesis-Stress Model: A combination of biological and genetic vulnerabilities - diathesis - and environmental stressors - stress - that contribute to the onset of schizophrenia. • Genetic Vulnerability and Poverty contribute to schizophrenia 8. Dissociative Disorders (RARE) ○ Disssociative disorders are rare and involve disruptions or breakdowns and consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. 9. What is the difference between amnesia and identity disorders? ○ Amnesia involves memory loss while identity disorders involve disruptions in a person's sense of self, such as experiencing multiple personalities. Psych Crash Course - #33: Eating and Body Dysmorphic Disorders https://youtu.be/eMVyZ6Ax-74 1. Today in the US, an estimated 20 million women and 10 million men have suffered from a clinically significant eating disorder at some point in their lives 2. Types of Eating Disorders: ○ ○ ○ Anorexia - Anorexia is an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. People with anorexia have an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image. They often restrict their food intake and may engage in excessive exercise to lose weight. Bulimia - Bulimia is an eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge-eating followed by purging behaviors such as self-induced vomiting or the use of laxatives. People with bulimia also have an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image. Binge-eating disorders - Binge-eating disorder is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge-eating without purging behaviors. People with binge-eating disorder often feel a loss of control during their binge episodes and may feel guilty or ashamed afterward. 3. What are the side effects of an eating disorder? ○ The side effects of an eating disorder can include physical health problems such as heart disease, kidney failure, gastrointestinal problems, and electrolyte imbalances, as well as mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts. 4. Explain why people have an eating disorder? ○ People may have an eating disorder due to a combination of factors such as societal pressure to conform to certain beauty standards, a family history of mental illness, a traumatic event or experience. 5. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): A mental health disorder that involves obsessive thoughts about one's perceived flaws or defects in their appearance. 6. Signs of BDD: Excessive grooming, checking one's appearance in mirrors, avoiding social situations due to concerns about one's appearance, and seeking reassurance from others about one's appearance. 7. How do body dysmorphic disorders come about? 1. Serotonin and Dopamine 2. Genetics 3. Environmental factors 4. Learning by observation Psych Crash Course - #34: Personality Disorders https://youtu.be/4E1JiDFxFGk Ego-Dystonic Ego- Syntonic Ego-dystonic refers to behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that are not in line with a person's self-perception or values, causing discomfort or distress. Ego-syntonic refers to behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that are in accordance with a person's self-perception or values, causing no discomfort or distress. There are ten distinct personality disorders: A B C Paranoid - characterized by distrust and suspicion of others. Antisocial - characterized by a disregard for the rights of others and a lack of empathy. Avoidant - characterized by feelings of inadequacy and social inhibition. Schizoid - characterized by detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotions. Borderline - characterized by instability in mood, relationships, and self-image. Dependent - Dependent personality disorder: characterized by a need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior. Schizotypal - characterized by odd beliefs or magical thinking, and often involves ideas of reference. Histrionic - characterized by attention-seeking behavior and excessive emotionality Narcissistic - characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy. Obsessive-Compulsive characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control. Odd Emotional Anxious Eccentric behavior Impulsive Fearful Dependent ****Most diagnosed with personality disorders are diagnosed with PDNOS (Personality Disorder not Otherwise Specified) 1. Define borderline personality disorder: Borderline personality disorder is a mental health disorder characterized by intense and unstable emotions, impulsive behavior, distorted self-image, and unstable relationships. 2. What is antisocial personality disorder? Antisocial personality disorder is a mental health disorder characterized by a disregard for the rights of others, a lack of empathy, and a tendency towards impulsive behavior. Causes of personality disorders : The causes of personality disorders are not fully understood, but may involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors, such as childhood trauma or abuse. Additionally, some personality disorders may be related to abnormal brain functioning or neurotransmitter imbalances.
