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Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in
the th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the th century AD. It encompasses the
Roman Kingdom (– BC), Roman Republic (– BC) and Roman Empire ( BC– AD) until the fall of the western
empire.
Ancient Rome began as an Italic settlement, traditionally dated to BC, beside the River Tiber in the
Italian Peninsula. The settlement grew into the city and polity of Rome, and came to control its neighbours
through a combination of treaties and military strength. It eventually dominated the Italian Peninsula,
assimilated the Greek culture of southern Italy (Magna Grecia) and the Etruscan culture and acquired an Empire
that took in much of Europe and the lands and peoples surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. It was among the
largest empires in the ancient world, with an estimated to million inhabitants, roughly % of the world's
population at the time.[a] It covered around million square kilometres (. million square miles) at its height in
AD .
The Roman state evolved from an elective monarchy to a democratic classical republic and then to an
increasingly autocratic semi-elective military dictatorship during the Empire. Through conquest, cultural, and
linguistic assimilation, at its height it controlled the North African coast, Egypt, Southern Europe, and most of
Western Europe, the Balkans, Crimea and much of the Middle East, including Anatolia, Levant and parts of
Mesopotamia and Arabia. It is often grouped into classical antiquity together with ancient Greece, and their
similar cultures and societies are known as the Greco-Roman world.Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed
to modern language, religion, society, technology, law, politics, government, warfare, art, literature,
architecture and engineering. Rome professionalised and expanded its military and created a system of
government called res publica, the inspiration for modern republics such as the United States and France. It
achieved impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the empire-wide construction of aqueducts
and roads, as well as more grandiose monuments and facilities.
The Punic Wars with Carthage gave Rome supremacy in the Mediterranean. The Roman Empire
emerged with the principate of Augustus (from BC); Rome's imperial domain now extended from the Atlantic
to Arabia and from the mouth of the Rhine to North Africa. In AD, Rome came up against the resurgent
Persian Empire and became involved in history's longest-running conflict, the Roman–Persian Wars, which
would have lasting effects on both empires. Under Trajan, Rome's empire reached its territorial peak,
encompassing the entire Mediterranean Basin, the southern margins of the North Sea, and the shores of the Red
and Caspian Seas. Republican mores and traditions started to decline during the imperial period, with civil wars
becoming a common prelude to the rise of a new emperor. Splinter states, such as the Palmyrene Empire, would
temporarily divide the Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century before some stability was restored in the
Tetrarchy phase of imperial rule.Plagued by internal instability and attacked by various migrating peoples, the
western part of the empire broke up into independent barbarian kingdoms in the th century.[b] The eastern part
of the empire remained a power through the Middle Ages until its fall in AD.[c]