1.exosomes are incubated with desired cargos
2.transfection-based strategy- The vectors with our gene of interest are transfected into cells.
the donor cell generates RNAs/proteins and packages these products into exosomes using endogenous expression and sorting machinery of donor cell, respectively
3.Direct transfection of small RNAs into exosomes
4. Physical treatment- Electroporation, sonication, and surfactant treatment generate pores on exosomal membrane that facilitate cargo loading.
5. Freeze-thaw treatment, extrusion, and dialysis enhance cargo loading into exosomes during membrane recombination processes.
Different studies reported that the altered expression of miRNAs (miR-206, miR-210, miR-21, miR-221, miR-222, miR-140-5p, etc.) is related to breast cancer stemness and self-renewal efficacy mediated cellular proliferation, metastasis/invasion, and drug resistance.