Comparative Foreign Policy
Dr. Steven Roper
INR 2002: Introduction to World Politics
Comparative Foreign Policy: Definition
Comparative foreign policy is the study of factors in other
states which affect foreign policy. (Wikipedia, 2020).
Factors Affecting Foreign Policy
1.
2.
3.
4.
Size of the State
(Wikipedia, 2020),
(Wikipedia, 2020).
Wealth of the State
(Wikipedia, 2020).
Type of Government
(Wikipedia, 2020).
Size of the Military
(Wikipedia, 2020),
(Wikipedia, 2019).
Source Public Domain
Purposes of Foreign Policy
1. Security: What are some common security policies
designed to increase security?
1. Isolation: This involves political, military and economic
non-involvement.
1. See Module 3 content page for video resources:
(arowanafilms, 2009), (The Key of Awesome, 2012).
2. Non-alignment: This was a foreign policy option during
the Cold War and practiced by some states today
(Wikipedia, 2019), (Marcus, 2019).
3. Alliances: An alliance is a formal agreement between
two or more states to collaborate on security issues.
Casus foederis limits the form of alliance (NATO, 2019),
(Croucher, 2018).
Purposes of Foreign Policy (cont’d)
2. Welfare: A state is responsible for a full range of issues.
States can promote welfare through trade policies and warmaking.
3. Prestige: This used to be defined by military capabilities,
now prestige includes economic capabilities.
History of Diplomacy
1.
2.
3.
Personal Diplomacy: This form of diplomacy was not permanent. The
individual served as the principle means of communication between
states (Wikipedia, 2020).
Formal Diplomacy: The Congress of Vienna in 1815 created a rank of
unified diplomats based on the status of state. The current system of
diplomatic ranks was established by the Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Relations in 1961 (Wikipedia, 2020), (U.S. Department of
State, n.d.).
Informal Diplomacy: There is now a greater balance between formal
and personal diplomacy today. (World: Europe Yugoslavia to free
POWs, 1999), (Bieler, 2017).
Functions of an Embassy
1.
Continuous collection and transmission of information
back to the home country concerning conditions in the
host country.
See Module 3 content page for video resource: (Maddow, 2016).
2.
3.
4.
Maintenance of a regular line of communication
between the home government and the host
government.
Cultivation of friendly relations with the host
government through ongoing contacts.
The extension of home government protection to one’s
citizens traveling through the host country.
Embassy Staff: Ambassadors
1.
Ambassadors: Some of these are career civil servants and
others are political appointees
1.
2.
3.
4.
Envoy (Wikipedia, 2019).
(U.S. Embassy & Consulates in the United Kingdom, n.d.)
Chargé d’Affaires ad interim (U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Japan,
n.d.)
(U.S. Embassy in Moldova, n.d.)
Embassy Staff (cont’d)
2.
3.
4.
5.
Consular Officials: Providing legal assistance as well as
resolving immigration issues (U.S. Department of State Bureau of Census Affairs, n.d.).
Commercial Attaches: Promote the economic interests of
the home country in the host country (U.S. Embassy in
Tanzania, n.d.).
Military Attaches: Responsible for dealing with host
country military.
Political/Economic Officers: Responsible for monitoring
and reporting on local political and economic
developments (U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Portugal,
n.d.).
Embassy Staff: Diplomatic Privileges
•
•
The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations governs
diplomatic privileges (Wikipedia, 2019).
Inviolable Property: All residences are protected from
search and seizure.
•
•
This privilege is not absolute.
•
•
•
(Wikipedia, 2019), (BBC News, 2012,) (BBC News, 2012), (Last, 2012).
(BBC News, 2012), (BBC News, 2012), (Syal, 2012).
Inviolable Communication: All communication is protected
(Friedman, 1992).
Tax exemption
Embassy Staff: Diplomatic Privileges
(cont’d)
Legal immunity: This can be revoked by the home state or, a
host state can ask that a diplomat be withdrawn. This is
persona non grata (pravda.ru, 2001), (BBC News, 2009).
This extends to the family (BBC News, 2019).
The case of the Georgian diplomat is highly unusual
(Wikipedia, 2018), (Meyers, 1997), (Gray, 1997).
References (Part 1)
BBC News. (2009, January 28). Israel expels Venezuela envoy. From BBC News: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7856612.stm
BBC News. (2012, August 16). Julian Assange: Ecuador grants Wikileaks founder asylum. From BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk19281492
BBC News. (2012, August 16). Julian Assange: UK 'threat' to arrest Wikileaks founder. From BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/world19259623
BBC News. (2012, January 30). US citizens seek refuge at Cairo embassy. From BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada16797925
BBC News. (2012, May 2). Who, What, Why: Is it legal to hide in an embassy? From BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine17905985
BBC News. (2019, October 5). Harry Dunn crash: Mum appeals for US suspect's return. From BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/ukengland-northamptonshire-49945461
Bieler, D. (2017, Dec 11). Dennis Rodman wants Trump to send him back to North Korea so he can cool tensions. From The Washington Post:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2017/12/11/dennis-rodman-wants-trump-to-send-him-back-to-north-korea-so-hecan-cool-tensions/
Croucher, S. (2018, July 18). World War III: Trump Worried 'Very Aggressive' Montenegro Could Invoke NATO Article 5, Start Global Conflict.
From Newsweek: https://www.newsweek.com/trump-worries-very-aggressive-montenegro-could-invoke-nato-article-5-and-1029575
Friedman, T. L. (1992, June 20). Deal Made on Bugged U.S. Moscow Embassy. From The New York Times:
https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/20/world/deal-made-on-bugged-us-moscow-embassy.html
Gray, K. M. (1997, Dec. 20). Envoy Is Sentenced to Prison in Fatal Crash. The New York Times. From
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A150261594/ITOF?u=gale15691&sid=ITOF&xid=b4d97b13
Last, A. (2012, September 6). Fifteen years holed up in an embassy. From BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19470470
Maddow, R. (2016, Dec. 5). Fake US Embassy shut down after ten years in business [0:02:37]. From MSNBC:
https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/fake-us-embassy-shut-down-after-ten-years-in-business-825630787846
Marcus, J. (2019, September 16). Why Saudi Arabia and Iran are bitter rivals. From BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middleeast-42008809
References (Part 2)
Myers, S. L. (1997, Jan. 11). Georgia Prepared to Waive Immunity of a Top Diplomat. The New York Times. From
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A150415450/ITOF?u=gale15691&sid=ITOF&xid=104a2498
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (2019, Apr. 10). The North Atlantic Treaty. From North Atlantic Treaty Organization:
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm
pravda.ru. (2001, June 11). US Ambassador declared persona non grata in Ukraine. From pravda.ru:
https://www.pravdareport.com/news/russia/29084-n/
Syal, R. (2012, Aug 16). Can police enter an embassy? A guide. From The Guardian:
https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/aug/16/julian-assange-ecuador
The Key of Awesome. (2012, Sep 21). PSY - GANGNAM STYLE (강남스타일) PARODY! KIM JONG STYLE! | Key of Awesome #63 [0:03:14].
From YouTube: https://youtu.be/_cG7ZVBXQII
U.S. Department of State - Bureau of Census Affairs. (n.d.). Intercountry Adoption. From Travel.State.Gov:
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption.html
U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). 8 Steps To Becoming A Foreign Service Officer. From Test Information and Selection Process:
https://careers.state.gov/work/foreign-service/officer/test-process/
U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Portugal. (n.d.). Political/Economic Section. From U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Portugal:
https://pt.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulate/lisbon/sections-offices/political-economic-section/
U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Japan. (n.d.). Chargé d’Affaires ad interim. From U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Japan:
https://jp.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/our-ambassador/
U.S. Embassy & Consulates in the United Kingdom. (n.d.). Ambassador Robert Wood Johnson. From U.S. Embassy & Consulates in the United
Kingdom: https://uk.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/london/ambassador-2/
U.S. Embassy in Moldova. (n.d.). Dereck J. Hogan: U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Moldova. From
https://md.usembassy.gov/embassy/chisinau/ambassador/
U.S. Embassy in Tanzania. (n.d.). Sections & Offices. From U.S. Embassy in Tanzania: https://tz.usembassy.gov/embassy/dar-essalaam/sections-offices/
Wikimedia Commons. (2006, August 22). File:World GDP Capita 1-2003 A.D.png. Retrieved February 27, 2020 from Wikimedia Commons:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_GDP_Capita_1-2003_A.D.png
References (Part 3)
Wikipedia. (2018, April 15). Gueorgui Makharadze. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueorgui_Makharadze:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueorgui_Makharadze
Wikipedia. (2019, October 15). Diplomatic Law. From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_law
Wikipedia. (2019, February 25). Envoy (title). From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envoy_(title)
Wikipedia. (2019, July 26). List of countries by military expenditure per capita. From Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditure_per_capita
Wikipedia. (2019, December 26). Non-Aligned Movement. From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement
Wikipedia. (2019, November 20). Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. From Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Diplomatic_Relations
Wikipedia. (2020, January 8). Democracy Index. From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index
Wikipedia. (2020, January 14). Democratic peace theory. From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory
Wikipedia. (2020, January 4). Diplomacy. From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy
Wikipedia. (2020, January 15). Diplomatic rank. From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_rank
Wikipedia. (2020, January 11). List of countries and dependencies by area. From Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area
Wikipedia. (2020, January 12). List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders. From Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_land_and_maritime_borders
Wikipedia. (2020, January 17). List of countries by GDP (nominal). From Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29
Wikipedia. (2020, January 13). List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel. From Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel
World: Europe Yugoslavia to free POWs. (1999, May 1). From BBC News: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/333359.stm