Progress Report on Manipulable
Robotic Arm for
Fresnel Lens Project
Ronnie Serfa Juan
Kyungpook National University
1
Example
Location: KNU, Daegu,
Republic of Korea
Latitude: 35.869 N [1]
Longitude: 128.605 E [1]
Date: April 1, 2022
Time: 10:00 AM
[1] https://www.latlong.net/
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Local Time (LT)
- actual local time of the place which varies from LST because of the
eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit and factor like daylight saving time (DST) [2]
Local Standard Time Meridian (LSTM)
- reference meridian used for a particular time zone and is similar to the
Prime Meridian which is used for Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) [2]
[2] N. M. Gavrilov, S. P. Kshevetskii, A. V. Koval, Propagation of stationary acoustic-gravity waves at
thermospheric temperatures corresponding to different solar activity, Journal of atmospheric and solarterrestrial physics 2018, pp. 100-106
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LSTM = 15  TUTC
where TUTC is the difference of the local time from the Universal
Coordinated Time (UTC) in hours.
UTC is also equal to the time zone
UTC of Republic of Korea is +9
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Equation of Time (EoT)
- empirical equation that corrects for the eccentricity of the Earth’ orbit and
Earth’s axial tilt [3]
EoT = 9.87 sin(2B) – 7.53 cos(B) – 1.5 sin(B)
where
B=
360
365
(N - 81) in degrees
April 1, 2022, N = 91
B = 9.863
EoT = -4.342
[3] A. da Rosa, Solar Radiation, Solar Time, Fundamentals of renewable energy processes 2013, 3rd edition
5
Time Correction (TC) Factor
- accounts for the variation of Local Solar Time (LST) within a given time
zone due to the longitude variations within a given time zone, and also it
incorporates the EoT [3]
TC = 4(Longitude – LSTM) + EoT
the factor 4, is that the earth moves 1 every 4 minutes to rotate
TC = -29.924
[3] A. da Rosa, Solar Radiation, Solar Time, Fundamentals of renewable energy processes 2013, 3rd edition
6
Local Solar Time (LST)
- twelve noon (12:00) local solar time is as when the sun is highest in the sky [3]
- measures using the
TC
LST = LT +
60
LST = 9.501
[3] A. da Rosa, Solar Radiation, Solar Time, Fundamentals of renewable energy processes 2013, 3rd edition
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h = solar hour angle
- converts the local solar time (LST) into the number of degrees which the sun
moves across the sky [4].
12:00 = 0
+ 15 every hour after 12:00
– 15 every hour before 12:00
h = 15  (LST - 12)
where LST is the local standard time
Example:
h = -37.5
[4] S. C. Bhatia, Solar Radiations, Advanced renewable energy systems 2014, pp. 32-67
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 = declination angle
- the declination angle, varies seasonally due to the tilt of the Earth on
its axis of rotation, and the rotation of the Earth around the sun [5-6]
[5] G. Dousoky, A. H. El-Sayed, M. Shoyama, Improved orientation strategy for energy-efficiency in photovoltaic panels,
Applied Energy Engineering 2011, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 335-341
[6] M. Pastor, T. Kelemenova, M. Kelemen, L. Mikova, R. Balz Declination angle gage for tilt measurement sensors, Procedia
Engineering 2021, Vol. 48, pp. 549-556
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 = declination angle
 = -23.45  cos
360
( 
365
(N + 10)) [4-6]
where N = number of current day of the year, (e.g. January 1, N = 1)
Date: April 1, 2022
N = 91
 = 3.917
[6] S. Singh, U. Jain, G. Edison, MATLB/Simulink Model for optimization of tilt angle od solar
panels using weighted average method, VIT University, Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering 2014, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 27-32
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Solar Elevation Formula
sin() = sin()sin() + cos()cos()cos(h)
 = 35.869
h = -37.481
 = 3.917
sin() = 0.6816
 = 42.967
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Azimuth Angle
- The compass direction from which the sunlight is coming
N 0
azimuth
W
270
90
E
S
180
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The azimuth angle is like a compass direction with
North = 0° and South = 180°
-the azimuth angle varies with the latitude and time of year
𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
− 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛()cos()−𝑐𝑜𝑠()𝑠𝑖𝑛()𝑐𝑜𝑠(h)
[
𝑐𝑜𝑠
]
Azimuth = Azi, for LST <12 or HRA < 0
Azimuth = 360° - Azi, for LST > 12 or HRA >0
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Sample Dataset with Azimuth
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Thank you very much!
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