World History India and China Establish Empires India and China establish powerful empires and develop strong, vibrant cultures. 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History India and China Establish Empires ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did early empires in India and China play in shaping later civilizations? LESSON 1 India’s First Empires LESSON 2 Trade Spreads Indian Religion and Culture LESSON 3 Han Emperors in China 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History LESSON 1 India’s First Empires The Mauryas and the Guptas established empires, but neither unified India permanently. 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History LESSON 1 India’s First Empire The Mauryan Empire is Established • In 321 BC, Chandragupta Maurya seizes power starts Mauryan Empire Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India • Chandragupta defeats Seleucus I; north India united for first time • Chandragupta uses taxes to support his large army Running the Empire • Chandragupta’s chief adviser is Kautilya, a priest • Chandragupta creates bureaucratic government • He divides the government to make it easier to rule 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… World History Lesson 1 Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India (continued) Life in the City and the Country • A Greek ambassador writes glowing praise of the empire • Chandragupta’s son rules from 301 to 269 BC, 32 years • Asoka—Chandragupta’s grandson, brings the empire to its height Asoka Promotes Buddhism • After a bloody war with Kalinga, Asoka promotes Buddhism and peace • Preaches religious toleration—accepting people of different religions • Builds roads, with wells along them 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History Lesson 1 A Period of Turmoil • • • • Asoka dies in 232 BC; kingdoms in central India soon break away The Andhra Dynasty dominates central India for centuries Northern India receives immigrants from Greece, other parts of Asia Tamils—a people living in southern India—remain separate and frequently war with rival peoples 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History Lesson 1 The Gupta Empire is Established • Chandra Gupta, a strong leader, arose in north India in AD 320 • Starts Gupta Empire—India’s second empire; flowering of Indian civilization Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire • Chandra Gupta becomes first Gupta emperor • Takes title “Great King of Kings” in AD 320 • His son Samudra Gupta expands empire with conquest 7 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… World History Lesson 1 The Gupta Empire is Established (continued) Daily Life in India • • • • Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family raises crops together Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest male Farmers have to contribute work to government and pay heavy taxes Some Tamil families are matriarchal—led by mother rather than father Height of the Gupta Empire • • • • Chandra Gupta II rules from AD 375–415 He defeats the Shakas and adds western coast to empire Gupta Empire sees flourishing of arts, religion, and science After Chandra Gupta II dies, the empire declines 8 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… World History LESSON 2 Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture Indian religions, culture, and science evolved and spread to other regions through trade. 9 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History LESSON 2 Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture Buddhism and Hinduism Change • Hinduism blends Aryan and other beliefs; belief in many gods • To Buddhists, desire causes suffering but suffering can be overcome A More Popular Form of Buddhism • • • • Belief in bodhisattvas develops—potential Buddhas who save humanity Mahayana sect—Buddhists accepting new doctrines of worship, salvation Theravada sect—Buddhists who follow original teachings of Buddha Wealthy Buddhist merchants build stupas—stone structures over relics 10 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… World History Lesson 2 Buddhism and Hinduism Change (continued) A Hindu Rebirth • Hinduism is remote from people by time of Mauryan Empire • Hinduism moves toward monotheism; gods part of one divine force • Chief gods: - Brahma—creator of the world - Vishnu—preserver of the world - Shiva—destroyer of the world 11 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History Lesson 2 Achievements of Indian Culture Literature and the Performing Arts • • • • Kalidasa—poet and dramatist, one of India’s greatest writers His skillful and emotionally stirring plays still popular Madurai writing academies create literature; 2,000 Tamil poems survive Drama and dance troupes gain popularity and travel widely Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine • • • • Ocean trade leads to advances in astronomy Indian astronomers in Gupta Empire prove that world is round Mathematicians develop idea of zero and decimal system Doctors write medical guides and make advances in surgery 12 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History Lesson 2 The Spread of Indian Trade • India has spices, diamonds, precious stones, and good quality wood Overland Trade, East and West • Trade routes called Silk Roads connect Asia and Europe • Indians build trading posts to take advantage of the Silk Roads Sea Trade, East and West • Indian merchants carry goods to Rome by sea • Merchants trade by sea with Africa, Arabia, China, Southeast Asia 13 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… World History Lesson 2 The Spread of Indian Trade (continued) Effects of Indian Trade • • • • Increased trade leads to rise of banking Bankers lend money to merchants, careful of degree of risk Increased trade spreads Indian culture to other places Trade brings Hinduism, Buddhism to other lands 14 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History LESSON 3 Han Emperors in China The Han Dynasty expanded China’s borders and developed a system of government that lasted for centuries. 15 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History LESSON 3 Han Emperors in China The Han Restore Unity in China • In Qin Dynasty peasants resent high taxes and harsh labor, rebel Liu Bang Founds the Han Dynasty • • • • • Liu Bang defeats Xiang Yu, a rival for power, and founds Han Dynasty Han Dynasty—begins in 202 BC, lasts 400 years Han Dynasty has great influence on Chinese people, culture Liu Bang establishes centralized government—a central authority rules Liu Bang lowers taxes and reduces punishments to keep people happy 16 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… World History Lesson 3 The Han Restore Unity in China (continued) The Empress Lü • Liu Bang dies in 195 BC; wife Lü seizes control of empire • Empress Lü rules for her young son, outlives him • Palace plots and power plays occur throughout Han Dynasty The Martial Emperor • Liu Bang’s great-grandson Wudi rules from 141 to 87 BC • “Martial Emperor” Wudi defeats Xiongnu (nomads) and mountain tribes • Colonizes Manchuria, Korea, and as far south as what is now Vietnam 17 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History Lesson 3 A Highly Structured Society • Chinese believe their emperor has authority to rule from god • Believe prosperity reward of good rule; troubles reveal poor rule Structures of Han Government • Complex bureaucracy runs Han government • People pay taxes and supply labor, military service • Government uses peasant labor to carry out public projects 18 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… World History Lesson 3 A Highly Structured Society (continued) Confucianism, the Road to Success • • • • • • Wudi’s government employs 130,000; bureaucracy of 18 ranks of jobs Civil service jobs—government jobs obtained through examinations Job applicants begin to be tested on knowledge of Confucianism Wudi favors Confucian scholars, builds school to train them Only sons of wealthy can afford expensive schooling Civil service system works well, continues until 1912 19 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History Lesson 3 Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture Technology Revolutionizes Chinese Life • Invention of paper in AD 105 helps spread education • Collar harness, plow, wheelbarrow improve farming Agriculture Versus Commerce • As population grows, farming regarded as important activity • Government allows monopolies—control by one group over key industries • Techniques for producing silk become state secret as profits increase 20 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History Lesson 3 Han Unifies Chinese Culture Unification Under Chinese Rule • To unify empire, Chinese government encourages assimilation • Assimilation—integrating conquered peoples into Chinese culture • Writers encourage unity by recording Chinese history Women’s Roles—Wives, Nuns, and Scholars • Most women work in the home and on the farm • Some upper-class women are educated, run shops, practice medicine 21 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History Lesson 3 The Fall of the Han and Their Return The Rich Take Advantage of the Poor • Large landowners gain control of more and more land • Gap between rich and poor increases Wang Mang Overthrows the Han • Economic problems and weak emperors cause political instability • In AD 9, Wang Mang seizes power and stabilizes empire • Wang Mang is assassinated in AD 23; Han soon regain control The Later Han Years • Peace restored, Later Han Dynasty lasts until AD 220 22 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. 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