Tecnológico de Monterrey
Campus Santa Catarina
Global Politics (IB)
María Fernanda Márquez Cervantes
Mauricio Sánchez & David Chousal
A01723058 & A01722914
The last GLOPO activity (ever).
A. Quick answer, read the examples and write down if it is peacebuilding,
peacekeeping or peacemaking. (20 pts/ 5 pts each)
1) After the popular uprisings of the Arab Spring in 2011, Egypt struggled to establish a
new order successfully. There were few political parties to offer the people a
democratic choice of greater representation that many had demanded, particularly
minorities. Western governments invested aid money in programmes to build up
Egyptian civil society and political parties.
Answer: Peacebuilding
2) UN corps were sent to Rwanda in 1994 but their rules of engagement did not allow
them to intervene directly to prevent genocide.
Answer: Peacekeeping
3) The Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland (1998) agrees power sharing
between the main political parties in new Northen Ireland Assembly and release of
political prisoners.
Answer: Peacemaking
4) Truth and Reconciliation Comission in Sierra Leone and South Africa was
established by the UN in 2004 and 2005.
Answer: Peacemaking
B. Fill in the chart with information for the following conflict responses (64 pts, 3 pts each)
●
Good Friday Agreement
●
Minsk Agreement
●
Truth and Reconcilition Comissions (Sierra Leone) or Colombia
Reminder
peace process: a series of discussions to try to find a peaceful solution to a war or to
political violence.
ceasefire: agreement to stop fighting for a period of time.
armistice: formal agreement between parties to stop fighting and start discussions for
peace.
resolution: a formal decision or statement agreed on by a group of people, especially after
a vote.
CASE
Good Friday
Agreement
Where, When
and What
Where: The
conflict known
as the Good
Friday
Agreement or
Belfast
Agreement
primarily took
place in
Northern Ireland
and the
Republic of
Ireland, but its
impact was felt
across the
United
Kingdom.
When: The
Good Friday
Agreement was
signed on April
10, 1998, after
years of
negotiations
between
various parties.
What: The
conflict was a
long-standing
political and
sectarian
conflict between
the mainly
Who
Cause/Factor
Parties involved
consider core
parties, third
parties,
marginal parties
Contradiction
causing the
conflict.
Type of conflict
Who: The core
parties involved
in the
negotiations
leading to the
Good Friday
Agreement
were the British
and Irish
governments,
as well as
political parties
representing
both the
unionist and
nationalist
communities in
Northern
Ireland. Some
of the key
figures involved
in the
negotiations
were Tony Blair,
Bertie Ahern,
David Trimble,
Gerry Adams,
and Martin
McGuinness.
There were also
a number of
third parties
involved, such
as the United
States
Cause/Factor:
The conflict had
its roots in a
long history of
religious and
political
divisions
between the
two
communities in
Northern
Ireland, as well
as economic
and social
factors. The
conflict was
exacerbated by
incidents of
violence and
terrorism
carried out by
paramilitary
groups on both
sides.
Type of Conflict:
The Good
Friday
Agreement was
a political
conflict,
involving
negotiations
between
various parties
Effect/
Outcome
Was it
successful?
Effect/Outcome:
The Good
Friday
Agreement has
been largely
successful in
bringing about a
more peaceful
and stable
situation in
Northern
Ireland. It
established a
power-sharing
government
between the
unionist and
nationalist
communities,
and has helped
to reduce
violence and
sectarian
tensions in the
region.
However, there
are still some
ongoing issues
and tensions
that need to be
addressed, and
there have been
occasional
incidents of
violence since
Minsk
Agreement
Protestant
unionists who
wanted
Northern Ireland
to remain part
of the United
Kingdom and
the mainly
Catholic
nationalists who
wanted
Northern Ireland
to become part
of a united
Ireland.
government,
which provided
support and
encouragement
to the peace
process.
with the aim of
finding a
peaceful
resolution to the
conflict.
the agreement
was signed.
Where: The
Minsk
Agreement was
signed in Minsk,
Belarus.
Who: The core
parties involved
in the
negotiations
leading to the
Minsk
Agreement
were the
Ukrainian
government,
Russian
government,
and separatist
leaders
representing the
self-proclaimed
Donetsk and
Luhansk
People's
Republics. The
negotiations
were mediated
by the
Organization for
Security and
Co-operation in
Europe
(OSCE), with
support from
Germany and
France.
Cause/Factor:
The conflict in
eastern Ukraine
had its roots in
political and
ethnic tensions
between the
Ukrainian
government and
ethnic Russians
living in
Ukraine. The
conflict was
exacerbated by
Russia's
annexation of
Crimea in 2014
and its support
for separatist
groups in
eastern
Ukraine.
Effect/Outcome:
The Minsk
Agreement has
had mixed
success in
bringing about
peace in
eastern
Ukraine. While
the agreement
did lead to a
reduction in
violence initially,
fighting has
since resumed
and the conflict
remains
ongoing. The
implementation
of the Minsk
Agreement has
been
complicated by
ongoing
violations,
disagreements
between the
parties involved,
and other
factors.
When: The
Minsk
Agreement was
signed on
February 12,
2015, following
months of
negotiations
between
various parties.
What: The
Minsk
Agreement was
an attempt to
end the ongoing
conflict in
eastern Ukraine
between
Ukrainian
government
forces and
Russian-backed
separatists.
Type of Conflict:
The Minsk
Agreement was
a political
conflict,
involving
negotiations
between
various parties
with the aim of
finding a
peaceful
resolution to the
conflict.
Truth and
Reconcilition
Comissions
Sierra Leone
Oslo accords
Where: The
Truth and
Reconciliation
Commission
(TRC) was
established in
Sierra Leone.
Who: The TRC
was established
by the Sierra
Leonean
government,
with support
from the
international
When: The TRC community. The
was established TRC was
in 2000,
chaired by a
following the
Sierra Leonean
end of a
lawyer, Bishop
decade-long
Joseph
civil war in
Humper, and
Sierra Leone.
included both
national and
What: The TRC international
was a process
commissioners.
of national
The TRC also
reconciliation
involved the
aimed at
participation of
addressing the
victims,
human rights
perpetrators,
violations that
and other
had occurred
stakeholders.
during the civil
war, as well as
promoting unity
and healing in
the country.
Cause/Factor:
The civil war in
Sierra Leone
was fueled by a
number of
factors,
including
economic
inequality,
political
instability, and
ethnic tensions.
The conflict was
further
exacerbated by
the involvement
of outside
actors, including
neighboring
countries and
international
diamond
companies.
Where: The
Oslo Accords
were signed in
Oslo, Norway.
Cause/Factor:
The conflict
between Israelis
and
Palestinians
has its roots in
a complex
history of
political,
religious, and
territorial
Who: The core
parties involved
in the Oslo
Accords were
the Israeli
When: The Oslo government and
Accords were
the PLO, with
signed on
support from
September 13,
the United
1993.
States and
other
Type of Conflict:
The TRC was a
process of
national
reconciliation,
aimed at
addressing the
human rights
violations that
had occurred
during the civil
war and
promoting unity
and healing in
the country.
Effect/Outcome:
The TRC had a
number of
positive
outcomes,
including
providing a
platform for
victims to share
their
experiences
and have their
voices heard,
as well as
promoting
accountability
for those
responsible for
human rights
violations. The
TRC also
contributed to
the overall
process of
national
reconciliation in
Sierra Leone,
helping to heal
divisions and
promote unity.
However, there
were also
criticisms of the
TRC, including
concerns about
its effectiveness
in promoting
justice and its
failure to fully
address the root
causes of the
conflict.
Effect/Outcome:
The Oslo
Accords had a
number of
positive
outcomes,
including the
establishment
of the
Palestinian
Authority as an
What: The Oslo international
Accords were a actors.
series of
agreements
between the
Israeli
government and
the Palestine
Liberation
Organization
(PLO), aimed at
resolving the
ongoing conflict
between Israelis
and
Palestinians.
disputes. The
Oslo Accords
were an attempt
to address
some of the key
issues at the
heart of the
conflict,
including the
status of the
West Bank and
Gaza Strip, the
future of Israeli
settlements,
and the status
of Palestinian
refugees.
Type of Conflict:
The Oslo
Accords were a
political conflict,
involving
negotiations
between
various parties
with the aim of
finding a
peaceful
resolution to the
conflict.
interim
self-governing
body in parts of
the West Bank
and Gaza Strip.
The Accords
also led to a
decrease in
violence in the
region and an
improvement in
economic
conditions for
Palestinians.
However, the
implementation
of the Oslo
Accords was
complicated by
ongoing
disputes
between the
parties involved,
as well as
ongoing
violence and
attacks by
extremist
groups.
Part C. Failed and successful peace keeping missions of the UN (16 pts)
Outline 3 reasons UN Somalia’s mission (Operation Hope) is considered a failure. (12 pts)
1. restoring peace and stability to Somalia after years of civil war and political
instability. However, the mission was unable to achieve this goal, and Somalia
remained mired in conflict and violence.
2. Humanitarian crisis worsened: The humanitarian situation in Somalia deteriorated
significantly during Operation Hope. While the mission was intended to provide
assistance to those in need, the conflict and violence prevented aid from reaching
many of those who needed it most. The result was a worsening humanitarian crisis,
with many Somalis suffering from hunger and disease.
3. High civilian casualties: The UN and other international actors involved in Operation
Hope were criticized for the high number of civilian casualties resulting from their
military operations. Many Somalis viewed the UN forces as an occupying force, and
there were numerous reports of human rights abuses committed by UN troops. This
further undermined the mission's legitimacy and contributed to its failure to bring
about lasting peace and stability in Somalia.
Briefly explain one example of a UN peace keeping mission that has been labeled as
successful and why. (4 pts)
One example of a UN peacekeeping mission that has been labeled as successful is
the UN Peacekeeping Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL), which was established in 1999 to
help end a decade-long civil war. UNAMSIL succeeded in disarming more than 75,000
combatants, including child soldiers, and helped to restore peace and stability to the country.
The mission also facilitated the holding of free and fair elections and the establishment of a
Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address the atrocities committed during the conflict.
UNAMSIL is considered a success because it was able to achieve its mandate of helping to
end the conflict and restore stability to Sierra Leone, and because it did so with relatively few
casualties compared to other UN peacekeeping missions.
Bibliography:
BBC News. (2021). Northern Ireland: Sinn Féin calls for united Ireland referendum. BBC.
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-61968177
Cambridge University Press. (2018). Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission. In
Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 73-82). Cambridge University Press.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/transitional-justice-in-the-twentyfirst-century/sierra-leo
ne-truth-and-reconciliation-commission/27970FD7B68E9C76AEDF507257B35F35
Remix. (n.d.). The price of Oslo. Al Jazeera.
https://remix.aljazeera.com/aje/PalestineRemix/the-price-of-oslo.html#/14
Siddique, H. (2022). What is the Minsk agreement and why is it relevant now? Al Jazeera.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/9/what-is-the-minsk-agreement-and-why-is-it-releva
nt-now