﷽ UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION SUBMITTED TO: Ma’am Sana Idrees SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Umar Muavia, Shahid Ali Rizwan Bashir, Mohsin Raza TOPIC: “Town Planning” 1-Quotations 3-Uses of Headings 2-Foot notes 4-Bibliography Quotations Definition: “A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written.” For example: John said: “I saw Mary today”. Rules of writing Quotations Rule 1. • Use double quotation marks to set off a direct (word-forword) quotation. “I hope you will be here,” he said. Rule 2. Rule 3. • Always capitalize the first word in a complete quotation, even midsentence. • If a quoted question ends in midsentence, the question mark replaces a comma. Ali said, “The case is far from over, and we will win.” “Will you still be my friend?” Alberta asked. Rule 4 • Use single quotation marks for quotations within quotations. Dan said: “In a town outside Brisbane, I saw ‘Tourists go home’ written on a wall.” Rule 5 • Alignment of quotations is mid of the page ”A city is not an accident but the result of coherent visions and aims.” Quotations on Town Planning ”A city is not an accident but the result of coherent visions and aims.” (Leon Krier, The Architecture of Community) ”The materials of city planning are: sky, space, trees, steel and cement in that order and that hierarchy.” (Le Corbusier) Cont…. “By far the greatest and most admirable form of wisdom is that needed to plan and beautify cities and human communities.” (Socrates) “If you can tell a man by his shoes, you can tell a city by its pavements.” (Rowan Moore) Footnotes Definition: “Footnotes allow an author to guide his or her reader to additional information or further study, without disrupting the flow of the sentence.” Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of a page. They cite references or comment on a designated part of the text above it. Cont… Say you want to add an interesting comment to a sentence you have written, but the comment is not directly related to the argument of your paragraph. In this case, you could add the symbol for a footnote. Then, at the bottom of the page you could reprint the symbol and insert your comment. Here is an example: Use of Heading Q: What is Heading? "A heading is a word, phrase, or sentence at the beginning of a written passage that explains what it's about. A heading is very similar to a title.” Example: Q:Why different heading levels are needed? All right, now we know a heading is there to tell readers what a section is about. Some points are more important than others, so assigning different heading levels is necessary to indicate their significance. The level of a heading should be based on whether the idea is a main point, or a subpoint. Main points all relate to the central argument of your topic. They are like building blocks that move toward your conclusion. Therefore, they need to be clearly visible at first glance. Heading Format Heading Level Format Centered, Bolded, and Title Case Heading 1 For Abstract and Reference List, however, Heading 1 is NOT bolded. 2 Left aligned, Bolded, and Title Case Heading 3 Indented 1.27 cm from the left margin, bolded, sentence case heading with a full stop. Begin body text immediately after heading. Things to remember when writing headings and subheadings Keep headings concise. . Use headings to enhance, not replace Do not overdo it. Bibliography Definition: “ The word bibliography usually means a list of books and articles on a given subject or an author. In literary research the term means "the science of books" and has a wider denotation.” Example: Basic bibliographic information includes title, author or editor, publisher, and the year the current edition was published or copyrighted. Home librarians often like to keep track of when and where they acquired a book, the price, and a personal annotation, which would include their opinions of the book or of the person who gave it to them. We may divide bibliography into four kinds. Historical Bibliography Bibliotheca Bibliography Practical Bibliography Enumerative Bibliography Historical bibliography “Historical bibliography deals with the history of book production which includes the history of writing, printing, binding, illustrating, publishing and selling. “ By a successful use of historical bibliography we determine the date of a text. It is a well known fact that there has been a gradual development in the process of making paper, science of printing and art of writing. The historical bibliography is equally useful in editing a text, determining its authenticity and attributing it to an author. Bibliotheca bibliography “Bibliotheca bibliography helps us locate books and journals in a library. Primarily concerned with library.” Science and history of library it gives an idea about the classification and location of important libraries. Nowadays all modern libraries use the decimal system of classification and arrange cards author-wise and title-wise alphabetically. The reference section is maintained separately and there is the archives where old journals and manuscripts are housed. Enumerative bibliography Enumerative bibliography helps the research student know the books he actually needs. The standard bibliographies, Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature and MLA Bibliography published every year help the student prepare a working bibliography. The other useful source is Books in Print published every year and maintained by every university library. Practical bibliography Practical bibliography is concerned with the methods of work of student and author-reading, research, compilation of notes and bibliography, preparation of the manuscript, typing of the research paper or the thesis.
