CAPSTONE PROJECT
REPORT
on
Prototyping a Piezoelectric tile and creating an efficient
Street Light System
Project Team Members Group 25:
EIC 7thSEMESTER
Prabhjas Singh- 101805005
Saatvik Sharma- 101805027
Sahil Walia- 101805053
Under the Guidance of
Dr.Gagandeep Kaur
Associate Professor, EIED
2022
Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology
Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering Department
(Declared as Deemed-to-be-University u/s 3 of the UGC Act., 1956)
Post Bag No. 32, Patiala – 147004
Punjab (India)
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that project entitled "development of Prototype of a Piezoelectric tile is
an authentic record of our work carried out in the Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering
Department, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, under the guidance of
Dr. Gagandeep Kaur (Associate Professor) during March-December 2022.
Date: 28/11/22
S. No.
Name of the Student
Roll No.
1
Prabhjas Singh
101905122
2
3
Saatvik Sharma
Sahil Walia
102085007
101905053
Signature
Faculty Supervisors:
Dr. Gagandeep Kaur Signature
Signature
(Associate Professor)
Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We want to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who helped the project and convergence
come to a successful conclusion thanks to our supervisor Dr. Gagandeep Kaur, and all the
faculty & staff members of the Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering Department,
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology for generously extending their support and
for sparing their valuable time to guide us towards the completion of this project work.
We would like to place a special word of appreciation to Jaideep Sir, Department of Electrical
& Instrumentation Engineering, for allowing us to use their laboratories/tools. Also, we would
like to thank our classmates and all other respondents and group members whose responses
and coordination was of utmost importance for completing this project work.
S. No.
Name of the Student
Roll No.
1
Prabhjas Singh
101905122
2
3
Saatvik Sharma
Sahil Walia
102085007
101905053
ii
ABSTRACT
By the year 2040 the dependence on non-renewable electricity sources is estimated to increase
by a whopping 93% when compared to the levels of 2015. Currently, electricity usage has
become a norm for our civilization. Day by day, demand has grown for it. Modern technology
requires a significant amount of electrical power for its numerous activities. The primary
cause of pollution in the globe is the production of electricity. On the one hand, increased
concern over the gap between the supply and demand of power for the general population
has brought attention to the investigation of alternative energy sources and their sustainable
use. Essentially in this project, an attempt to counter this dependence on non-renewable
resources, a prototype of a piezoelectric tile has been created which further is used to create a
street light system which would run on the electricity generated via this tile. During the
night time, the intensity of the street lights would remain at 50% to save energy and
whenever a car or object is sensed by the sensors located in modules paced at the street
lights, the succeeding 2 street lights would be set to an intensity of 100% and after a delay
they would be set back to 50%.
As a result, the street lights would not lead to energy wastage and moreover in the future
these tiles can be commercialized for private usage once the prototype is efficiently and fully
made.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
viii-ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY
4
1.3 NEED ANALYSIS
2
1.4 AIM
3
1.5 OBJECTIVES
1.6 PROBLEM FORMULATION
1.7 EXPECTED DELIVERABLES
CHAPTER 2: THEORY, STANDARDS AND CONSTRAINTS
15
2.1. THEORY
18
2.3. ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS
21
CHAPTER 3: DESIGN METHODOLOGY
25
3.1. PROPOSED WORKFLOW/ METHODOLOGY
25
3.2. FLOW CHART
29
3.3. MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS
29
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
34
4.1. HARDWARE RESULTS
35
4.2. PROPOSED OUTCOME
36
4.3.CONCLUSION
37
iv
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
38
5.1. SUMMARY
38
5.2. FUTURE WORK
38
CHAPTER 6: PROJECT METRICS
39
6.1. CHALLENGES FACED AND TROUBLE SHOOTING
39
6.2. RELEVANT SUBJECTS
39
6.3. INTERDISCIPLINARY ASPECT
39
6.4. COMPONENTS AND COST ANALYSIS
40
6.5 TEAM ASSESSMENT MATRIX
40
6.6. WORK SCHEDULE (GANTT CHART)
40
REFERENCES
ANNEXURE
41
43
PLAGIARISM REPORT
44
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Caption
Page No.
1
Course learning outcomes of the subjects used in the project
7
2
Lists of components used
36
3
List of relevant Subjects
37
4
Team assessment matrix
37
5
Gantt chart of group
39
6.
Gantt chart of Prabhjas singh
39
7
Gantt chart of Saatvik Sharma
40
8
Gantt chart of Sahil walia
40
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.
Caption
Page No.
1
Arduino Uno Board
9
2
Piezoelectric sensor and its terminals
10
3
Simple bridge rectifier
10
4
Diagram of (a)Direct piezoelectric effect (b)Converse
19
piezoelectric effect.
5
simple piezoelectric sensor
19
6
Circuit representation of a simple ac-dc converter
20
7
The design of piezoelectric tile developed by Hwang li, the
27
prototype of piezoelectric energy
harvesting tile
.
8
Schematic of curved piezoelectric smart paver tile
27
9
Structural outline of the system
30
10
flowchart of Step by step representation of the system
31
11
odel for equivalent piezoelectric energy harvester circuit with
32
bridge rectifier and output capacitor.
12
Piezoelectric Tile by PaveGen
33
13
Piezoelectric Schematic
34
14
A technology used by pavegen(UK), a company which brought
37
the idea of smart tiles into reality in 2019
15
Physical protype of the piezoelectric tile
38
vii
16
Diagram represents the proposed outcome which resembles real
38
world street light system where energy is generated from the
piezoelectric.
viii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Every year, demand for electricity is expected to rise as a result of population growth, economic
expansion overall.
The rising demand for power has put pressure on the cost and availability of all natural resources.
There are three different ways to produce electricity: peak, load, and intermediate. This load power
is required to keep the electrical grid powered up to meet ongoing consumer demand.
Energy scavenging is the most important concept and probably one of the most sought- after options
for electrical energy contentment. Energy scavenging is the capture of minute amounts of energy
from more than one surrounding energy sources, accumulation, and storage for later use. This process
has innumerous advantages, including the fact that it is inexpensive, safe, requires no maintenance,
is versatile, and can be used in a variety of situations. The energy of vibration is one of the renewable
sources of energy in our world. This concept can be used in everyday life to generate renewable
energy and reduce reliance on nonrenewable energy.
Compared to other energies, vibration energy produces electrical energy with a higher density. We
may readily find the vibration everywhere around us. Electrostatic, electromagnetic, and piezoelectric
processes can all be utilised to transform vibrational energy into electrical energy. Since they don't
need external power and have a steady energy density, piezoelectric materials are highly valued.
Piezoelectric materials may be employed as energy storage devices, which may be used to supply
power to the sensor. The piezoelectric substance can also transform mechanical stress into electrical
energy.
The unique property known as the piezoelectric effect making possible for materials to convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy and electrical energy into mechanical energy. Human
movement, wind, rain, tide, and waves can all trigger piezoelectric materials. The substance may
naturally possess this effect or it may be introduced to an already existing non-piezoelectric
substance.
Japan has already begun using the piezoelectric effect to generate electricity by placing specialised
floor tiles at the two busiest stations in its cities.
The use of tiles that have piezoelectric components components with a diameter of 28 millimetres
and disc form. It uses 40 of these components for every square metre. The floor employs the opposite
method to generate electricity by harnessing vibration power, just as a loudspeaker produces sound
by converting electric signals to vibrations
1
Tiles can be installed on pathways. As a result, every time a passerby steps on a mat, a small vibration
is produced that can be stored as energy. According to East Japan Railway, the energy generated by
a single passer is multiplied many times by the 400,000 people who use Tokyo station on an average
day, producing enough energy for electronic sign boards. A person who weighs 60 kg will only
produce 0.1 watt in the brief period of time it takes them to go two steps over a tile, but if they cover
a big area of floor space and thousands of individuals step or jump on them, a significant amount of
power can be produced. The energy produced by this generator is adequate to run automatic ticket
gates and electronic gates.
The piezoelectric effect is a special property that enables the conversion of mechanical energy to
electrical energy and vice versa. For piezoelectric materials, wind, rain, tide, and waves can all be
used as stimuli. This effect may be introduced to an existing non- piezoelectric material or
incorporated into the substance as an essential characteristic.
The distinctive flooring tiles in London that include 35 millimeter-diameter piezoelectric elements
inserted in them as well as disc-shaped components for loudspeakers. Each square metre uses 600 of
these elements. The floor uses a reverse mechanism to produce energy by using the vibration power,
whereas the loudspeaker makes sound by translating electrical pulses to vibrations.
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY
In[1] using applications for piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and triboelectric devices to transform
mechanical energy into electricity in accordance with the first law of energy conversion.
In [2]. Piezoelectricity, which is the ability of materials to create electricity through mechanical
deformation, was discovered by the Curie brothers in 1880. The two categories of piezoelectric
technology are piezopolymer and piezoceramic. Despite being more adaptable, the former has
significant drawbacks, such as poor power conversion rates and
electromechanical
coefficients. They frequently have strong electromechanical coupling constants and high energy
conversion rates, although they are delicate..
In[3] The technology that received the greatest attention over the last ten years was piezoelectric
devices.
In[4]Due to its simplicity and convenience of use, Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (PEEH)
has drawn increased interest in the field of energy harvesting technologies . Monomorphic,
bimorphic, stack, and membrane piezoelectric transducers can
capture
mechanical
all
be
utilised
to
energy
2
In[5]A typical energy harvester can't operate effectively in
every circumstance;
each
arrangement has advantages and limitations of its own. As a result, energy harvesters are
frequently created for a specific application and frequency range.
In[6]. For instance, piezoelectric devices installed in roads may be able to capture energy in the
form of pressure and mechanical energy under the tyres of moving vehicles.
In[7] When a coil moves through the magnetic field, creating a potential difference at both ends of
the coil, Faraday discovered electromagnetism in 1831. The magnetic flux change rate over time
determines the voltage induced in the coil Therefore, this caught the interest of researchers as a
useful method for electromagnetic energy harvesters (EMEHs).
In[8]When two materials with different polarities come into touch with one another, there is a
charge transfer that results, which is what causes the triboelectric effect. Surface detachment leads
to charge buildup electrostatic interaction induction effect once these two materials are connected
with metal, where electrodes are found at the two non-contacting ends. Charge moves in the
opposite way when these two surfaces come into touch once more
In[9]Triboelectric energy harvesting (TEEH), which is easily produced at the nanoscale size
and has a low operation frequency, is regarded as an advanced approach when compared to
piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvesting.
In[10]In recent times, it has been in demand, because it produces very high power density, high
conversion efficiency, and low operating frequency.
In[11]Despite the fact that these projects used piezoelectric tiles in various space functions,
regions, and installation techniques, they all had high occupancy densities that enabled
adequate energy production. Low
energy
conversion
rates
and
low
electromechanical
coefficients are just two of the examples' many flaws. However, they have significant energy
conversion rates and substantial electromechanical coupling constants despite being typically fragile.
.
In[12]In the previous decade, piezoelectric devices have been the most widely discussed
technology.
3
In[13]As a result of its ease of use and simple structure, Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (PEEH)
has gained more attention in the field of energy harvesting technologies. To harvest mechanical
energy, various piezoelectric transducers such as monomorphic, bimorphic, stack, and membrane
can be used.
In[14]An energy harvester generally can't function well in all situations; each configuration has
its own benefits and restrictions. Because of this, energy harvesters are often made for a
particular use and operating frequency range.
In[15]When a coil moves through the magnetic field, creating a potential difference at both ends of
the coil, Faraday discovered electromagnetism in 1831. The magnetic flux change rate over time
determines the voltage induced in the coil. Researchers became interested in this as a viable method
of energy collecting, and electromagnetic energy harvesters (EMEHs) were created as a result.
In[16]The charge transfer that takes place when two materials with different polarities come into
contact is what causes the triboelectric effect. Electrodes are located at the two non-contacting
ends of the materials after they have been joined together with metal. The electrostatic induction
effect causes charge accumulation when surfaces become detached. Charge flows in opposite
directions when these two surfaces come into touch again.
In[17]Triboelectric energy harvesting (TEEH), which is easily
size and has a low operation frequency, is
regarded
as
an
produced
advanced
at
the nanoscale
approach
when
related to piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvesting.
In[18]Due to its high power density, excellent conversion ratio, and low operating frequency,
it has attracted a lot of interest recently.
In[19] Despite the fact that these projects used piezoelectric tiles in various space functions, regions,
and installation techniques, they all had high occupancy densities that allowed for adequate energy
production.
1.3 NEED ANALYSIS
4
The energy problem has become one of the most critical worldwide challenges in the last 20 years,
with the explosive growth of electronic gadget development playing a major role. Even if we have
high-capacity electrical energy generation sources like hydro/thermal power plants, it is now critical
to investigate renewable and sustainable energy sources. Numerous innovative energy harvesting
methods, including triboelectric, have been developed over the past ten years.
Due to their distinctive qualities, solar, thermoelectric, piezoelectric, and electromagnetic energy are
unrivalled. Piezoelectric materials stand out among them due to the wide range of sensing and
actuation applications they are used for. It is as a result of their effective solid-state coupling of
mechanical and electrical forces. To meet society's needs, hundreds of new piezoelectric materials
are being researched. These substances often fall within the ferroelectric category. These materials
are mostly insulators. These are broadly divided into categories based on their compositions, stages,
and structures.. Some of these materials belong to the family of BaTiO3, K0.5Na0.5NbO3,
Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, ZnO, and a few polymers.
PEH (piezoelectric energy harvesting) has been studied for many different types of mechanical
energy harvesting, including acoustics, water flow energy, wind energy, human motion, railway
tracks, and motorways. The typical energy outputs are alternating current and voltage, with current
on the order of microamperes and voltage in the range of a few volts (from piezoelectric). All of this
data imply that there is untapped potential for piezoelectric energy harvesting techniques and tools.
In the past, it has been asserted that shoes, tiles, sidewalks, roadways, limited power devices of
wireless sensors networks, and implanted devices all use piezoelectric energy harvesting technology.
1.4 AIM
Development of prototype of piezoelectric tile for energy Generation and creating a autonomous
street light system.
1.5 OBJECTIVES
•
Prototyping a piezoelectric tile and make all hardware connections.
•
Using the tile to create a smart street lighting system
1.6 PROBLEM FORMULATION
Several states in the nation are currently suffering power disruptions for several hours amid
the rampant surge in power demand caused by the ongoing heatwave and the worst electricity
shortfall in more than six years due to adequate coal supply to thermal plants.
5
During the first 27 days of April, electricity supply lagged behind demand by 1.88 billion
units, or 1.6%, according to Reuters. The country now has a total deficiency of 623
million units less electricity than it did in March!
Two out of every three households in the nation have admitted to experiencing power
disruptions, according to a Circles study.
Finally, The method for generating electricity using piezoelectric crystals to recover
tensional or vibrational energy is among the most promising options. The concept is
based on the positive piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric material: when the material
deforms as a result of external force (pressure or stress), a polarization phenomenon
occurs, enabling charges of varying polarities to collect on two opposing surfaces. The
charges disappear when the outside force is
withdrawn.
If
an
intermittent
external
force is continuously applied to piezoelectric material, charges will built will dissipate.
1.7 EXPECTED DELIVERABLES
•
•
•
Working prototype of a piezoelectric tile.
.
Delivering a non-renewable source for energy harvesting and generation.
Integration of prototype with arduino IDE to create an effecient street
light system.
1.8 CONCLUSION
In this chapter, Introduction to the project along along with the literature survey, need analysis
and other key aspects such as problem formulation were discussed and stated.
6
CHAPTER 2
THEORY, STANDARDS AND CONSTRAINTS
2.1 THEORY
This chapter deals with overview of concepts such as Piezoelectric effect,Arduino microcontroller,
piezoelectric transducer, bridge rectifier and various concepts and components related to the project.
2.1.1
DIRECT PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
The direct impact of piezoelectricity is the capacity of a material to transform mechanical stress into
an electrical response, such as an electromagnetic field, electric current, or polarisation. This
property was initially proven by the Curie siblings in 1880 on single quartz crystals (SiO2). The
Curie brothers further proved indirect piezoelectricity after their initial discovery, showing that
particular crystals might undergo a mechanical reaction when exposed to an electric field. Despite
the fact that it was once thought that only a small number of particular crystals have this property, a
wide range of ceramics and composites, as well as other types of materials like polymeric, bone,
wood, and microorganisms, have all been discovered to possess piezoelectricity. Piezoelectricity has
an impact on non-earth-centered materials like zincite (ZnO), which has a non- centrosymmetric
hexagonal wurtzite-type crystal structure, and is not just restricted to spontaneous forms.
Large piezoelectric structures have been found in perovskite crystals, where one crystal can have
piezoelectric coefficients that are more than three orders of magnitude higher than those seen in the
quartz that the Curie brothers first demonstrated. A piezoelectric effect can be described
mathematically as an electromechanical connection. line relationships between a machine (e.g.,
pressure and hardness) and the amount of electric field (e.g., electric field and electric field).
The strain charge form of the piezoelectric constitutive rule is given, S = sT + dE, (1) D = dT +
∊TE.(2) On the other hand, in the stress charge form, T = CS - eE, (3) D = eS + ∊SE, (4) where, s, t,
e, and d are mechanical malfunctions, stress, electric field, and electricity. migration, respectively.
S, C, d, and e are compliance machines, durability, and piezoelectric coefficients ’strain charge
forms and strain-charge forms, respectively. While ∊T, and ∊S are metrics for dielectric clearance in
chronic stress and continuous stress, respectively.Crystalanisotropy is characterized by non-zero
coefficients, leading to differences in the crystallographic point groups' piezoelectric tensors.the
body.
7
2.1.2 EXTRINSIC CONTRIBUTION TO PIEZOELECTRICITY
Both internal and external contributions are present in the piezoelectric response. It is believed that
the internal contribution is caused by the lattice's impacts on the field, namely by the expansion of
the cell unit's recurrent polarisation and rotation during external field operation, which results in
full changes in both polarisation and cell unit type. In contrast, external donations are those that
do not occur in the lattice and are frequently attributed to the domain wall, phase boundary
nucleation, and growth under externally applied power fields and equipment. However, other
hysteretic phenomena, such as cellular dysfunction, can also affect the piezoelectric response.
2.1.3
ARDUINO UNO
The Arduino Unoin figure 2.1 is an open-source microcontroller board developed by Arduino.cc
that was first released in 2010. The board includes digital and analog input/output sets, (I/O)
pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.The board
features 6 analog I/O pins, and 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can be used for PWM output. It can
be programmed using the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) with a type B
USB cable.
THE TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARDUINO UNO:
•
Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts
•
Digital I/O Pins: 14
•
PWM Pins: 6 (Pin # 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11)[9]
•
UART: 1
•
I2C: 1
•
SPI: 1
•
Analog Input Pins: 6
•
DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
•
DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
•
Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
•
SRAM: 2 KB
•
EEPROM: 1 KB
•
Clock Speed: 16 MHz
•
Length: 68.6 mm
•
Width: 53.4 mm
•
Weight: 25 g
•
ICSP Header: Yes
8
Fig 2.1 Arduino Uno Board
2.1.4 INVERSE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
The term "inverse piezoelectric effect" describes how piezoelectric sensing devices would
mechanically deform or exert mechanical pressure in a certain direction when an electric field is
supplied in the direction of their polarisation. This deformation or pressure will vanish as soon as the
electric field is eliminated. It is possible for piezoelectric sensors to deform in terms of thickness,
length, volume, thickness shear, and plane shear. Because piezoelectric crystals come in a variety of
materials, some of them are more sensitive to one or more of the effects than to others. For instance,
some piezoelectric crystals are very sensitive to the thickness deformation and length deformation
effects of piezoelectricity, but not to volume deformationThe piezoelectric coefficients of the same
material in the positive and inverse piezoelectric effects are the same. Materials having positive
piezoelectric effect must also have inverse piezoelectric effect. The higher the piezoelectric
coefficient, the more effectively piezoelectric materials convert energy..
2.1.5
PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER
A piezoelectric transducer, also known as a piezoelectric sensor, is a device that uses the piezoelectric
effect to monitor changes in acceleration, pressure, strain, temperature, or force by converting
this energy into an electrical charge as in figure2.2. Further piezoelectric sensors are also used in
ultrasound imaging and even a current operating system and SDK. In this project one tile is of 1m x
1m, and 40 piezoelectric sensors were placed on the tile connected in parallel such that maximum
amount of energy can be generated through these sensors. One Transducer generates upwards of 2
volts when pressed
9
continuously resulting in a sub-par energy source on its own, however when 40 of them
wereconnected together a 12v battery could be charged easily.
Fig 2. 2 Piezoelectric sensor and its terminals
The terminals of a piezoelectric transducer are depicted in figure 2.2
2.1.6 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
Figure 2.3 depicts how AC power is transformed into a DC power using rectifiers. The
bridge rectifier is the most effective rectifier circuit available. Bridge rectifiers are a
particular kind of full-wave rectifier that effectively converts alternating (AC) current to
direct (DC) current by employing four or more diodes in a bridge circuit design.
Fig 2.3 Bridge rectifier
10
2.1.6 STREET LIGHT SYSTEM
After turning on the street lights at night using the generated power. One can create an autonomous
street light control system utilizing various sensors to save electricity because it wastes a lot of energy
when the lights are left on all night. For this, a Ultrasonic sensor as well as a PIR sensor are being
employed. Due to such an independent control system, the street lights are only turned ON when a car
or a personis present.
The PIR sensor is powered by the 5v regulated power source, though we can also use the Arduino's 5v
for this purpose. The PIR sensor's output pin is linked to pin number four on the Arduino. For ultrasonic
detection, use the module below. So, when someone passes in front of the laser, pin number 2 on the
Arduino is signaled.
To control the lights, two relays are utilized one can alter how many of these relays there
are.designating two pins for the motion sensor "PIR" and the ultrasonic module. The motion sensor is
attached to pin number 4 of the Arduino, while the trigger and echo pins of ultrasonic is connected to
pin numbers 12,13 respectively.
int duration, distance;
int trigPin=12,echoPin=13;
int motion = 4;
The relays are used to turn on and off the street lights. Pins 7 and 8 on the Arduino board are used
to connect two relays. Relays load1 and load2 are given these names.
int load1 = 7;
int load2 = 8;
Every Arduino and Mega 2560 contains at least two functions: void setup and void loop. The
absence of a void indicates that these functions do not return any values, whereas the absence of an
empty parenthesis indicates that these functions do not accept any arguments as input. When
the Arduino or Mega2560 is turned on rorestarted, the void setup() function is only called once.
void setup()
11
Serial.begin(9600); // activates the serial communication, while 9600 is the baud rate. This is only
used for the debugging purposes.
The sensors are set as the input, and relay are setas outputs.
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(motion, INPUT);
pinMode(load1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(load2, OUTPUT);
the lights are turned OFF.
digitalWrite(load1, LOW);
digitalWrite(load2, LOW);
}
void loop()
{
The following condition means if the ultrasonic is activated then turn ON the lights connected with
the relay named load1.
if (distance >= 200 || distance <= 0)
{
Serial.println("no object detected");
digitalWrite(load1,LOW);
}
else {
Serial.println("object detected \n");
Serial.print("distance= ");
Serial.print(distance);
12
Serial.print("cm\n ");
digitalWrite(load1,HIGH);
delay(50);}
The following condition states that the lights connected to Load2 will turn on if motion is detected
if (distance >= 200 || distance <= 0)
{
Serial.println("no object detected");
digitalWrite(load1,LOW);
}
else {
Serial.println("object detected \n");
Serial.print("distance= ");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print("cm\n ");
digitalWrite(load1,HIGH);
delay(50);
}
if(digitalRead(motion) == HIGH)
{
Serial.println("motion");
digitalWrite(load2, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(load2, LOW);
delay(300);
}
else{
digitalWrite(motion, LOW);
}
}
13
2.2 ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS
•
By choosing a controller roll-off frequency much lower than the current prototype's 12.5
dB per decade and using an integrated interferometric fibre optic method to monitor
diaphragm motion, future efforts for the implementation of an ultrasonic transducer will
concentrate on increasing the achievable bandwidth well beyond 20 kHz. Since the
suggested system is linear, the necessary control action can be produced using an
analogue PID control technique. Long-term stability is resistant to environmental
disturbances because the associated Coulomb force is constant for a fixed electrodemembrane separation, polarisation voltage, and electrode area. The suggested transducer
may be employed as a sensing microphone for photoacoustic and photothermal
phenomena related to bio-photonics at high modulation frequencies, enabling the
execution of experiments with increased spatial resolution. By adjusting the plate
charge, it should be feasible to fine-tune the location of the conductors when employing
an electrostatic actuator.
•
In accordance with the data gleaned from the interferometric signal. The objective is to
lessen instability, which frequently restricts the stable travel distance of electrostatic
actuators. A high linearity, high bandwidth electrostatic actuator would be beneficial for
continuous wave laser.
•
One of the major constraints of using a piezoelectric sensor is the amount of voltage
generated from t, per sensor the maximum voltage generated is north of 5v volts when
pressed with force greater than 50N. the average force generated from a step when a
person walks is in the range of 20-70N hence for this purpose the tile was considered
optimal.
2.3 CONCLUSION
This chapter gave a brief overview to the various concepts for understanding this project
moreover it gave an in depth understanding of the various components used as shown in
fig.2.4 which shows the working and circuit of a bridge rectifier.
14
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER
In this chapter, the design methodology along withe workflow model and flowchart will be
discussed extensively such that there is complete understanding of the project
.
3.1.1 PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL
The piezoelectric crystal is first of all electrically neutral due to the dispersion of charges, which
results in an equal number of positive and negative charges. This symmetrical charge distribution
leads to zero net electric dipole. An electrical pulse is formed when the symmetry of the crystal is
broken by pressure or an external load, which causes net polarisation. Analytically, to maximise
power extraction, the rectified voltage in a full bridge rectification arrangement with a capacitor
attached for filtration should be half of the no-load value. The direct effect and the converse effect
are two possible piezo effects as a result. The direct action is explained by the crystal structure of
substances like quartz and rochelle salt, which generate electricity when pressure or load is applied.
The former enables us to use it as a sensor when an electrical signal is generated, whilst the latter
transforms it into an actuator and causes their state to change when an electrical signal is applied.
The following two linear successive equations can model both impacts,(direct and converse) easily
Direct Piezoelectric Effect S = sE .T+ d. E [1]
Converse Piezoelectric Effect D = d.T+εT.E [2] Where,
D = electric displacement vector, T = the stress vector
sE = matrix of elastic coefficients at constant electric field strength,
S = strain vector
εT = dielectric matrix at constant mechanical strain
E = electric field vector ; d = direct or converse piezoelectric effect
Secondly, In this project use of a rounded Piezoelectric transducer diaphragm(figure 3.2) has been
seen. A piezoelectric material must be stressed betwen its self-resonant frequency (SRF) ranges
in order to generate the greatest amount of charge.
15
Fig 3.1 (a)Direct piezoelectric effect (b)Converse piezoelectric effect.
The above diagram shows the direct and inverse Piezo electric effects and the charge concentration and
movement.
Fig 3.2 Piezoelectric sensor
The above figure shows the structure of a piezoelectric transducer mounted on a metal coin.
3.1.2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER AND ARDUINO MODULE
Since the resultant output from the piezoelectric tiles is in ac we have made use of a bridge rectifier
circuit which will allow us to store the current in dc.
A rectifier is required to change the alternating current (AC) from PEH into direct current (DC),
which is then used to drive electrical applications. Full bridge (FB) rectifiers are frequently utilized
in PEH circuits. But in low voltage circuits, the diode forward voltage in rectifiers suffers from non 16
negligible power loss as shown in figure 3.3. Even still in this project we shall be using a simple
bridge rectifier circuit for simplicity and efficiency.
Fig 3.3 Simple ac-dc converter
Basically, 40 bridge rectifiers were used which rectified the AC generated from the Piezoelectric tile
into direct current and as the ICs within step down the voltage to collect readings, this DC module
behaves like a voltage transformer. This dc is stored in a battery which upon charging gives a
constant source of current and voltage to the Arduino board which is used create the street light
system.
3.1.3
CANTILEVER TYPE AND CURVED TYPE PEH
One of the most popular types of energy extractors, including those used in energy harvesting
tiles, is the cantilever piezoelectric one. Steps on the tile cause a mechanical load to be transferred
to the cantilever beam that has embedded piezoelectric material. An electrical output is produced
when the cantilever beam is bent because the axial tension on the piezoelectric material. By
contrasting the output of the cantilever type piezoelectric harvester with a single-electrode mode
triboelectric energy harvester of equivalent size, the cantilever type harvester's superiority was
made clear. The power density
was
of
the
piezoelectric
harvester
found.
17
Fig 3.4 the prototype of piezoelectric energy harvesting tile,
For straightforward cantilever-based piezoelectric energy harvesters (figure3.4),a fixture for
restricting one end of the beam is typically needed. Additionally, a stopper is typically added
to avoid excessive deformation and damage to the piezoelectric material. Because they are more
compact and produce more power than cantilever harvesters, curved piezoelectric components
have been researched for use as energy harvesters inside smart tiles. These are easily
positioned inside the tile in simply supported boundary conditions due to their curved design,
eliminating the need for additional fittings at the ends.
Fig 3.5 Curved piezoelectric smart paver tile
18
3.1.4
WORKING METHODOLOGY
Fig 3.6 Structural outline of the system
Figure 3.6 shows the working methodology of the project.Piezoelectric transducers are used to
convey electrical energy. Because the mechanical vibration and energy produced by the
piezoelectric disc in the ceramic tile are directly inversely proportional, the output increases when
more pressure (weight) or force is applied to the disc at once. Therefore, investigation was
done to ascertain where on the floor the front and rear of the tile were positioned. When pressure
is exerted from within the foot to the piezoelectric discs, mechanical energy is produced.
Mechanical energy is converted into electrical impulses by the piezoelectric transducers. Due to
variations in vibrations brought on by various amounts of pressure applied, the electric voltage
produced as a result of a potential difference of the charges is an AC voltage; therefore, a bridge
rectifier circuit is used to convert the AC voltage to DC voltage, which can then be used in
electronic devices. An ineffective energy harvester is created by a direct connection between a
battery and a rectifier, which results in a constant VREC. A DC-DC power converter is
incorporated into the circuit to adaptively modify the rectified voltage in relation to the
piezoelectric open-circuit voltage, hence increasing the circuit's harvesting power. The
aforementioned statistics show a structural breakdown of all the processes that take place in our
setup.
3.2 FLOWCHART
The flowchart of this project is given in figure 3.7, which shows how the project synthesis is carried.
19
Fig .3.7 Project flowchart
3.3 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION
The mathematical analysis and all the conclusions drawn from them will be discussed here:
3.3.1 FORMULATING THE EQUATION FOR RESONANCE FREQUENCY OF THE
VIBRATING PIEZOELECTIRC TRANSDUCER.
Piezoelectric diaphragms or bender plates, which are comprised of a piezoelectric plate (PZT) with
electrodes on both sides and are bonded to a metal with conductive adhesive, are the transducers
utilised in this model. Helmholtz's equation provides the value of these diaphragms' resonant
frequency.
the pressure change p produced by a small volume change ΔV (assume a resonator)
now substitute for F and m. [4],[5].
20
Therefore, the restoring force is directly related to the displacement. This is the prerequisite for simple
harmonic motion, which has a frequency equal to half of the square root of the proportionality
constant, so:-
3.3.2 EQUATION FOR ENRGY HARVESTING
Fig3.8 simulation model
The above given figure (figure 3.8) shows the model of the circuit and the charging circuit as well.
Fig3.9 Piezoelectric Tile by PaveGen
The below shown image (figure 3.10) is of an already existing piezo tile which acts as a base of
our simulation, the below constructed tile has been referred from :-.
21
8
Fig.3.10 Piezoelectric Tile Schematic
Figure.3.13 was referred by Yung Soo Kim, Joo-Hyong Kim and Jaehwan Kim, reseachers form Japan
who created this schematic for a piezoelectric tile .
Fig.3.11 Piezoelectric tile created by pavegen(UK)
22
CHAPTER 4:
RESULTS
In this chapter, the physical diagram along with the hardware model and its results will be discussed.
4.1 PHYSICAL DESIGN
The connections shown below are of the piezoelectric tile where the white wires signify the AC output
of the tile which acts as input for the bridge rectifier which after rectifying are given to the charging
circuit which allow the street light sensors to be powered.
Fig. 4.1 Tile Circuitry
4.2
OUTPUT MODEL
The output model of the project is given in figure 4.2. which clearly depicts the project
deliverables and the tile as well as the lighting system circuitry.
23
Fig 4.2 Street light circuitry
4.3 CONCLUSION
In this chapter, the expected output after the construction of the piezo tile is observed and furthermore
the light system was seen the being connected to the charging circuit. Figure4.2 shows the circuit
model of the charging circuit interface with the Arduino sensor.
24
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
5.1 CONCLUSION
For the time being, an attempt has been made to developed a system to build a smart street system
which works on its own without any non-renewable energy source, and a piezoelectric tile
has
been created and its implementation in the real world The constraints and assumptions associated
with this model have been verified. These outcome values remain within permissible limits.
Moreover the use of such a piezoelectric tile in the future can surely utilize the energy generated
from a step and use it for various purposes..
5.2 FUTURE WORK
In the upcoming days, the aim to pick up this prototype unit to a stage for testing and actual trials.
To make the device this efficient and in order for the device to be able to used more accessibly we
will incorporate various IOT components which can allow for this device to used for private as well
as public settings. (e.g., an Nvidia jetson nano developer board). The goal is to to make this device
become present all around us to ensure our environmental resources are consume judicially and we
reduce humanity’s dependency on non-renewable resources and to make the Indian streets fully
automated and powered via our piezoelectric tile system.
25
CHAPTER 6
PROJECT METRICS
6.1 CHALLENGES FACED AND TROUBLESHOOTING
During the entire process, starting from project planning to final testing of our hardware model, there
were various challenges we faced. Initially, we faced a problem with analyzing the novelty of our
model, but with the help of our mentors and the process of literature survey, we were able to identify
the novelty of our project. Another major challenge we faced was improving the accuracy of our tile
and genration model, but with the process of regular testing, we were able to achieve a consistent and
accurate working model.
6.2 RELEVANT SUBJECTS
UG Courses used in the project are tabulated below:
Table 6.1 course learning outcomes of the subjects used in the project
S. No.
Subject Code
Subject
1
UEI407
Signals & Systems
2
UEI501
Control Systems
3
UEI610
Fundamentals of Microcontrollers & Microprocessors
4
UTA014
Engineering Design 2
5
UEI701
Data Acquisition & System Design
6
UEI704
Soft Computing Techniques
7
UTA013
Engineering Design 1
8
UEI608
Biomedical Instrumentation
6.3 INTERDISCIPLINARY ASPECT
In our project, An attempt to cover various parameters has been done. It required in-depth
knowledge of principle of piezoelectricty, soldering and network analysis
,Arduino
programming, and different sensors for the proper functioning of the model developed. Some
essential components in the project included: the interfacing of different sensors, construction of
the piezoelectric tile, and linking the model with street lights
26
6.4 COMPONENTS USED
Here table number 6.2 indicates the final list of all the components used.
Table 6.2 Lists of components used
S.
No.
Name of the Component(s)
Cost
Status
1.
Arduino uno R2
1086/-
Purchased
2.
Piezoelectric crystals
900/-
Purchased
3.
Battery 12v
750/-
Purchased
4.
PIR Sensor – HC-SR501
120 /-
Purchased
5.
diode
300/-
Purchased
6.
Soldering kit
600/-
Purchased
7.
Tile material
350/-
Purchased
8.
Connecting wires and PCB board
300/-
Purchased
9.
Street simulation hardware material
200/-
Purchased
Grand Total
3606 /-
27
6.5 TEAM ASSESSMENT MATRIX
Table 6.3 Team Assessment Matrix
Evaluation of
Evaluation
By
Prabhjas
Singh
Saatvik
Sharma
Sahil Walia
Prabhjas Singh
5
5
5
Saatvik Sharma
5
5
5
Sahil walia
5
5
5
28
6.6 WORK SCHEDULE
Table 6.4 Gantt chart of group
February
March
May
July
August
October
December
Project idea discussion and finalisationFebruar2y8
Literature review
Research on piezoelectric tiles and charging circuit
circuit modelling and hardware design
65
April
51
June
hardware development
tile Assembly
21
March
122
209
April
March
Arduino code for smart street light
20
June
y
Development of tile with connectins and soldering
Integration between hardware and Software
61
ptember
Testing and Modification
40
November
Result Evaluation
November
1-9
1-9
Final Report and Documentation
November
1-10
Table 6.5 Gantt chart of Prabhjas Singh
February
March
May
July
August
October
December
Project idea discussion and finalisationFebruar2y8
Literature review
Research on piezoelectric tiles and charging circuit
21
March
April
65
circuit modelling and hardware design
hardware development
tile Assembly
Arduino code for smart street light
Development of tile with connectins and soldering
Integration between hardware and Software
Testing and Modification
51
June
April
March
June
May
122
209
20
61
September
November
40
Result Evaluation
November
1-9
1-9
Final Report and Documentation
November
1-10
29
Table 6.6 Gantt chart of Saatvik Sharma
February
March
May
July
August
October December
Project idea discussion and finalisationFebruar2y8
Literature review
Research on piezoelectric tiles and charging circuit
March 21
April
circuit modelling and hardware design
65
51
June
hardware development
April
March
tile Assembly
Arduino code for smart street light
122
209
20
June
May
Development of tile with connectins and soldering
Integration between hardware and Software
61
September
Testing and Modification
Result Evaluation
40
November
Final Report and Documentation
November
1-9
1-9
November
1-10
Table 6.7 Gantt chart of Sahil Walia
February
March
May
July
August
October
December
Project idea discussion and finalisationFebruar2y8
Literature review
Research on piezoelectric tiles and charging circuit
March 21
April
circuit modelling and hardware design
hardware development
tile Assembly
Arduino code for smart street light
Development of tile with connectins and soldering
Integration between hardware and Software
Testing and Modification
65
June
April
March
June
May
51
122
209
20
61
September
November
40
Result Evaluation
November
1-9
1-9
Final Report and Documentation
November
1-10
30
REFERENCES
1. C. Keawboonchua and T. G. Engel, Factors Affecting Maximum Power Generation in
Piezoelectric Pulse Generator Vol.1,
2. C. T. G. Engel, W. C. Nunnally, and N. B. VanKirk, Compact kinetictoelectrical energy
conversion, Proc 11th IEEE Int. Pulsed Power Cod., Baltimore,MD, 1997,
3. T. G. Engel, C. Keawboonchuay, and W. C. Nunnally, Energy conversion and high power
pulse production using miniature piezoelectric compressors, IEEE Trans. Plasma Science.,
vol 28, no. 5,
4. C. Keawboonchuay, Exploration of high power piezoelectric kinetic to electrical enera
converter, Master’s Thesis, University of MissouriColumbia, May, 2000.
5. G. K. Ottman, H. F. Hofmann, A. C. Bhatt, and G. A. Lesieutre, Adaptive piezoelectric energy
harvesting circuit for wireless remot power supply, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 17, no.
Sep. 2002
6. E. Lefeuvre, A. Badel, C. Richard, L. Petit, and D. Guyomar, “A comparison between several
vibration-powered piezoelectric generators for standalone systems,” Sens. Actuators A, Phys.,
vol. 126, no. 2,Feb. 2006.
7. E. Lefeuvre, A. Badel, C. Richard, L. Petit, and D. Guyomar, “A comparison between several
vibration-powered piezoelectric generators for standalone systems,” Sens. Actuators A, Phys.,
vol. 126, no. 2,, Feb. 2006.
8. G. K. Ottman, H. F. Hofmann, and G. A. Lesieutre, “Optimized piezoelectric energy
harvesting circuit using stepdown converter in discontinuous conduction mode,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 2, Mar. 2003.
31
9. S. Roundy, P.K. Wright, J. Rabaey, A study of low level vibrations as a power source for
wireless sensor nodes, Computer Communication,vol. 13, no. 5, May. 2012.
10. C.B. Williams, R.B. Yates, Analysis of a micro-electric generator for Micro systems,
11. Sensors and Actuators, vol. 11, no. 2, Mar. 2010.
12. D. Shen, J.H. Park, J. Ajitsara, S.Y. Choe, H.C. Wikle III, D.J. Kim, The design, fabrication
and evaluation of MEMS PZT cantilever with an integrated Si proof mass for vibration energy
harvesting, Journal of Microelectronics and Microengineering, vol. 09, no. 1, Jan. 2003.
13. . [13] S. Roundy, P.K. Wright, A piezoelectric vibration based generator for wireless
electronics, Smart Materials and Structures, vol. 18, no. 2, Jun. 2003.
14. M. Marzenkicki, Y. Ammar, S. Ammar, S. Basrour, Integrated based harvesting system
including a MEMS generator and a power management circuit, Sensor and Actuators A, vol.
18, no. 1 Mar. 2007.
15. Y.B. Jeon, R. Sood, J.H. Jeong, S.G. Kim, MEMS power generator with transverse mode thin
films PZT, Sensors and Actuators vol. 4, no. 3, Jun, 2007.
16. G. Poulin, E. Sarraute, and F. Costa, “Genaration of electric energy for portable devices:
Comparative study of an electromagnetic and a piezoelectric system,” Sens. Actuator A,
Phys.,
17. N. Elvin, A. Elvin, and D. H. Choi, “A self-powered damage detection sensor,” J. Strain Anal.
Eng. Des., vol. 38, no. 2, Mar. 2011.
18. S. R. Anton and H. A. Sodano, “A review of power harvesting using piezoelectric materials
(2003-2006),” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 16, no. 3, Jun. 2007.
19. A. Tabesh and L. G. Frechette, “An improved small-deflection electromechanical model for
piezoelectric bending beam actuators and energy harvesters,” J. Micromech Microeng., vol.
18, no. 10, Oct. 2008..
20. Yogesh K. Ramadass and Anantha P. Chandrakasan, An Efficient Piezoelectric Energy
Harvesting Interface Circuit Using a Bias-Flip Rectifier and Shared Inductor, IEEE Journal
Of Solid-State CircuitsVol. 45, No. 1, January 2010.
21. Pisharody Harikrishnan G, An Optimal Design for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System,
IEEE PESvol. 18, no. 2, Feb. 2006.
32
ANNEXURE
CODE FOR STREET LIGHT SYSTEM
int motion = 4;
int duration,distance;
int trigPin=12,echoPin=13;
int load1 = 7; int load2 = 8;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(motion, INPUT);
pinMode(load1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(load2, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(load1, LOW);
digitalWrite(load2, LOW);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;
if(distance >= 200 || distance <= 0) {
Serial.println("no object detected");
digitalWrite(load1,LOW);
}
33
else{
Serial.println("object detected \n");
Serial.print("distance= ");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print("cm\n ");
digitalWrite(load1,HIGH);
delay(50);
}
if(digitalRead(motion) == HIGH)
{
Serial.println("motion");
digitalWrite(load2, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(load2, LOW);
delay(300);
}
else {
digitalWrite(motion, LOW);
}
}
34
PLAGIARISM REPORT
Take print out of the first page of the plagiarism report
35
Title
ORIGINALITY REPORT
19
%
SIMILARITY INDEX
17%
20%
%
INTERNET SOURCES
PUBLICATIONS
STUDENT PAPERS
PRIMARY SOURCES
www.electroniclinic.com
1
Internet Source
2
Rania Rushdy Moussa, Walaa S.E Ismaeel,
Madonna Makram Solban. "Energy generation in
public buildings using piezoelectric flooring tiles;
a case study of a metro station", Sustainable Cities
and Society,2021
5%
4
Publication
3
Saurav Sharma, Raj Kiran, Puneet Azad, Rahul
Vaish. "A review of piezoelectric energy
harvesting tiles: Available designs and future
perspective", Energy Conversion and
Management, 2022
4
Publication
4
Syed Umaid Ahmed, Arbaz Sabir, Talha Ashraf,
Muhammad Ali Haider, Farha Perveen,Zafeer
Farooqui, Riaz Uddin. "Energy Harvesting through
Floor Tiles", 2019 International Conference on
Innovative
Computing (ICIC), 2019
Publication
Exclude matches
<8
2
words
36