DEDICATION
I sincerely dedicate this research project to my family members for their endless love,
immense encouragement and support both financially and morally. God’s love for you
shall endure forever and ever.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide,
Almighty Father for hid exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement
throughout the course. I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to
my supervisor, Dr. Mwaura for his cordial support, valuable information and guidance,
which helped me in completing this task through various stages. Special gratitude goes to
Ngara Residents for allowing me to undertake this research in their company. I would
also like to appreciate the opportunity accorded to me by The University of Nairobi, to
carry out this research.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION………………………...……. ................................................................ ii
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
Background of the Problem ........................................................................................1
1.2
Statement of the Research Problem ............................................................................3
1.3
Research Aims and Objectives .......................................................................................3
1.4
Research Questions .....................................................................................................4
1.5
Justification and Significance of the Study .................................................................4
1.6
Overview .....................................................................................................................4
1.7
Research Design..........................................................................................................5
1.8
Population and Sampling ............................................................................................5
1.9
Sampling of Key Informants .......................................................................................6
1.10 Questionnaires..............................................................................................................7
1.11 Observation ..................................................................................................................7
1.12 Data Analysis and Presentation ...................................................................................7
CHAPTER TWO
2.1
Introduction ..............................................................................................................10
2.2
Definitions.................................................................................................................10
2.3
Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................12
2.4
Historical Progression of Water Fronts ..........................................................................12
2.5
Types of Riverfronts .................................................................................................14
2.6
Blue Space ..................................................................................................................15
2.7
Theoretical Perspective .............................................................................................16
2.8
Values and Benefits .....................................................................................................21
2.9
River Front and Urban Development.............................................................................23
2.10 Improving quality of riverfronts in cities ..................................................................25
2.11 Case Studies ..............................................................................................................28
2.12 Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................31
CHAPTER THREE
3.1
Overview .................................................................................................................32
3.2
Historical Background of the Project Area ...............................................................32
3.3
Locational Context of the Project Area ....................................................................33
3.4
Site Analysis .............................................................................................................38
3.5
Population and Demographic characteristics ............................................................40
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
Overview .................................................................................................................41
4.2
Social Quality of the Waterfront ...............................................................................41
4.3
Economic Quality Waterfront ...................................................................................44
4.4
Environmental Aspect ...............................................................................................49
4.5
Physical Quality ........................................................................................................51
4.6
Chapter Summary .....................................................................................................57
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1
Overview ...................................................................................................................58
5.2
Social quality of the riverfront ..................................................................................58
5.3
Economic Quality .....................................................................................................59
5.4
Environmental quality...............................................................................................59
5.5
Physical Quality ........................................................................................................59
5.6
Quality of Institutional Framework and Management of Waterfront .......................59
5.7
Strategies to Enhance Utilization of Riverfront Urban Parks ...................................61
5.8
Evaluation of Alternatives ........................................................................................63
5.9
Recommendations .....................................................................................................73
5.10 Conclusion ................................................................................................................78
5.11 Areas for Further Research .......................................................................................78
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................79
APPENDICES
Appendix – I Questionnaire
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1
Data Matrix .....................................................................................................8
Table 2.1
Special Characteristics of Waterfronts ..........................................................11
Table 4.1
Suggestion to Improve the Visual Aspect of the Waterfront ........................43
Table 4.2
Whether Business Has Impact on the River and Its Waterfront ...................45
Table 4.3
Integration of the Business Activities to the Recreational Parks ..................45
Table 4.4
Proposed Park to Be Integrated With Commercial Activities ......................47
Table 4.5
Redevelopment of the Water Front Will Affect Business or Home .............48
Table 4.6
Rating of Redevelopment of Water Front Will Affect Business or Home ...49
Table 4.7
Activities Causing Pollution along the River ................................................50
Table 4.8
Thought on Old Buildings along the Waterfront ..........................................51
Table 4.9
Bridge Used by Pedestrians to Cross the River Allow Efficient and Safe....51
Table 4.10 Footpaths along the River Exist ....................................................................52
Table 4.11 Footpaths in Good Condition ........................................................................53
Table 4.12 Canopy Considered to Offer Shade to Pedestrians Using the Footpath........53
Table 4.13 Condition of the Access Roads to the Waterfront .........................................54
Table 4.14 Access Roads, Footpaths and Bridges Disabled-Friendly ............................55
Table 4.15 Responsible for Development along the Nairobi River Belt ........................55
Table 4.16 Responsible For Managing the Waterfront ...................................................56
Table 5.1
Quality of the Institutional Framework .........................................................59
Table 5.2
Evaluation for Each Alternative ....................................................................64
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1
Cases Study Developed Cities .....................................................................28
Figure 2.2
Cases Study of Developing City ..................................................................29
Figure 2.3
Developing cities in Africa ..........................................................................30
Figure 2.4
Conceptual Framework................................................................................31
Figure 3.1
National Context of Study Area ..................................................................34
Figure 3.2
Regional Context of Study Area ..................................................................35
Figure 3.3
Local Context ..............................................................................................37
Figure 3.4
Site Analysis ................................................................................................38
Figure 3.5
Soil and geological ......................................................................................39
Figure 4.1
Are you Familiar with What Waterfront .....................................................41
Figure 4.2
Whether the Current State of Riverfront Support Social Interactions .........42
Figure 4.3
Whether the Riverfronts are Safe for Pedestrians .......................................43
Figure 4.4
Whether the Business has Impact on River and Its Waterfront ...................44
Figure 4.5
Integration of the Business Activities to the Recreational Parks.................46
Figure 4.6
Redevelopment of the Water Front will Affect Your Business or Home ...48
Figure 4.7
Activities Causing Pollution along the River ..............................................50
Figure 4.8
Bridge used by pedestrians to cross the river allow efficient and safe use .52
Figure 4.9
Canopy considered to offer shade to pedestrians using the footpath ..........54
Figure 4.10 Responsible for development along the Nairobi River belt ........................56
ABSTRACT
Riverfront just like other green and blue space is an essential component in any urban
settlement. They are important in enhancing the quality of life and urban environment
while offering social, health, environmental and economic benefits to a city and its
residents. The purpose of the study was to investigate implications of land-use planning
and management factors on the utilization of riverfronts, taking a case study of Nairobi
river riverfront located along Kirinyaga road, in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The
specific objectives of the study are to examine the land-use planning and management, to
assess the effects of planning and management of riverfront urban parks and evaluate the
roles, behaviour and attitude of the stakeholders in relation to planning, management and
utilization of the riverfront located along the kirinyaga road corridor with an overall
objective of proposing strategies that can be adopted to ensure proper planning and
management of riverfront. The study employed a mixed strategy research design
involving various methods of data collection. The study used both primary and secondary
methods of data collection. Secondary data was sourced from published journals,
documents, past research document and other books relevant to this study, while primary
data was obtained through among others, administration of questionnaires and
observation. The questionnaire was administered to park users and neighboring business
owners. The study found out that standards, guidelines and regulations are institutional
factors that affect utilization, planning and management of riverfronts. It also found out
that utilization of the study area is affected by physical design, locational factors such as
accessibility and means of transport, social factors such as population characteristics and
culture. The study concludes that poor planning and management has led to improper use
of the riverfront located along kirinyaga road corridor. It therefore recommends among
others, redevelopment of the riverfront located along kirinyaga road corridor through
planning and management of the land-use activities along, within and in the
neighborhood of the riverfront urban park in order to enhance its utilization by the
general public.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY
1.1 Background of the Problem
The interface between land and a water body is called a waterfront, this is a global term
that is understood globally. Water bodies located in urban areas play a major role as they
provide the urban area with a unique feature that is not common in most cities. This
unique feature is the waterfront, its utilization can have positive impacts and negative
impacts to the people and the urban area and the people living there.
Today, cities are also rediscovering the value of their rivers and lakes. Urban waterfronts
represent environmental, aesthetic and economic opportunities as well as a record of the
industrial and maritime culture and history. Lack of interesting design can make these
spaces monotonous; which can make them socially dysfunctional and culturally blank.
This may lead to a strained interaction between the people and these valuable areas.
An urban village is an urban sector incorporating the principles of environment
sustainability, where work, commerce, residence, nature, leisure, culture, community
services, education and spiritual nurturance are integrated through mixed land-use zoning
of appropriate densities. Waterfronts play a major part as it integrate environmental
sustainability with the urban village they provide open spaces both green and blue open
spaces. This open spaces play a major role as the contain monuments of people who had
an impact in the way of life of people or have a certain cultural aspect that elaborates
more about the people residing in that city or urban villages. Cultural festivities are also
held there to celebrate the diverse cultures of the people these promotes interaction
between people of different cultures and race. Waterfronts do help in showing the people
the aesthetic value of the water and land interface.
Waterfront developments have also fostered economic growth in cities. Cities like
London, Manhattan and New York are just but a few that have grown through waterfront
developments, cities are known to be the engines of economic development. As cities
grow larger in size the need of more services and good increases. Commercial activities
in large numbers help to boost the economy of a city as many offer employment to people
who are able to earn a living and help in reducing poverty levels in that city.
1
Cities are able to capitalize from having large water bodies’ jus right next to them this has
led to the emergence of port cities. These cities growth has been facilitated by the large
water bodies that are next to the in a can be a river, lake and ocean. Such cities are like
Hamburg, Manchester and Duluth have capitalized from ships docking at their
waterfronts bringing and taking goods. This has promoted various commercial services to
the people in these cities.
A key consideration for every Waterfront is to do everything possible to ensure that it
contributes to creating a healthy environment. The proximity to nature, public
greenspace, and pedestrian-friendly public spaces are all requirements for healthy urban
living. To achieve this the approach to revitalization should incorporates economic,
social, cultural, and ecological sustainability criteria into all decision making. Waterfront
assigns a central role to parks, open spaces, bike paths, trails, trees and water.
Trees are a fundamental part of green infrastructure systems and provide a range of
benefits. Not only do trees provide welcome shade, they also help clean the air and
improve our environment. A revitalized waterfront should feature trees in abundance
along streets, the water’s edge and in parks.
Given the mandate, water is a central theme to connect people with the waterfront it
ensures that revitalization has a positive impact on water quality and conservation. The
plans and designs include water conservation measures, creative and more effective storm
water management systems, and the use of grey water recycling where appropriate. As
part of the waterfront redevelopment grey water recycling practices should be used to
conserve potable (treated, drinking quality) water for the uses for which it is intended.
Grey water will be used across the waterfront for “lesser” uses such as irrigation and in
addition to directly supporting our water conservation objectives, grey water recycling
also contributes to our energy conservation objectives by reducing the amount of energy
required to maintain our parks and public spaces..
The institutions responsible for the water front redevelopment are supposed to be the
planners for they have the skills to intervene and come up with plans that foster
sustainability of the environment and also the city itself. Management of the waterfront
should be handled by the local authority of the city. Ensuring that the park is clean and is
being used for the right purposes and in an ethical way without destroying any resources
that help the park function properly. The local authority will also be inchrge of waste
collection in the waterfront park so as to maintain an ecosystem without pollution for a
healthy environment.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
Commercial development taking place just adjacent to the Nairobi River which is the
main river in the Nairobi basin has encroached the river front. The area along the river is
mostly inhabited by the jua kali sector which consist of a number of garages, street
vendors and buildings built just next to the river. This uncontrolled has highly influenced
the pollution of the river as both solid and liquid waste area deposited in the river. The
garages located along the river are the major agents of pollution as they fix vehicles oil
deposits are left on the soil and when it rains the oil and the soil are both deposited in the
river.
Because riparian areas are at the margin between water and land, their soil was most
likely deposited by water and could be washed away by water. Protecting soil,
streambanks, or water edges from excess erosion is an important function of riparian
plants. Thus, properly functioning riparian areas absorb the water, nutrients, and energy
from big events and use them to recover from disturbances while improving water
quality. This has been affected by the uncontrolled development along the Nairobi River
and the quality of water found in the Nairobi River is not of good quality as it is
intoxicated with impurities that it cannot support aquatic life
1.3 Research Aims and Objectives
The main aim of this research is to examine the indicators of the quality of river belts in
cities. A subsidiary aim of the study is to propose policy options and planning
interventions for improving the quality of river belts in cities. The specific objectives of
the research are as follows: 1. To examine the indicators of the quality of river belts in cities.
2.
To examine the existing situation of the quality of the Nairobi River belt
3. To examine the causes and impacts of uncontrolled development along Nairobi
river
4. To propose policy options, planning interventions and mitigation measures for
improving the quality of Nairobi river belt
1.4 Research Questions
1. What are the indicators of quality river belts in cities?
2. What are the potential impacts of uncontrolled developments along river belts in
cities?
3. What are the policy options, planning interventions for improving the quality of
river belts and for mitigating against the negative impacts of uncontrolled
developments along river belts in cities?
1.5 Justification and Significance of the Study
Nairobi River suffers from the uncontrolled commercial development taking place along
their riverfronts and they have negative impacts on the quality of the river and also the
environment at large. These commercial developments if they are able to benefit from the
river through planning intervention this creates significance to understand what impacts
do these commercial development activities have on the riverfronts and what are the
qualities of a healthy riverfront and to examine if indicators of quality riverfronts exist
along the Nairobi river section adjacent ton to the kirinyaga corridor.
1.6 Overview
The aim of the chapter is to describe the methodology that was adopted in gathering and
in the analysis of the data in order to answer the research questions and achieve the
objectives of the study. Specifically, the chapter describes the research design, the
sampling strategies, the data collection process, the instruments used for data gathering,
as well as, data analysis techniques which helps in the coming up with a meaningful
conclusion.
1.7 Research Design
According to Chava and David, research design is the blue print that enables the
investigator to come up with solutions to research questions and problems and guide him
or her in various stages of research (Chavas Frankfort, 1996).
Quantitative and qualitative approaches will be applied in the study to answer different
research questions. The qualitative aspect will assist in interpreting relationships between
the study variables. On the other hand, the quantitative method will to know the
comprehensive experience of the topic under study. It also will help in gathering more
information quantitatively of what has been learnt from the other sources.
Quantitative data will be useful in getting responses of the similar questions mostly
closed ended from a large sample and those responses will qualify for conclusion to be
drawn. The quantitative study will be concerned with the numbers and frequencies within
which urban land-use factors affecting the Nairobi riverfront. Survey design is an attempt
to collect data from members of population in order to determine the current status of that
population with respect to one or more variables.
1.8 Population and Sampling
According to Kothari (2004), sampling is the selection of some part of aggregate or
totality on the basis of which a judgment or influence about the aggregate is made.
Besides sampling being the best way to allow for a more accurate measurement, time and
financial constraints make it impossible to undertake an enumeration of the whole
population.
Target population is the study are the land users who are located adjacent to Nairobi
River belt along the Kirinyaga corridor and the people who reside along the environs of
the river and round the Ngara area. A target of 60 local residents of Ngara area and the
people who use land adjacent to the Nairobi River. For the purpose of this study
convenience sampling was adopted for sampling p land users. This method is chosen
because the land users are not a finite sample, they are readily available and the method is
less costly.
Statistical procedures of the central Limit Theorem have been used to arrive at the sample
size. The central limit theorem (CLT) is, along with the theorems known as laws of large
numbers, the cornerstone of probability theory. In simple terms, the theorem describes
the distribution of the sum of a large number of random numbers, all drawn
independently from the same probability distribution. It predicts that, regardless of this
distribution, as long as it has finite variance, then the sum follows a precise law, or
distribution, known as the normal distribution (Konstantopoulos, 2012).
According to the central limit theorem, the mean of a sample of data will be closer to the
mean of the overall population in question as the sample size increases, notwithstanding
the actual distribution of the data, and whether it is normal or non-normal. As a general
rule, sample sizes equal to or greater than 30 are considered sufficient for the CLT to
hold, meaning the distribution of the sample means is fairly normally distributed
(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/central_limit_theorem.asp). Kothari (2004), also
quoting from Lipchitz and Schiller (1998), states that, as a rule of thumb, the choice of
sample size n ≥ 30, satisfies the requirements for most practical purposes even when the
population is infinite. By accepting the above proposition, the researcher settled for a
sample size of n=40 for each of the themes selected. The selections about which land
parcels to be included in the 40 were effected through random numbers which are a
standard feature in most statistics text books.
1.9 Sampling of Key Informants
In this case, a planner, policy and decision makers in Nairobi City County will be
sampled. The approach that is to be employed is a non-probability sampling. This
entailed purposive sampling of the only respondents who have specific information and
expertise about the study.
Data Collection, interviews, observations and focus group discussions are some of the
main data collection methods that are widely used in research. The data collection
methods selected for this study include the following:
1.10 Questionnaires
According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) questionnaires give detailed answer to
complex problems. Additionally, questionnaires are also a popular method of data
collection because of the relative ease and cost-effectiveness with which they are
constructed and administered (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2003). The study will use
questionnaires which will be administered to sampled population of land users and
surrounding environment to determine the impact of urban land-use factors on the
riverfront zone. The researcher therefore will prepare questionnaires for the sampled
population Data collected using questionnaires will help in understanding the implication
of commercial activities on riverfront zone.
1.11 Observation
Through observation, the researcher will validate verbal reports by comparing them with
the actual behavior. The study will be able to observe the usage of the riverfronts as well
as other factors that cause misuse and disuse such as pollution, inadequate/lack of
amenity, encroachment, poor accessibility among other land-use challenges.
1.12 Data Analysis and Presentation
After the field study, quantitative data and information is to be collected and organized,
cleaned, entered and analyzed and presented using tables, bar charts and pie charts with
explanations on implication of land-use factors on riverfront zones. For more intensive
analysis, quantitative data will be entered into the computer for computation of
descriptive statistics. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to run
descriptive analyses to produce frequency distribution and percentages. Tables will be
also used to summarize data.
Table 1.1 Data Matrix
Objectives
Data Needs
Data source
Data
Data
Expected
collection
analysis
output
methods
To examine .Case
Literature
Research
the
review
internet
studies
on Synthesis of To find out
the
what
indicators of
literature
the
factors
the
review.
that
should
present
quality
of river belts
Reading book
be
in cities
and
for
article
area
related to the
riverfront to
topic.
be of good
quality.
To examine Camera
Photographs
Photography
Observation
To
the existing
what
situation
current
of
the
quality Participants
Land users Questionnaires Excel
of
Nairobi
and
river belt.
show
the
and situation
is
that
is
people who
present
at
live
the Nairobi
the
SPSS
round
the environs
of
River belt.
the
Nairobi
river.
To examine Informants
Land users Questionnaires Excel
the
and
causes
the
SPSS
and To come up
with
the
and
and impacts
people who
causes
of
live
impacts
uncontrolled
the environs
uncontrolled
development
of
development
along
Nairobi
Nairobi
round
the
along
Nairobi
of
River.
river.
Zoning
River
Interviews
Logical
Observation
Logical
regulation
of the town.
Surrounding
Land uses
To
propose
policy
options,
Planning
interventions
and
mitigation
measures for
improving
the
quality
of
Nairobi
river belt.
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Introduction
The main aim of this research is to examine the indicators of the quality of river belts in
cities. A subsidiary aim of the study is to propose policy options and planning
interventions for improving the quality of riverfront in cities. This literature review looks
into other studies, articles and books done which are in line with topic making the study
of the topic have a global perspective.
2.2 Definitions
2.2.1 Waterfront
Waterfronts are dynamic places by nature. As an edge environment, the overlap of
different communities of users and dramatically different conditions make for enormous
amounts of complexity and energy. In the non-human realm, waterfronts are the interface
of the aquatic and the terrestrial, the site of complex intertidal communities, the point of
release for wave action, and the vehicle for many dispersal patterns. As related to human
history and use, waterfronts have a long history of changing types and levels of uses, and
are now coming back into potentially thriving and layered public use. Once the site of
first settlements and exploration, they have long served as transportation corridors and
ports, hubs of trade, travel centers, recreation venues, and much, much more. Waterfronts
have been extensively used by humans for their utility in travel, trade, recreation, and
general enjoyment, and have also suffered cycles of abuse and neglect from these very
use patterns.
The waterfront zone is a special area which holding special characteristics as discuss in
Table below.
Table 2.1 Special characteristics of waterfronts:
Characteristics
Description
Dynamic area
Waterfront zone is a dynamic area with frequently changing
Biological, chemical and geological attributes.
Habitat
Waterfront zone include highly productive and biologically diverse
ecosystems that offer crucial nursery habitats for many marine
Species.
Natural defense
Waterfront zone features such as mangrove forests serves a
critical natural defense against natural hazards (flooding, erosion
And storms).
Pollution
Water ecosystems may act to reduce the impacts of pollution
moderator
originating from land such as, wetlands absorbing excess nutrient
Sediments, human waste.
Types of waterfronts:

Beachfront

A strip of land that fronts a beach.

Lakefront

A strip of land that fronts a lake.

Riverfront

A strip of land that fronts a River.
2.3 Conceptual Perspective
Concept of waterfront Development
Waterfront began as commerce centers, transportation hubs, manufacturing centers and
commercial areas. Therefore, Waterfronts are seen as the focal point in many cities. But,
due to various reasons including changing in transportation, containerization shipping
and manufacturing this has led to a significant decline in waterfronts.
As related to human history and use, waterfronts have a long history of changing types
and levels of uses, and are now coming back into potentially thriving and layered public
use. Once the site of first settlements and exploration, they have long served as
transportation corridors and ports, hubs of trade, travel centers, recreation venues, and
much, much more. Waterfronts have been extensively used by humans for their utility in
travel, trade, recreation, and general enjoyment, and have also suffered cycles of abuse
and neglect from these very use patterns.
2.4 Historical Progression of Water Fronts
2.4.1 COASTAL SEAPORT: Settlement and Initial Development
The development of modern North American seaports began with early European settlers.
As ships were the primary mode of transportation for both goods and people, sites for
ports that provided shelter from harsh weather and geological formations that allowed for
convenient ship movement and docking became the center of all transportation-related
activity. These port sites developed into bustling developments to sup- port shippingrelated activities and served as a staging area for further movement.
2.4.2 INDUSTRIAL CENTER: Shipping and Manufacturing
Once established as a port city, these settlements then came to also serve as centers of
shipping to export newly found resources, as well as sites of industrial manufacturing. As
shipping becomes more advanced and the ships more massive in size, more elaborate
docking structures and cargo storage infrastructure is constructed, often resulting in
dredging the natural shoreline, and railroad infrastructure may be introduced. Culturally,
these port cities also served as centers for exchange of ideas, information, and other
cultural happenings
2.4.3 DECLINE AND DECAY: Changing Economies and Changing Land-Use
As the shipping industry moved to more reliance on the trucking industry, and industrial
manufacturing became unfeasible, these large industrial waterfront developments were
abandoned. The structures obsolete and the land often polluted, waterfronts became
airports, parking lots, red-light districts, and the like.
In general, the waterfront refers to land fronting on to water (Dong, 2004). Even though
the word waterfront itself is clear some researchers prefer to use different words to
replace the term waterfront, for example city port, harbor front, riverside, river edge,
water edge and riverfront (Hoyle, 2002; H. Hussein, 2006; Mann, 1973; Tunbridge &
Ashworth, 1992; Watson, 1986).
The waterfront is a zone of interaction between urban development and the water and a
waterfront area is considered to be a unique and irreplaceable resource where it interfaces
between land, water, air, sun and productive plants (Wrenn, 1983). Moreover, Zhang
(2002) characterized waterfronts as a place integrating land with water and having a
natural attraction to people. In fact, water edges are most attractive water features for
human settlement and in most countries the land in front of water developed earlier than
the inland areas.
In the development context, waterfront development has various interpretations
depending on the characteristics of the sites and the cities (Dong, 2004). Butuner (2006)
sees waterfronts as land to be reclaimed from water in order to create an extension of
existing city centers.
Breen and Rigby (1994, 1996) considered that waterfront development may not
necessarily need to directly front water but may need only to look as if it is attached to
the water. They believed that a property with a commanding view of water, can be
considered as a waterfront property. Similarly, Ryckbost (2005) sees waterfronts as any
property that has a strong visual or physical connection to water with the water itself
being any type of water body such as a lake, the ocean, a river or a stream of all sizes
(Breen & Rigby, 1994, p. 10).
For example, in China, developers classified two types of waterfront development. The
first is called a “borrowed” water view which integrates buildings into an existing water
system and, the second is called a “created” water view which includes man-made lakes
and any other water body (Murray, 2003). In this context, by being an interface between
land and water, a waterfront is considered an important resource that offers great
opportunities to a city.
Therefore, waterfront development is best represented as a development directly fronting
water for any purpose and the water components can include river deltas, coastal plains,
wetlands, beach and dunes, lagoons and other water features. Also, the boundary of
where the water and land meet is difficult to determine and depends on jurisdictional
limits and the administration of the country.
Urban waterfront planning examines the different ways of experiencing and using the
edges of seas, lakes or rivers and understanding their qualities for the community. The
competition for waterfront space and the need for public access to the shore and the
conservation of waterfront biodiversity as a natural resource have become an increasingly
topical issue in urban policy. In many cases it has been seen that urban waterfront
regeneration is driven by economic transition, concerns of social community
environment, physical obsolescence and new recreational land and property
requirements, environmental quality and sustainable development.
There is no comprehensive theory of waterfront development and research on topic
mostly over only few large projects in world cities
2.5 Types of Riverfronts
2.5.1 Cultural riverfronts
This are riverfronts whose location is based on a sense of community, festivity, artistic
expression, recreation and commercial bustle.
2.5.2 Environmental waterfronts
They are designed with nature and might include shore stabilization and wet land
preservation.
2.5.3 Historic riverfronts
They are made up of uniqueness and character to a place and provide a special
educational experience by preserving the cultural heritage of a place.
2.5.4 Mixed riverfront
It is composed of a dynamic space containing various activities intended to complement
each other.
2.5.5 Recreational riverfront
This is the place where community gathering activities, parks, gardens, picnic areas,
walking, cycling and water related activities including boating and fishing take place.
2.5.6 Residential riverfronts
This are located just next to the houses and create opportunities for other activities like
retail, recreation and restaurants.
2.5.7 Working Riverfronts
The type of activities located her entail fishing and boat repair.
The place of river belts as open spaces
It is generally perceived that most green and blue spaces, apart from urban parks and
artificial channels, are “naturalistic” elements and gifts from nature.
2.6 Blue Space
Blue space is an urban design term for visible water. Attractive blue spaces such as
waterfront parks, harbors, ports, marinas, rivers, open air streams, canals, lakes, ponds
and fountains are thought to improve quality of life and help to moderate urban heat
islands.
Many cities have highly industrialized waterfront zones that are built out with artificial
land. Other cities have disrupted access to the sea with poorly designed seawalls and
other barriers. Rivers have often suffered a similar fate. It is common for historical rivers
and streams to disappear as they are forced underground to use their land. In other cases,
rivers disappear after their water has been diverted at the source to feed a city water
supply. When water is flowing, it may be polluted by industrial waste or agricultural
runoff.
Blue space is a valuable resource. Waterfront, riverside and canal-front areas are typically
considered a city's most attractive features when they are well designed and managed. It
is common for cities to undo the mistakes of the past by converting industrial waterfronts
to public space, cleaning up rivers and redesigning sea walls. (Spacey, what is blue space,
2016)
2.7 Theoretical Perspective
2.7.1 Figure Ground Theory
The figure-ground theory of urban design and urban morphology is based upon the use of
figure ground studies. It relates the amount of "figure" to the amount of "ground" in a
figure-ground diagram, and approaches urban design as a manipulation of that
relationship, as well as being a manipulation of the geometric shapes within the diagram.
A figure-ground illustrates a mass-to-void relationship, and analysis of it identifies a
"fabric" of urban structures. Other related theories of urban design employ different
approaches. Linkage theory operates upon linkages between elements of an urban space,
and manipulates those. Place theory operates upon structured systems of human needs
and usage. (trancik, 1986)
A figure-ground diagram is a two-dimensional map of an urban space that shows the
relationship between built and unbuilt space. As well as "fabrics", a figure ground
diagram comprises entities called pochés. A poché helps to define the voids between the
buildings, and to emphasize their existence as defined objects in their own rights: spaces
that are as much a part of the design as the buildings whose exteriors define them
This can also be vividly seen in waterfront developments as the rive acts as the unbuilt
space or the void between buildings.
2.7.2 Linkage Theory
The organization of lines that connect the parts of the city and the design of a spatial
datum from these lines relate buildings to spaces. The concept of datum in spatial design
is analogous to the staff in music, upon which notes are composed in an infinite number
of ways. The musical staff is a constant datum, providing the composer with continuous
line of reference. (trancik, 1986)Riverfronts as the cut through cities they help in linking
one part of the city to the other through bridges and open blue spaces that are used for
recreational activities. This riverfront also act as a source of transport when moving from
one point of the city to the other using water vessel that travel on water.
2.7.3 River Belts/Fronts in Cities
River and its influence for the city Centre is quite broad topic. Therefore it is discussed in
different aspects in the Lithuanian and foreigner scientists’ works of urban planning
theory and history. Although there is a possibility to classify (though quite roughly) all
these different points of view accordingly to the main object of the interests:
1. Functional(river as a functional cog)
2. Society(river as public, open space)
3. Ecology(river as ecological stabilizer)
4. Visibility(river as formant of visual identity)
Under the cover of the first group “functional cog “there are the scientists and urban
planners who analyze river as a part of urban structure, however they bring out just the
functional importance and tangible benefits. Le Corbusier, one of the pioneers of what is
now called modern architecture, especially highlighted the functional importance of the
river. In his opinion, river is the infrastructural object, something like liquid railway.
According Ch. Alexander, the need that people have for water is vital and profound. He
wrote “…people will build places near the water because it is entirely natural; but that
land immediately along the water’s edge must be preserved for common use. To this end
the roads which can destroy the water edge must be kept back from it and only allowed
near it when they lie at right angles to it.” (Christopher Alexander, 1977) This quote
expresses importance of riverside as public, open place and space.
K. Jakovlevas-Mateckis analyses river from the ecological perspective. He claims that
rivers and riversides are a part of natural frame and its carry out essential ecological
compensation function. Riverside slopes and its greenery and even brushwood are like
the lungs of the city and it encourages formation of horizontal and vertical air flow. This
process ensures clean air flow and polluted air displacement into the upper layers of the
atmosphere. The riverside buffer, where, according to the laws of Lithuania, urbanization
is not allowed, should be left unbuilt and the width of it should not be narrowed. During
the process of shaping the urban environment, closer attention should be paid for the river
identity enhancement, visual quality significance, improvement of the access to the water
and increase of recreation opportunities for the urban community (Mateckis, 2006)
River, as one of the most relevant factors for the visual identity, is touched in many of the
studies that deal with peculiarities of settlements.
2.7.4 Indicators of Quality
Riverfront quality are gauged with the quality of water found in the river .According to
the Colorado River Watch Network (CRWN) volunteers test for several key water quality
indicators. The resulting water quality data provide baseline information, helps identify
trends or changes in water quality and aids investigations into problems such as nonpointsource pollution and nutrient enrichment.
These are the key water-quality indicators:
2.7.4.1 Dissolved oxygen (DO)
The DO test measures the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water. Oxygen is essential
for both plants and animals, but high levels in water can be harmful to fish and other
aquatic organisms. Nonpoint-source pollution can decrease the amount of dissolved
oxygen in water, which can be harmful to fish and other aquatic organisms. The
decomposition of leaf litter, grass clippings, sewage and runoff from feedlots decreases
DO readings. Dissolved oxygen is measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L). Expected
levels: 4.0 to 12.0 mg/L
2.7.4.2 Water temperature
Aquatic organisms are dependent on certain temperature ranges for optimal health.
Temperature affects many other parameters in water, including dissolved oxygen, types
of plants and animals present and the susceptibility of organisms to parasites, pollution
and disease. Causes of temperature change in water include weather conditions, shade
and discharges from urban sources or groundwater inflows. Temperature is measured in
degrees Celsius (°C). Seasonal trends: May to October: 22 to 35°C, November to April: 2
to 27°C
2.7.4.3 PH
A pH test measures the alkalinity or acidity of water. A pH of 7 is neutral, below 7 is
acidic and above 7 is basic or alkaline. Acid rain, from auto exhaust or other pollutants,
causes a drop in the ph. Pollution from accidental spills, agricultural runoff and sewer
overflows can also change the pH. Buffering capacity is water's ability to resist changes
in pH, and is critical to the survival of aquatic life. The limestone soils of Central Texas
act to neutralize these acids and often result in a more basic pH. While young fish and
insect larvae are sensitive to a low pH (acid), extreme values on either end of the scale
can be lethal to most organisms. Expected levels: 6.5 to 9.0
2.7.4.4 Escherichia coli (E. coli)
E. coli is a fecal coliform bacteria that comes from human and animal waste. The
Environmental Protection Agency uses E. coli measurements to determine whether fresh
water is safe for recreation. Disease-causing bacteria, viruses and protozoans may be
present in water that has elevated levels of E. coli. Levels of E. coli can increase during
flooding. E. coli is measured in number of colony forming units. The EPA water quality
standard for E. coli bacteria is 394 colony forming units per 100 mL.
2.7.4.5 Specific conductance
The specific conductance test measures the ability of water to pass an electrical current.
Conductivity in water is affected by inorganic dissolved solids such as chloride, sulfate,
sodium, calcium and others. Conductivity in streams and rivers is affected by the geology
of the area through which the water flows. Streams that run through granite bedrock will
have lower conductivity, and those that flow through limestone and clay will have higher
conductivity. High conductance readings also can come from industrial pollution or urban
runoff, such as water flowing from streets, buildings and parking lots. Extended dry
periods and low flow conditions also contribute to higher conductance. Organic
compounds, such as oil, do not conduct electrical current very well, so an oil spill tends
to lower the conductivity of the water. Temperature also affects conductivity; warm water
has a higher conductivity. Specific conductance is measured in microsegments per
centimeter (µS/cm). Expected levels: 300 to 700 µS/cm in most of the Colorado River
watershed; higher near San Saba and the coast.
2.7.4.6 Nitrates
Nitrogen is a nutrient necessary for growth of all living organisms. The CRWN nitrogen
tests measure nitrate (NO3-N). Excessive amounts of nitrates increase algae growth.
Algae can rob the water of dissolved oxygen and eventually kill fish and other aquatic
life. Sources of nitrates may include human and animal wastes, industrial pollutants and
nonpoint-source runoff from heavily fertilized croplands and lawns. Under certain
conditions, high levels of nitrates (10 mg/L or more) in drinking water can be toxic to
humans. High levels of nitrates in drinking water have been linked to serious illness and
even death in infants. Nitrates are measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L). Expected
levels: less than 1.0mg/L.
2.7.4.7 Transparency
Transparency measures how far light can penetrate a body of water. Sunlight provides the
energy for photosynthesis and determines the depth at which algae and other plants can
grow, defining the ecological make-up of a water body. A change in water clarity may be
noticed after heavy rains, as silt and debris can run off, causing the visibility to decrease.
Transparency usually decreases in the summer when plankton, silt and organic matter are
more likely to be prevalent. CRWN uses Secchi disks and transparency tubes to measure
transparency.
2.7.4.8 Visual tests
Monitors also record physical observations of water. Volunteers record water clarity and
presence of plants and other aquatic life. They also may report the amount of rainfall
received in the area.
2.8 Values and Benefits
2.8.1 Economic aspects
Waterfront foster economic growth this is due to the different activities taking place due
to the presence of a water front. Different services will be required order to cater for the
people therefore this will boost commercial activities. This different services propel the
growth of service center’s which with time grow in size to become cities.
2.8.2 Tourism
The view of the water front offers a good view for people therefore restaurants and hotels
capitalize on this aspect of the water front. Many cities have capitalized on this aspect as
tourism has helped them acquire capital from these water front in cities .Land along
waterfronts is considered really valuable therefore making the rates of these hotel and
restaurants have high rates. People from around the world tend to travel to different
countries and experience the different sceneries these water front have to offer. This
promotes flow of capital in the city which enables the economy to grow and sustain
developments n city as it grow with time.
2.8.3 Port cities
The basic argument is that ports expand the market opportunity of both national and
international firms. By expanding the market areas of firms, ports increase competition,
resulting in lower prices for the consumers of the port traffic. These involve all sectors of
economic activity, including manufacturing firms, heavy industries, resource extraction
industries or retailers. Therefore, the economic benefits of ports are specific to the nature
of the hinterland they service. They can be straightforward for hinterlands heavily
dependent on resources, since the output is directly handled by the port, or more nuanced
when the hinterland is involving manufacturing firms producing intermediate goods.
Singapore and Hong Kong are some the most successful port cities. Singapore being a
city that has able to sustain itself with the help of a waterfront.
2.8.4 Transport
Waterfront cities have also capitalized from transport using the waterways that link
different part of the cities and also the water ways connect them to the world easily.
Liners bringing tourist from other places in the world help the cities to earn revenue from
this liners that dock at this specific cities. This also creates a source of employment to the
people. If people are able to earn a good living in working at the liner as stuff and also as
boat drivers cause some parts of the city are linked with rivers a city such as Venice this
will boost the economy to grow at good rate.
2.8.5 Social aspect
Waterfront cities also have been able to convert their water fronts to blue open spaces and
also managed to integrate it with green open spaces. This open space sometimes are rich I
n cultural aspect as they impart cultural knowledge during times like celebrating certain
festivities that relate to the culture of the people who belong that community. Monuments
of either people or animals are also are placed in this open spaces as they serve to show a
particular belief or as a sin of honor and respect. This waterfront promote interaction of
people of different classes as the y gather to take apart in leisure activities such as boat
rides ,cycling, jogging and sport fishing this are but some .
2.8.6 Environmental aspect
Waterfronts in this cities are able to maintain environmental sustainability as the
environment along the river front s is well taken care of and conserved to maintain it
aesthetic quality. Waterfront in these cities help people appreciate the natural biodiversity
of the water body and its waterfront. These water front play a major part as a habitat as
they are highly productive and biologically diverse ecosystem’s that offer a crucial
nursery habitats fir many marine species. The species that thrive there help in playing a
role in maintaining balance in the ecosystem. These waterfront zones possess a dynamic
area with frequently changing biological, chemical attributes. Healthy waterfronts found
in this cities help the waterfront area able to have their own natural defense as the have
features such as mangrove forests that serve as a natural defense against natural hazards
such as flooding and erosions from storms. Water ecosystems in these river fronts act to
reduce the impacts of pollution organization from land such as, wetlands absorbing
excess nutrients sediments and human waste.
2.9 River Front and Urban Development
Urban waterfront planning examines the different ways of experiencing and using the
edges of seas, lakes or rivers and understanding their qualities for the community.
(sairinen.R, 2006)The competition for waterfront space and the need for public access to
the shore and the conservation of waterfront biodiversity as a natural resource have
become an increasingly topical issue in urban policy. (sairinen.R, 2006) In many cases it
has been seen that urban waterfront regeneration is driven by economic transition,
concerns of social community environment, physical obsolescence and new recreational
land and property requirements, environmental quality and sustainable development
(Wang.c, 2003)
There is no comprehensive theory of waterfront development and research on topic
mostly over only few large projects in world cities. (Brown.P.H., 2008) In journals and
trade magazines they do not specifically address the complex set of issues involved in
waterfront development; despite the fact that these projects were started almost half a
decade ago
Much of the existing literature views waterfront revitalization as a means to increase the
economic vitality of localities, create new public spaces, and increase access to valued
cultural and natural amenities. Waterfront revitalization has been seen by many cities as a
mechanism to create and promote a more positive image, thus securing growth and
capital investment in a competitive global market.
Waterfronts are often strategic areas, (for example Boston, San Francisco, Chicago etc.)
because their usage has direct or indirect impacts on the image of the place (coastal city,
city beside the lake, riverside town) and on social equity; many times waterfronts are
areas of high-price housing and gentrification. (sairinen.R, 2006)Property values near the
water can escalate while benefits may fail to spill over to neighborhoods. This effect
would create a gap in real estate prices between an expensive waterfront and more
affordable sectors.
While talking more about urban waterfront regeneration, we cannot forget the strategies
of urban densification. One of the leading policy strategies of growing cities is to increase
the density of the urban structure in order to advance sustainable development by
minimizing investments in infrastructure, energy consumption and emissions from
private car traffic. These urban densification processes have intensified the planning and
building of waterfront areas near the city centers. Thus, the compaction strategies have
provided environmental arguments to ‘redevelop’ these sensitive areas, which were
traditionally difficult and contradictory questions for policy makers.
2.9.1 Sustainability of River Fronts in Cities
Sustainable Urban development has become a widely recognized and acknowledged goal
for human society ever since the deterioration of environmental and social conditions in
many urban areas of the world.37 this indicates that the sustainability of the city may be
at risk. Sustainability is not absolute or independent of human conceptual frameworks.
Rather it is always set in the context of decisions about what type of system is to be
sustained and over what spatial-temporal scale.38
Urban sustainability is a vague concept. It may raise support for the quest to design and
build more efficient living and working environments. It is basically the interrelationship
of human, economic, social, and political activities with natural ecosystem; and the
thought should be in mind that small decisions can make a difference in the communities’
future.39 Its primary focus involves achieving a balance between several objectives like
environmental, ecological and social over dynamic temporal and spatial horizons.40 As
this is a very wide concept, confusion always remains about how to translate these broad
objectives into national and local strategies or plans of actions for achieving it.
The challenge of the sustainable development is largely an urban challenge. These
challenges include increase in social and economic opportunities, reduction in energy
content of the urban growth, and minimization of production and recycling of the waste
produced.
2.10 Improving quality of riverfronts in cities
2.10.1 Theoretical oriented proposal
2.10.1.1 Linkage theory
Linkage is simply the glue of the city or place. Linkage theory was highly popular in
1960s and involves the organization of lines that connect the parts of the city and the
design of spatial datum. These lines relate buildings to spaces. The important point is to
make comprehensible links between distinct things. According to Maki (1964), linkage is
the most important characteristic of urban exterior space (Maki, 1964). He defines three
different formal types of urban space; compositional, mega and group forms. In all three
types, Maki stresses linkage as the controlling impression for ordering buildings and
space in design. There are two principles which guide linkage within a place (Maki,
1964):
i.
Principle of Universal Accessibility
Universal accessibility refers to the adaptability of urban infrastructure and facilities to
the widest range of potential users, including people with mobility and visual
impairments, the elderly, people in wheelchairs, people walking with small children,
pregnant women, and people carrying heavy loads such as water or firewood. The
principle of universal accessibility requires that urban spaces are suitable for both 8years-olds as well as 80-year-olds. Spaces are adapted for the most vulnerable users, are
suitable for everybody. This principal promotes wider social inclusion and invites
everybody to profit from the urban experience.
ii.
Principle of Complete Streets
Complete streets are those designed from edge to edge of the buildings. Complete streets
incorporate infrastructure for walking and cycling, including signage, ramps and other
facilities for the physically challenged. They also include urban furniture like covered bus
stops, street lamps, trees and vegetation according to the context and infrastructure for
rain harvesting. Complete linkages promote safety for all users and incorporate all of the
principles of universal accessibility. Certain street components are mandatory and should
be availed on any street.
The organization of lines that connect the parts of the city and the design of a spatial
datum from these lines relate buildings to spaces. Riverfronts as the cut through cities
they help in linking one part of the city to the other through bridges and open blue spaces
that are used for recreational activities. This can be a good way to link Nairobi River to
link Ngara area to the city. Ngara is mostly a mixed land use area raging from residential
and commercial activities the river can serve as an open space. Waterfront redevelopment
encourages the integration of green space and blue spaces. This case of the Nairobi River
can play a major role in enabling this to take place. This will help in retaining the quality
of a healthy river front. If the quality of the river front is retained, this will also will
improve the aesthetic aspect of the river which plays a major role in making the City look
beautiful.
The riverfront will create a way of integrating commercial activities to the river and also
the people taking part in the commercial activities along the riverfronts.
2.10.1.2 The Theory of Place
Place theory is an urban design theory. Its essence in spatial design lies in understanding
the actual human characteristics of physical space. Space in physical terms means void
but with the potential of physically linking things and only becomes a place when it is
given a contextual meaning derived from cultural of the regional context (trancik, 1986)
Giving a space meaning to be a place is based on the character that it will manifest which
is unique to its own based on typology. The character consists of both concrete things
having material substance, shape, texture and color and more intangible cultural
association, a certain patina given by human use over time (trancik, 1986). Designing of
riverfront urban parks to be a place would create a good image of the city based on the
meaning that is derived from the use and the character it portrays. At the same time, it
will enhance its utilization
2.10.2 Policy oriented proposal and strategies1 Global Initiatives and Policies
The Brundtland Report (1987) was the first global attempt to address the sustainability
problem that stems primarily from the idea that there are a finite number of resources in
the world but an infinite number of human needs (Brundtland, 1987). Therefore, in order
to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to meet current needs, whilst ensuring
the needs of future generations are also catered for. The current resurgence of interest in
policies for compact cities dates from the late 1980s and has largely been propelled by
the search for the global sustainability goals on climatic change and resource use
embodied in the Brundtland Commission report (Brundtland, 1987).
Sustainable Development Goals (2015) are necessary for this research. They strive to
promote riverfront urban parks. The SDGs articulate that sustainability require that the
impacts of urban development activities should not involve uncompensated geographical
or spatial displacement of environmental problems or costs (United Nations, 2015).
It emphasizes that the costs should not undermine health and disrupts the dynamic
equilibrium of the global ecosystem. Goals 11 and 15 of the Agenda 2030 (Sustainable
Development Goals) of the United Nations categorically expresses concerns on making
cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable and also aims at
protecting, restoring and promoting sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation and biodiversity
loss (United Nations, 2015).
Kenya Vision 2030
This is a long-term development blue print that aims at transforming the country into a
newly industrialized middle-income country providing a high quality of life to its citizens
in a clean and secure environment by 2030. The Vision is anchored on three pillars:
Economic, Social and Political pillars. The Economic Pillar aims at providing prosperity
for all Kenyans through a sustainable economic growth rate of 10 percent per annum over
the Vision period while the Social Pillar seeks to build a just and cohesive society
enjoying equitable social development in a clean and healthy environment.
The Political Pillar aims at democratic, issues based, people-centered and accountable
political system that respects the rule of law and protects the rights and freedoms of the
citizens. Provision of infrastructure that include roads, railways, ports, airports, and water
and sanitation facilities is not only aimed at promoting accessibility and interconnectivity
of places and neighborhoods but also improve the quality of life of the people.
2.10.3 Design Oriented
Nairobi riverfront should be rehabilitated and converted to a full time leisure activity
space through the introduction of a few hotels, skate spaces and leisure parks. This will
enhance the vibrancy of the area by attracting people of all walks of life to the area which
will in the long run enhance interaction between different classes of people enhancing the
social fabric; create employment; enhance the aesthetic capacity of the area.
2.11 Case Studies
2.11.1 Developed Cities
You can’t mention river revitalization without mentioning San Antonio. Like Los
Angeles, the oft-flooded San Antonio River in the 1920s was replaced (again, by the US
Army Corps of Engineers) with a concrete lined “flood bypass channel”—essentially a
storm sewer. But unlike LA, work on beautifying it started shortly afterward. By 1937 the
San Antonio River Authority had begun building the River Walk, or Paseo del Rio, which
over the next several decades added parks, walkways, gardens, restaurants, shops, and
other attractions. While the most famous portion of the River Walk is the 2.5 mile stretch
through downtown, the River Authority has continuously expanded the project, which
now stretches 15 miles. The most recent effort is the $271 million Mission Reach
Ecosystem Restoration and Recreation Project, transforming an eight mile stretch north
of downtown with 15 miles of trails, restored native habitats, and amenities like benches,
shade structures, bridges, and picnic benches.
Figure 2.1 Cases Study Developed Cities
2.11.2 Developing Cities
Medellin, a once broken city that has already reinvented itself through innovative urban
projects like parks, squares, an aerial tram, and a green belt, is now completely rethinking
its river. Like so many others, that waterway was channeled in concrete in the 1950s, a
highway built right next to it. But now, following a competition-winning plan by
Latitude, Workshop of Architecture and City, the city is burying a 1,300-foot-long stretch
of that highway and building a park (Parques del Rio Medellin) on top, providing
recreation and re-connecting the river to the rest of the city.
Figure 2.2 Cases Study of Developing City
2.11.3 Developing cities in Africa
The Bay of Luanda gave rise to the urban and architectural waterfront of the capital of
Angola and is one of its main foundational patterns. Over time, it has been the most
important public space of the city and the social and economic epicenter of the country.
Through time, the waterfront attached the downtown neighborhood and afterwards the
major urban networks and expansion routes.
Given the current and fast transformation of Luanda downtown, the new Waterfront
seeks to protect the urban pattern legitimized by its history. It restructures a vast
extension of the urban front and revitalizes its public dimension, which, in a way, had
disappeared.
With about 3 500m long and 510 000m² of intervention surface on new landfills, the old
promenade becomes a large urban park to support the vitality of Luanda public life. And,
by capillarity, the new waterfront is supposed to contaminate the adjacent public spaces
and, from these, the other ones through the city.
The intervention, apart new infrastructures, comprises a new green layer with trees,
bushes and grass, a set of squares connected with the public space system of the city, and
pedestrian and bike paths. It has places for civic meetings and places to rest, areas for
sport activities, new urban services, equipment and furniture. It enables greater social
interaction and boosts recreational and cultural activity.
Figure 2.3 Developing cities in Africa
2.12 Conceptual Framework
Figure 2.4 Conceptual Framework
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Overview
This chapter provides an overview of the study area. It begins by giving a brief history of
the project area. The chapter then proceeds to describe the geographical setting of the
study area before proceeding to a descriptive analysis of the site, its population and
demographic characteristics, the land use character and finally the institutional and
economic profile of the project area.
3.2 Historical Background of the Project Area
The pattern of settlement formation in Nairobi was greatly influenced by the colonial
masters, who decided the location and spatial attributes of towns. Nairobi was set up as a
resting place for European explorers and administrative Centre for the railway builders.
When it was made capital in 1905, it had a population of 10,000 and was divided into
seven distinct functional zones. These included:

The railway Centre

The Indian bazaar (it was the most developed and covering an area of about 2.4 ha
– it includes part of the study area and the immediate neighboring context
extending up to Keekorok road).

A European business and administrative Centre

The railway quarters

Washer man’s quarters

European business and administrative Centre

Military barracks outside the town limits
With time, Nairobi’s growth was haphazard and it is the Indian bazaar (part of the project
area) that was quickly shaping up to take up a well-established commercial character
since it was predominantly an Asian quarter who were the majority during those initial
days of the railway construction. This un-coordinated development trends took place until
1948 when the first master plan of the city was developed. The master plan included
broad land use zoning guidelines, based on neighborhood planning principles and
extensions to existing land uses as well as the creation of a road network (White, 1948).
The area surrounding the project site at this time had developed into an entire commercial
zone predominantly influenced by the Asian community way of life and built structures
and this was adopted by the master plan designating the zone as a commercial zone
extending the lease of the then existing land uses. With time, most parts of the area
surrounding the project site had specialized in automobile repair and spare parts as most
of the Asians who lived in that area easily acquired these materials and knowledge having
been key personnel in the construction of the railway. Since then, the project site and the
area surrounding it has predominantly been used for this purpose and most of the area
there can only be categorized as light industrial characterized by the visual dominance of
the stretch of auto spare shops around the area especially Kirinyaga road and garages
along Kirinyaga road backstreet.
The master plan was however criticized for having serious defects such as inherent
rigidity and total exclusion of socio-spatial factors. In spite of this, the master plan has
continued to influence the roads pattern and spatial organization of activities on space
around the project site and other regions of Nairobi.
3.3 Locational Context of the Project Area
3.3.1 Regional Context
The City of Nairobi, where the study area lies, is situated at the southern end of Kenya’s
agricultural heartland, 1.19oSouth of Equator and 36.59oEast of the Meridian. Its altitude
varies between 1,600 and 1850 meters above sea level. Spatially, the city’s total area is
approximately 694 square kilometers and being the capital city of Kenya, it is well
connected by both national and international trunk infrastructure to other regions of the
country and abroad.
Figure 3.1 National Context of Study Area
3.3.2 Sub-regional Context
The project site is located in the heart of Nairobi city to the north of the CBD. It is well
connected through good infrastructural networks to the rest of the city and environs. It
holds tremendous locational advantages if well utilized to maximally benefit the County
Government. It is located centrally in a busy and very strategic position as compared to
other areas sub-regionally connected to the CBD as it is just a few minutes‟ walk from
the CBD and this for the site holds tremendous economic potentials if well exploited.
Figure 3.2 Regional Context of Study Area
3.3.3 Neighborhood Context
The location of the site as indicated earlier is in close proximity to the CBD and is
surrounded by a stretch of commercial activities along Kirinyaga road which is the
immediate a riparian reserve to the north of the site. To the far north of the site, it is
surrounded by Ngara area to which it’s linked through a footbridge across Nairobi River.
The most immediate uses around Ngara area near the site is the informal market of
tsunami which attracts a large array of people who go there to feed and/or source second
hand items from the market. The footbridge also serves as the connection of the city and
the Ngara area for people who live in Ngara and walk to/from their home. This makes
this section of the project site important as both a link to the CBD from Ngara area as
well as the link to the river and riverfront which holds a tremendous opportunity to
transform into a visual green statement for the project site if well managed and upgraded
to a more vibrant leisure park to accommodate diverse character of users than what has
always been the case.
3.3.4 Local Context
The project area is located behind Kirinyaga road which is a few meters from the main
CBD area. It covers an area of about 40,005.50m2. The area is characterized by a visual
dominance of garage clusters which mostly stretch along the street with no form of
organization and therefore creates a strain on the existing street space as well as create a
sense of disorderliness and mismanagement of the area which directly impacts on the
pollution of Nairobi River.
Figure 3.3 Local Context
The site has mixed land use mostly commercial (industrial) and residential function. The
major land uses and activity area that are in close proximity to the site or within the site
are analyzed to inform the proposals advanced for the project site. In this context, they
will inform the economic viability of the proposals and also compatibility with other land
uses. The area has been zoned as part of the Nairobi CBD and only commercial,
institutional, light industrial, educational, recreational, and residential uses are allowed in
the area with minimum acreages of 0.05 Ha. The current physical organization of the area
takes the following shape.
Figure 3.4 Site Analysis
3.4 Site Analysis
3.4.1 Slope Analysis and Drainage
The project site lies on a relatively flat terrain land and drains to the east. The terrain of
the project site makes it suitable to for the development project to create parks, green
corridors, skate parks and also incorporate the commercial activities for people to enjoy
the view of the Nairobi River and reduce pollution of the river. The design anticipated by
this development project to revitalize Nairobi River.
3.4.2 Climatic characteristics
This area just like most parts of Nairobi receives an annual range of rainfall averages of
800mm-1000mm which makes it favorable to support the growth of the landscaping plant
elements to be nurtured in the project site for beautification and aesthetic capacity.
Temperatures here have an annual average of 26oc (78.8oF) and the area is relatively
humid with clouds scattered at an altitude of about 2500 ft. above the ground. This means
that people will spend time in the parks as this amount of temperature is favorable for
outdoor activities which will favor people to enjoy the waterfront and the beauty of the
Nairobi River.
The winds flow at a speed of 8.5 km/hr. to the east during most times of the year and the
Sun rises at around 0642hrs and sets at around 1851hrs on most normal days of the year
except during the months of mid-June to August when heavy mist and fog is expected.
On average, the sun shines for about 7 hours a day. The duration of the sunshine means
increased economic activity as people are able to attend to their duties during this time
thereby increasing the economic capacity of the area enabling people to capitalize from
the riverfront.
3.4.3 Soil and geological characteristics
The project site being in Nairobi county has the same geology characteristics as the
whole of Nairobi which is predominantly underlain by the Nairobi phonolites of middle
Pliocene rocks and extensively quarried for use as concrete, road stone and railway
ballast. They are found about 2-3 ft. below the ground (Muraguri, 2008). The site is also
made up of black cotton soils at a depth of about 2-3 feet. This type of soil is good for
landscaping plant elements to be proposed in the zone but also complicated in
construction sites as they have a high degree of expansiveness resulting in soil cracks
which may result to severe damages in buildings with the change of atmospheric
conditions. The construction process to be proposed therefore calls for the scoping out of
this soil layer during the initial stages of the construction process to ensure durable
buildings.
Figure 3.5 Soil and geological
3.5 Population and Demographic characteristics
The project area is an area within the CBD of Nairobi. It is hard to estimate the number
of people who use the area on a daily basis as a recent study by JICA on the ongoing
process of making the new Nairobi master plan show that more than 10million people
access the city daily. In estimation however, considering that the area of study is a hub of
second hand auto-mobile spare parts and almost monopolizes in the repair of vehicles, the
project area have a capacity to serve more than 1million a day. This metropolitan nature
of the project area presents the site with many opportunities just as there are many
constraints. First, the dynamism in the target population may not allow for a common
objective to arrive at a common design for the site as views will be got from a large
sample population.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Overview
This part discusses results and findings of data analysis on planning and management of
riverfront. The analysis of the findings is objective based, focusing on the data obtained
under each of the set objectives. The key objectives were to examine the existing
situation of the quality of the Nairobi River belt, to examine the causes and impacts of
uncontrolled development along Nairobi River and to examine the indicators of the
quality of river belts in Nairobi River belt. The data collected was also based three main
aspects in the questionnaire, these three aspect were social aspect, economic aspect,
environmental aspect and institutional aspect. The data collected and analyzed is
represented in pie charts and frequency tables.
4.2 Social Quality of the Waterfront
Figure 4.1 Are you familiar with what waterfront
The survey was carried out with the use of questionnaires indicted that 92% of the people
had no idea of what a water a waterfront was and had never had it before this was a clear
indication that they do not know what capabilities the waterfront had and how it could
benefit them in different aspects.
Figure 4.2 whether the current state of riverfront support social interactions
The waterfronts condition has an effect of how people interact with each other in using
the space along the river therefore the survey was carried out to understand this to know
the state of the riverfront and responses are as shown in the frequency table where 96%
answered no as they said the state of the waterfront did not support social interaction of
people while other 4% thought otherwise.
Figure 4.3 whether the Riverfronts are safe for Pedestrians
Safety of the riverfront was also looked into while carrying out the survey. This was to
enable the researcher to understand whether pedestrians who are frequent user of this
riverfront if the face any life threatening situations or any type of harm that can come to
them while accessing the riverfront. The survey was able to understand to learn that 52%
of the respondents answered yes while 47% of the respondents answered no. The
respondents who answered no had reason why the said it was unsafe and 22% of the
reason as a indicated in the frequency table below was robbery, which has been reported
a couple of time
Table 4.1 Suggestion to improve the visual aspect of the waterfront
Frequenc
Percent
y
Landscaping
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
3
6.0
10.3
10.3
12
24.0
41.4
51.7
7
14.0
24.1
75.9
repair shops to reduce 7
14.0
24.1
100.0
29
58.0
100.0
Missing No response
21
42.0
Total
50
100.0
planting of trees to
offer shade
Provision
Valid
of
street
furniture
Relocating automobile
pollution
Total
The survey also was able to know what type of visual aspect that people preferred in
order to make the park acquire the aesthetic image to make it look beautiful. From the
survey a total 51% suggested the planning of trees. Majority of the people from the
survey wanted to get provision of street furniture on the riverfront.
4.3 Economic Quality Waterfront
Figure 4.4 whether the business or home has an impact on the river and its
waterfront
The survey also revealed that the activities taking place in the riverfront affected the river
as 60% of the people who took part in the questionnaire filling process said that the
activities the activities taking place had negative impact on the river and the riverfront as
well as shown in the frequency table below.
Table 4.2 whether the business or home has an impact on the river and its
waterfront
Frequenc
Percent
y
Disposing
off
liquid
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
11
22.0
68.8
68.8
4
8.0
25.0
93.8
Oil spills
1
2.0
6.3
100.0
Total
16
32.0
100.0
No response
4
8.0
Missing Not applicable
30
60.0
Total
34
68.0
50
100.0
waste in the river
Disposing
Valid
off
solid
waste in the river
Total
Table 4.3 Integration of the business activities to the recreational parks in the
waterfront
Would you like an integration of the business activities to the recreational parks in
the waterfront?
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Yes
21
42.0
42.0
42.0
No
29
58.0
58.0
100.0
Total
50
100.0
100.0
Figure 4.5 Integration of the business activities to the recreational parks in the
waterfront
The survey also helped the research to find out what the people who resided in the area
and those doing business would want the riverfront plan to have integration of business
activities in the waterfront park as shown in the pie chart above.
Table 4.4 Proposed park to be integrated with commercial activities
Frequenc
Percent
y
Create
employment
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
6
12.0
33.3
33.3
6
12.0
33.3
66.7
1
2.0
5.6
72.2
1
2.0
5.6
77.8
4
8.0
22.2
100.0
Total
18
36.0
100.0
No response
3
6.0
Missing Not applicable
29
58.0
Total
32
64.0
50
100.0
opportunities
Efficient provision of
services
Growth of business
Valid
Provision
of
quality
create
good
services
Will
business
Total
The frequency table show why people would want the proposed park to be integrated
with commercial activities as it will foster economic growth to the people.
Table 4.5 Redevelopment of the water front will affect your business or home
Do you think redevelopment of the water front will affect your
business or home?
Frequenc
Percent
y
Valid
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
Yes
16
32.0
32.7
32.7
No
33
66.0
67.3
100.0
Total
49
98.0
100.0
Missing No response 1
2.0
Total
100.0
50
Figure 4.6 Redevelopment of the water front will affect your business or home
From the research carried out people gave answers that the clearly understood that if the
redevelopment of the riverfront occurred it would affect their business, for some it would
be in a positive way for others it will be a negative effect on them as shown in the
frequency table below are the responses.
Table 4.6 Rating of redevelopment of the water front will affect your business or
home
If yes, how?
Frequenc
Percent
y
Cause relocation of the
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
2
4.0
14.3
14.3
2
4.0
14.3
28.6
4
8.0
28.6
57.1
2
4.0
14.3
71.4
4
8.0
28.6
100.0
Total
14
28.0
100.0
No response
1
2.0
Not applicable
35
70.0
Total
36
72.0
50
100.0
business
Clean water
Improve the quality of
air around my home
Valid
Increase in the number
of customers
Provide a recreational
space to rest
Missing
Total
4.4 Environmental Aspect
The environmental aspect was a key part in these research because a good environment
contributes to our wellbeing and other living organism that co-habit with us. From the
survey major contributors of water pollution were pin pointed as shown in the pie chart
and frequency table below.
Table 4.7 Activities causing pollution along the river
What activities along the river cause pollution?
Frequenc
Percent
y
Auto
mobile
repair
Street vending
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
29
58.0
58.0
58.0
19
38.0
38.0
96.0
2
4.0
4.0
100.0
50
100.0
100.0
Valid
Domestic
use
Total
water
Figure 4.7 Activities causing pollution along the river
Auto mobile repair shops were the leading in river pollution as 58% of the people who
responded to the questions asked it was the major contributor in pollution as the auto
repair mobile shops are located just adjacent to the river. A 38% percent of the response
was claimed to be the street vendors and adjacent market who dumped their liquid waste
direct to the river.
4.5 Physical Quality
Table 4.8 Thought on old buildings and structures located along the waterfront
What do you think of the old buildings and structures located along the
waterfront
Frequenc
Percent
y
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
Demolished
3
6.0
6.0
6.0
Renovated
36
72.0
72.0
78.0
11
22.0
22.0
100.0
50
100.0
100.0
Valid No action should be
taken
Total
A total of 72% of the people responded to the above question by saying the buildings
should be renovated while 22% suggested that no action be taken the remaining 2%
wanted the buildings demolished.
Table 4.9 Bridge used by pedestrians to cross the river allow efficient and safe use
Is the bridge used by pedestrians to cross the river allow
efficient and safe use?
Frequenc
Percent
y
Yes
Valid No
Total
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
25
50.0
50.0
50.0
25
50.0
50.0
100.0
50
100.0
100.0
Figure 4.8 Bridge used by pedestrians to cross the river allow efficient and safe use
The bridge used in the study area site was considered to be safe and efficient by 50% of
the people while the other half thought it wasn’t safe and efficient. Those who agreed it
was safe and efficient said that it helped link Ngara to the town and provided a shorter
route .Those who said no had reasons such us the could not access the bridge at certain
hours of the night as it was insecure also early in the morning, cases of people being
mugged had been reported severally.
Table 4.10 Footpaths along the river exist
Do footpaths along the river exist
Frequenc
Percent
y
Yes
Valid No
Total
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
40
80.0
80.0
80.0
10
20.0
20.0
100.0
50
100.0
100.0
Footpaths in the study area from the survey were present from the respondents as 80% of
the people answered yes but the conditions of the foot paths was the big issue as they
were poorly maintained as shown from the data analyzed from the questionnaire below
on the frequency table below.
Table 4.11 Footpaths in good condition
Are the footpaths in good condition?
Frequenc
Percent
y
Valid No
50
100.0
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
100.0
100.0
The survey from the respondents showed that all the people answered this question with a
common answer showing from the above frequency table that the conditions of the road
are not in good conditions.
Table 4.12 Canopy considered to offer shade to pedestrians using the footpath
What kind of canopy should be considered to offer shade to pedestrians using
the footpath?
Frequenc
Percent
y
Planting trees
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
25
50.0
50.0
50.0
a 25
50.0
50.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Building shades over
Valid the
path
using
translucent material
Total
50
Figure 4.9 Canopy considered to offer shade to pedestrians using the footpath
In the survey respondents preferred two way to provide canopy for the pedestrians on the
footpaths, one of them was planting trees, this would create a green corridor for the
pedestrians enhancing aesthetic view. The other half of the of the respondents preferred
an artificial canopy that could be used even when the weather conditions were not
favorable to take a stroll in along the riverfront.
Table 4.13 Condition of the access roads to the waterfront
Frequenc
Percent
y
Valid Bad
50
100.0
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
100.0
100.0
The access roads also needed to be worked a as most of the from the respondents
feedback were in bad condition and required to re carpeted.
Table 4.14 Access roads, footpaths and bridges disabled-friendly
Freq
Va
lid
Perc Valid
Cumul
uenc ent
Percen ative
y
t
Percent
100.0
100.0
No 50
100.
0
The footpaths and bridges are not user friendly as they do not have ramps for the
physically disabled as indicated from the feedback from the questionnaires and on the
frequency table above.
Table 4.15 Responsible for development along the Nairobi River belt
Quality of the institutional framework and the management of the waterfront
Frequency Percent
Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
National government 8
16.0
16.0
16.0
County government
35
70.0
70.0
86.0
Residents
7
14.0
14.0
100.0
Total
50
100.0
100.0
Figure 4.10 Responsible for development along the Nairobi River belt
Most of the respondents gave feedback in the questionnaires that most people said that
the county government as they are inchrge of the county and running developments as
they are involved in funding or monitoring the project.
Table 4.16 Responsible for managing the waterfront
Frequenc
Percent
y
National
Valid
Cumulative
Percent
Percent
9
18.0
18.4
18.4
36
72.0
73.5
91.8
Residents
4
8.0
8.2
100.0
Total
49
98.0
100.0
Missing No response
1
2.0
Total
50
100.0
government
County
Valid
government
The people who took part in the survey 72%
responded that the county government
should be responsible for managing the waterfront, while 9% suggested that the
government should be responsible to manage the waterfront the remaining respondent’s
suggested 4% that the waterfront be managed by residents of the adjacent land uses.
4.6 Chapter Summary
This chapter has presented results of data analysis and discussions with reference to the
study objectives. The findings confirm that lack of proper planning and management has
resulted to reduced utilization of the riverfront despite the increasing demand for
recreational facilities. Based on the foregoing, this has adverse implications on the quality
of the environment within Ngara East and the larger Nairobi County since most residents
experience difficulties in accessing basic recreational services.
CHAPTER FIVE
PLANNING IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Overview
This chapter describes the emerging issues from the analyzed data and the established
results of the study under each objective. It further presents a set of conclusions and
recommendations drawn from the preceding chapters. This chapter therefore seeks to
give recommendations from the findings in chapter four.
5.2 Social quality of the riverfront
People in the survey as indicated above do not know what a waterfront is. This therefore
informs the need for citizen sensitization on waterfront. This can be done through the use
of media such social media, advertisements on billboards, television, and radios for
public awareness to the common Citizen. The use of print media writing of articles on
newspapers and magazines. Review of curriculums in order to incorporate the concept in
education system for future generation to learn about them at an early age instilling it in
them which will enhance conservation of the environment aspect. This will help reduce
the current case on Nairobi river riverfront in the future and plan for better beautiful
waterfronts.
The riverfront should have social amenities such street furniture, things such as benches,
dustbins, street lights and signage. Skating packs would also foster interaction between
people as it provides for recreational activity. Amphitheatre will also offer a good source
of interaction where festivities can showcased.
The safety of the riverfronts should also be enhanced, by making the waterfront an urban
park surveillance will be increased by people and the commercial activities taking place.
The planting of trees on the waterfront and also landscaping would make the riverfront
look beautiful and more attractive. This aspects are marched to an urban waterfront and
restore the riverfronts ecosystem.
5.3 Economic Quality
Waterfront projects have enabled major cities grow such as port cities and have fostered
economic growth. Waterfronts have been known as propulsive engines in the economy.
Land along waterfront has higher rent compared because of the view. Integrating the
urban park and the commercial activities will help people do their shopping and dining in
restaurants while enjoying the view of the waterfront.
People will be able to earn a living by acquiring employment in these urban parks.
5.4 Environmental quality
The waterfront plays a major role in balancing the ecosystem but from the findings
pollution plays a major role in destroying the waterfront. Proper disposal of solid and
liquid waste management will help in promoting environmental conservation.
Planting of trees on the waterfront to create green corridors for pedestrians and also
promote non-motorized transport which is environmentally friendly. Introducing fish
ponds will help enhance aquatic life in the park.
5.5 Physical Quality
Buildings should be demolished to create space to redevelop the riverfront as it will
compose commercial and an urban park. Poor footpaths should be repaired and made
pedestrian friendly with green corridors along the paths to offer canopy. Ratemaking of
access road roads that lead to the water front as they are in bad condition at the moment.
5.6 Quality of the institutional framework and the management of the waterfront
Table 5.1 Quality of the institutional framework
Name
of Department
Institutional
Challenges faced
section
Strategies for overcoming the
challenges of planning for
Nairobi riverfront.
County
Urban planning -Uncoordinated
government
department
of Nairobi
I.
regulatory bodies
-Impunity
Strict enforcement of
the law
II.
Sensitization of land
users and officers.
Development
Law
breaking
control section
developers
-illegal
I.
law breakers.
discharge
II.
into riverfront zones
-Understaffing
Environment
Proper signage to warn
of
Gazzettement
of
riverfront zones.
Employment
of
enforcement
professionals
in
officers
relevant fields
-Lack of capacity by
III.
I.
Strengthen
both
enforcing agencies
institutional
Legal
-Weak
frameworks.
legal
framework
-Lack
II.
Coordination
of
activities
coordination among
agencies.
relevant agencies.
III.
of
among
Urban planning
-Lack of political
goodwill.
NEMA
Development
-Lack
of
control
enforcement
by
I.
Strengthen
both
institutional and legal
CGN
framework.
II.
Coordination
activities
of
among
agencies.
WRA
Nairobi
Sub -Legal
regional office
ownership
I.
Ensuring that riverfront
documents held by
zones are not allocated
developers
to developers.
II.
Enactment of relevant
legislation.
III.
Awareness creation.
5.7 Strategies to enhance utilization of riverfront urban parks
Proper Planning will provide an appropriate means of improving the existing situation at
Nairobi Riverfront redevelopment along kirinyaga road corridor. This can be done be
through land use and riverfront park planning. The findings of this study will be the basis
for developing feasible alternatives for planning and management of Nairobi Riverfront
redevelopment.
5.7.1 Planning Alternatives
5.7.2 Zero Intervention: Maintaining the status quo
The zero intervention does not involve any planning and management intervention and
instead the status quo is maintained. It leaves the existing situation to run its course and
entails retaining Nairobi river riverfront along kirinyaga road corridor in its present
condition. This would mean that activities will continue to take place without adherence
to planning and management standards.
Solid waste will continue accumulating on the riverfront and in the river. Discharge of
raw effluent from surrounding commercial and residential area, just like solid waste will
continue taking place. Encroachment by surrounding land uses such as garages, carwash
and markets will continue eating on the riverfront park land thereby reducing its size.
In addition, the population of the area will increase, compounding the demand for
recreation facilities and services. Insecurity at the riverfront and within the neighborhood
will keep rising making city residents to totally keep off the riverfront. The end result will
be an isolated, neglected, dirty and insecure riverfront. It will therefore not be able to
serve its purpose of providing recreational services to the residents of Nairobi County.
This alternative is considered to be inappropriate because the result of it is increased
planning and management challenges. This would be contrary to the desires of the
riverfront users, residents of Ngara and the general public residents of Nairobi County,
who are entitled to a clean and healthy environment and proper sanitation according to
the Constitution of Kenya (2010).
2 Alternative two: Development of an Arboretum at Nairobi river riverfront
redevelopment Park
The proposal to institute an arboretum at the project site should involve planting of a
variety of indigenous trees that are arranged to create nature trails for walking and biking
along the riverfront zone. Sections of the forest are to be left and designed for picnic by
members of the public.
This alternative would make it possible to conserve the river through provision of a
continuum of vegetation with minimum interruption that would help filter pollutants as
well as reduce soil erosion and stabilize the river bank. It would also provide an
important carbon sink for Nairobi City. It would, additionally, provide opportunity for
research and learning. The alternative is advantageous since it is able to preserve the
ecologically sensitive riverfront ecosystem since it does not involve major developments.
It is also of benefit due to its ability to maintain endangered indigenous tree species.
Economic benefits from the arboretum can be reaped through charging fees for groups
that may consider using open spaces within the arboretum for their activities. The
arboretum would be free for visiting by the public within certain time limits. This would
ensure safety and maintenance of the arboretum.
3 Alternative three: Revitalization of Nairobi river riverfront redevelopment along
kirinyaga corridor into an integrated riverfront urban park
This alternative involves development of a recreational park that takes into consideration
the environmental, social and economic aspects of development. It aims at conserving the
fragile river ecosystem, improve social interaction among city residents as well as create
income generation opportunities through proposed activities in the park. The integration
will involve combining the recreational function of the park with the economic function
of the Ngara market.
The recreational park will contain entertainment and relaxation facilities such as miniAmphitheatre, swimming pool, boating facilities, children‘s playground, nature trails for
walking and biking, four bridges to facilitate accessibility and movement to both sides of
the park, seating facilities along trails for resting, sanitation facilities and lighting for
night activities. Proposed economic activities on the site include a restaurant, curio shops,
fishing facilities and parking for vehicles.
The design of the proposed facilities should adopt a sustainable approach to urban space
development. Development control should also be enforced to keep more intense physical
developments away from the river. Bamboo plantings, a botanical garden, and other
vegetation cover are proposed to occupy the first 10 meters from the river bank on each
side of the river, uninterrupted by any physical development thus protecting the most
fragile zone.
A water treatment plant is proposed to treat liquid effluent from the surrounding
neighborhood.
5.8 Evaluation of Alternatives
Evaluation of alternatives can be conducted using various methods among them the Cost
Benefit Analysis, Goal Achievement Matrix and Financial Investment Appraisal. The
cost benefit analysis compares the cost of implementing a project with the benefits
accrued within a given time period. Its main challenge is that it assumes that all costs and
benefits can be quantified. The goal achievement matrix measures the degree to which
each alternative meets the objectives set out for the project. The financial appraisal
method is particularly focused on the financial implication of the alternatives in terms of
capital and operating costs. It therefore overlooks all other implications whose value
cannot be monetized.
The evaluation of the above alternatives is based on their costs and benefits and how
effective they address the issues identified by the study in a substantive manner. It is for
this reason that an evaluation matrix is prepared based on how each alternative score in
addressing the identified problems.
The evaluation parameters are based on the range of issues addressed about the problems
identified. The actions which solve three problems and above scored 3, two problems
scored 2 and only one scored 1.
Table 5.2 Evaluation for Each Alternative
Alternative Benefit
Zero

Alternative
Cost
Cheap
no

since
cost

is
Problems Addressed Way of intervention
Demand
recreational
incurred
services
Eliminates
increase.
evection

for

Eviction
relate
will

related
health and safety
al and social
conflicts
of the riverfront
degradation.
community.
Degrades
ecologically
sensitive
riverfront
zone
thereby
compromising
environmental
sustainability.

Reduces
status quo.
Increased
environment

Maintaining the 1
conflicts.
Compromises the


Score
the
quality and
64

Maintaining the
status quo.
1
Volume of water
in a manner that
is likely to lead
to extinction of
the river.

Potential
land
idle
for
grabbing.
TOTAL
Alternative
2
Benefit
Cost

Development

Problems addressed


Environmentally
Way of intervention


Brings
Score


Diminishing
Reducing
the 3
of an
friendly
Arboretum at
does
Nairobi
establishment
riverfront
physical structures.
with
introduction to
Serves as a carbon
eviction
public art.
sink.
of
sssat
kirinyaga

not
since
it
involve
of
about
(river
conflicts
green) amenity
associated
of site.
the
and
inherent
river
pollution.


The
Landscaping on
road corridor

Facilitates research
riverfront
and learning.
communit

Cost effective.
y.

Relatively easier to

minimal
of
economic
material
and

Procreative
management.

Has
implement in terms
labor
picnic sites.
Active use of
space.

returns.
Poor

management
and neglect.
requirement
Increasing
access facilities.

Introduction of
parking
2
facilities

Biased porosity.

Adequate
accessibility to
the site.

Active
surveillances.
1

Insecurity
1
TOTAL
Alternative
Revitalization
10
Benefit

Cost

Higher
Problems

Some

Defined roles.

Introduction of
economic
interference with
and
road corridor
returns
the environment.
image.


Recreational
score
Utilization
of kirinyaga
riverfront
Way of intervention
poor
activities
3
to
Displacement of
make
the
riverfront along
into an into
benefits
the
an integrated
alongside
community.
kirinyaga road
urban park
protection
High
corridor active
the environment
implementation
as park.
Social
and

of

riverfront
operation

Permission
of
inclusions

cost.
only
Promotes
compatible uses
aesthetic value
to enhance the
of
image.
the

riverfront.

Active
and
Encourage
passive
human
surveillance.
nature
interaction.


Creates
awareness
drainage
among
system for raw
people
of
Effluent.
the
importance
of
riverfront parks.

Improved

Insecurity

cultural heritage
sense
Reduction
of
air pollution.
Promotes
and

Planting
trees
around the river
of
front can act as
identity.

a noise buffer.
River
pollution.

Proper
solid
2
waste
1
management.

Introduction of
sanitation
facilities.
1
Enhanced
Proactive management
Passive
management
1
by users.
Integration to planning
of the sites.
Elimination
of
non-
compatible activities.
Active
space.
and
defined
1

Poor
Sanitation.

Amenity

Poor
1
management

and neglect.
1
Informal
1
activities.
1
1
1
1
TOTAL
16
Choice of Preferred Alternative
From the above tabular evaluation of the alternatives, Upgrading of Nairobi river
riverfront redevelopment Park into an integrated riverfront urban park scores the highest
in offering a comprehensive and effective approach to enhancing utilization of the
riverfront along kirinyaga corridor The approach takes into account rehabilitating the site
to create not only an enhanced utilization but also a desirable quality image at the same
time addressing the changing needs of riverfront urban parks and public open spaces
which are vital in making cities livable.
5.9 Recommendations
Factors influencing use of riverfront urban parks
5.9.1 Planning for Socio-Economic Activities along a River Corridor:
Land use planning has a major role in influencing use of riverfront urban parks. It should
advice on activities that can sustainably be carried out at Nairobi river riverfront
redevelopment Park in an environmentally sound manner but yet making substantial
contributions to the park users and to the riverfront community and the general public.
Enterprises related to eco-tourism, fishing, craft making and forestry have proven their
capacity to uplift communities from poverty when well designed. They are more income
generating than traditional destructive activities that communities find comfort in.
Planning should therefore focus more on generating sustainable livelihood opportunities
for urban dwellers, while maintaining order and managing the various conflicting
rationalities between different actors in urban space. Planning approach in managing and
conserving river corridors must be holistic.
5.9.2 Impact of planning and management on riverfront urban parks
Improve Treatment of Waste Water before Release to the River
The study established that raw effluent from the surrounding neighborhood is directly
discharged into the river. The storm drainage system is defective and as a result the liquid
waste is released into the river polluting the riverfront atmosphere and the quality of river
water. The study recommends establishment of a waste water treatment plant within the
73
park. It also recommends repair of the defective waste water and storm drainage system.
This recommendation will enhance the quality of the river water and ensure no more foul
smell within the park.
Revitalization of Nairobi river riverfront redevelopment Park into an Integrated
Riverfront Urban Park
The riverfront zone usually acts as a green belt buffer shielding the stream from
encroaching human activities. Planners and policy makers should therefore take
calculated existing measures by fully exploiting legislation, zoning and other planning
instruments so as to sustain and promote the green open spaces while locking out
prohibited land use.
This recommendation involves development of an integrated recreational park that takes
into consideration the environmental, social and economic aspects of development. It
aims at conserving the fragile river ecosystem, improve social interaction among city
residents as well as create income generation opportunities through proposed activities in
the park. The integration will involve combining the recreational function of the park
with the economic function of Ngara market.
Provision of Utility and Sanitary Facilities
Provision of sanitary facilities will minimize the effects of pollution in the riverine
environment. Sanitary facilities including trash receptacles and toilet facilities are
essential in maintaining better water quality of the river.
Delineation of an Adaptable Riverfront Reserve
This study proposes the riverfront reserve to be surveyed, analyzed and freshly delineated
according to the prevailing circumstances where possible to be clearly demarcated. This
proposal is supported by NEMA; in the statement that policy can be harmonized to allow
for 6 metres to 30 metres width (Integrated Land use Guidelines, NEMA). This can be
done using a hands on approach using GIS techniques where buffering and overlaying of
images is done to identify areas for preservation ( with emphasis on conservation and
maintenance), restoration ( with emphasis on areas for acquisition) and those needing
further investigation ( research and exploration of better methods of restoration and
management).
This is because the maximum 30 metre buffer zone stipulated by the Physical Planning
Act, Physical Planning Handbook, Water Resources Management Rules of 2007, Survey
Act, and EMCA among other laws and policies seems unattainable considering possible
rejection of attempts to reclaim the riverfront reserve.
Relocation and Delineation
Though controversial, it is critical that developments that greatly compromise the
constitutional right to a clean and healthy environment and the safety of the riverfront
community in case of flooding be removed. The relevant key stakeholders including
Nairobi County Government, NEMA, WARMA among others should mark out all the
informal structures and activities that have encroached on the riverfront urban park for
demolition or relocation.
Surveillance of the River Corridor
The study established that most of the dumping on the river corridor is done when there is
no person keeping watch. This is particularly common at night when there are few or no
persons on the river corridor. To this effect, the study recommends an increased day and
night surveillance of the river corridor for example by use of watch towers to monitor
what is going on along the river corridor.
Establishment of Specific Garbage Collection Point
The waste generated in the study area is disposed of at various points without a
particularly defined collection point. This study recommends establishment of a
designated waste collection point within the riverfront park, accessible to garbage
collection trucks for final disposal to address the challenge of scattered solid waste.
Harmonization of policies and strengthening of WARMA to take charge of
riverfront reserves
This would ensure proper management of riverfront urban parks and reduce loopholes
and institutional blame games in management. The problem of conflicting institutional
laws can surely be solved through this recommendation thereby discouraging laxity in
law enforcement leading to enhanced utilization of riverfront parks.
5.9.3 Roles, Perceptions and Behavior of stakeholders
Adoption of a Collaborative Consensus- Building and Community Participation
This study recommends dialogue between stakeholders from diverse ends of the
continuum. This is aimed at plan making, riverfront management and conflict resolution
hence a democratically negotiate future. This approach should also transparently tackle
the decision making process, rigidity of legislation and resource distribution with hope of
promoting trust, confidence, flexibility and openness. The Nairobi River Basin
Programme reported to have employed the Kazi Kwa Vijana Programme in its restoration
and rehabilitation project as part of involving the youth. This programme was effective
and successful in areas where it was applied. It enables clearing of waste from the river,
reinforcement of the river bank and planting of trees in some sections of Nairobi River.
Such a programme among others should be adopted and strengthened to manage the
riverfront urban parks and water resources.
Promote Better Structured Public-Private Partnership
Public-Private Partnerships in environmental policy should not simply be viewed in
instrumental terms as means of providing environmental infrastructure services, but also
as sites where norms of environmental concern and political accountability are
formulated and replicated. Deliberative public private partnerships or partnerships that
allow greater public participation in the formulation of these norms may therefore
become an important new form of local environmental governance and help make
partnerships more relevant to local environmental needs. Formidable public-private
partnerships should be established under the Nairobi River Basin Programme with clear
common goals and structures.
Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES)
Payments for ecosystem services (PES), also known as payments for environmental
services or benefits are incentives offered to landowners and environmental service
providers in exchange for managing their land to provide some sort of ecological service.
These programs promote the conservation of natural resources in the market place. This
principle should be adopted and strengthened to manage the riverfront urban parks and
recreational services.
Polluter Pay Principle
This principle will be enforced to ensure that any person or organization that pollutes the
river or the park should bear the expenses of carrying out pollution prevention and
control measures to ensure that the environment is in an acceptable state.
Formulate and Improve on Riverfront Park Policy Implementation Approaches
It is critical to formulate and implement a riverfront zone policy that is backed by spatial
land use plans for areas or properties adjacent to the outer boundary of riverfront zones,
as well as the zones themselves. The plans should be prepared and made accessible to
relevant public agencies, professionals and land users to form a common source of
information on area/size of the zones, urban land uses permitted in the zones and
riverfront zone tenure.
The use of both bottom-up and top-down approaches in planning and decision making
will suffice and ease policy implementation at riverfront along the kiriyga road corridor.
The bottom-up approach is a theory of decision making whereby decisions are made from
the lowest ranks and then implemented by the highest ranks whereas in top-down
approach decisions are made from the top ranks and implemented at the lowest. The
bottom-up approach is a more participatory method, which enables the populace to
achieve their common vision and own the development plans and strategies put in place.
There is a need for a more significant implementation program for the national policies
and statutes which have been discussed in the policy and legal framework in Chapter 2.
This is because given the current situation of the estate; there is a visible breach in
various laws including human rights such as the right to clean and healthy living
environment and the right to clean and affordable drinking water.
Contributions of the Study
Through recommendation of the revitalization of the riverfront along kirinyaga road
corridor into an integrated riverfront urban park, the study has highlighted the need for
improved quality of the riverfront leading to an increased utilization with improved
economic viability. This leads to a healthy and empowered society with quality living
environment and improved living standards.
In terms of policy development, the study has proposed enactment of a law specific to
planning and management of riverfront urban parks. This is a major contribution in terms
of ensuring order, comfort, and safety efficient utilization of our riverfront urban parks.
5.10 Conclusion
The above planning implications and recommendations will make helping turning the
riverfront into an urban park and also play a major role of changing the face of the
waterfront. The various aspects of quality of the riverfront can be combined to bring out a
good relationship between Nairobi River and the city of Nairobi.
5.11 Areas for Further Research
While the study has discovered and highlighted several issues that affect the planning and
management of the riverfront along kirinyaga road corridor as a riverfront urban park,
there is need for further research on planning for riverfront urban parks within Kenya.
Other areas of further research that are in line with study include specific standards and
guidelines for riverfront urban parks so as to promote proper planning and management
of land uses in riverfront parks and their neighborhood.
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APPENDICES
Land Users and Residents Questionnaire
Social quality of waterfront/river belt
1. Are you familiar with what a water front is?
If yes explain?
2. Do you think the current state of the riverfront supports the social interaction of
people?
Yes ( ) no ( )
3. Is the riverfront safe for pedestrians accessing it?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if no explain…………………………..
4. Are there social infrastructure available such as street furniture?
Yes ( ) No ( )
5. What recreational facilities would you like to be located in the waterfront if it was
improved?
Yes ( ) No ( )
6. What kind of social amenities do you think will enhance social interaction among
people?
Full time park with gardens only ( ) integrating open spaces with commercial
activities ( )
7. Do you think changing the face of the waterfront will change how people relate
with the river?
Yes ( ) No ( )
8. Would you suggest in the idea of making the waterfront more appealing in terms
of the visual aspect attract people to the waterfront?
Economic quality of the waterfront/river belt
9. Do you know that your business has an impact on the river and its waterfront?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if yes explain…………………………………….
10. Do you know that redevelopment of the water front would foster economic
growth as more people would visit the waterfront?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if yes explain…………………………………….
i
11. Would you like the redevelopment of the river front to integrate both formal and
in informal businesses to the recreational parks on the water fronts?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if yes explain…………………………………….
12. Do you know it will also give rise to new business such as boat rides, restaurants
and also amusement parks?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if yes explain…………………………………….
13. Do you think the redevelopment of the riverfront will affect your business?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if yes explain…………………………………….
Environmental quality of the waterfront/river belt
14. What activities taking place along the riverfront on kirinyaga road corridor are a
source of pollution to the river?
Auto mobile repair ( ) Street Vending ( ) don’t know ( )
15. Do you know poor management of both solid and liquid waste is the leading
factor in pollution of the environment?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if yes explain…………………………………….
16. Do you know a Waterfront is an important part of the ecosystem which helps in
determining good quality of water?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if yes explain…………………………………….
17. Do you know the environmental state of the riverfront can be restored through the
introduction of green spaces?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if yes explain…………………………………….
Physical quality of the waterfronts/river belt
18. What do you think of the old buildings and structures located along the
waterfront?
Demolished ( ) Renovated ( ) None ( )
19. Does a bridge which enables pedestrians to cross over the river available and
efficient and safe for pedestrian use?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if yes explain…………………………………….
20. Do footpaths along the river exist?
Yes ( ) No ( )
21. Are the footpaths in good condition?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if yes explain…………………………………….
22. What kind of canopy should be considered offer shade to pedestrians using the
foot path?
Planting trees ( ) building shades over the path with translucent material ( )
23. What are conditions of the access roads to the water front?
Good ( ) Bad ( ) Fair (
)
24. Do the footpaths, bridges and access roads have ramps to support the disabled?
Yes ( ) No ( )
25. What is the state of storm water drainage?
Good ( ) Bad ( ) Fair (
)
Quality of the institutional framework and the management of the water front
26. Who do you think is responsible development along the Nairobi River belts?
National government (
) County government (
) Not sure ( )
27. Do you there are policies that control develop along water bodies?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if yes explain…………………………………….
28. Do you know about land use zoning?
Yes ( ) No ( ) if yes explain…………………………………….
29. Who do you think should be responsible for managing and maintaining the
waterfront?
National government (
) County government (
) Not sure ( )
OBSERVATION CHECKLIST
CHECKLIST
STATE OF QAULITY
POSITIVE IMPACTS
ENVIROMENTAL QUALITY OF THE
WATER FRONT.
I.
Waste management solid
waste and liquid waste
II.
The proximity of the
activities to the river.
III.
Pollution of the Nairobi
River.
IV.
Presence of aquatic life in
the river.
SOCIAL QUALITY OF THE
WATERFRONT
I.
Street infrastructure.
a. Street furniture
b. Skate park
II.
Places for social interaction.
a. open spaces
b. Grey open spaces.
c. Blue open spaces.
ECONOMIC QUALITY OF WATER
FRONT.
iv
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
POSSIBLE MITIGATION
I.
Economic activities both
formal and informal.
II.
Hierarchy of economic
enterprises.
PHYSICAL QUALITY OF
WATERFRONT.
I. Transportation system.
a. Water transport
b. Non-motorized transport.
II. Building structures.
III.
a.
b.
c.
INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES.
Access roads.
Street lighting.
Drainage system.