Acuna, Shaira Gaile R. BS Psychology 4YB-1 Theorist Name Key Concepts Stages of Development Freudian & Neo-Freudian Era Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis – a movement that popularized the theory that unconscious motives control much behavior. Id – Internal Desires Ego – Balances the Id and Superego. Superego – Tells you what you should do. Oral Stage – Birth to 1 year (EZ: Mouth) Anal Stage – 1 to 3 years (EZ: Bowel & Bladder Control) Phallic Stage – 3 to 6 years (EZ: Genitals) Latent Stage – 6 to Puberty (EZ: Libido Inactive) Genital Stage – Puberty to Death (Maturing Sexual Interest) Individual Psychology – works with an individual as an equal to uncover his values & assumptions. Psychological Types: Ruling, Learning, Avoiding, and Socially Useful Type. Birth Order First Born – prone to perfectionism & need for affirmation. Second & Middle – someone who has a “pacemaker” Youngest & Only Child – maybe dependent & selfish due to always being taken care of. Analytical Psychology Levels of the Psyche – Conscious & Unconscious *Personal & Collective, Archetypes *Causality & Teleology *Progression and Regression Childhood – early morning sun Youth – morning sun Middle Life – early afternoon sun Old Age – evening sun Neurosis – believed that Neurosis resulted from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships. Feminist Psychology – form of psychology centered on social structures & gender. Narcissism – Narcissistic needs & tendencies are not inherent in human nature. Categories of Needs Compliance –moving toward people Aggression – moving against people Withdrawal – moving away from people Alfred Adler Carl Jung Karen Horney Melanie Klein Object Relations Theory (4-6 months after birth) The child’s relation to an object (breast, etc.) serves as the prototype to future interpersonal relationships. Paranoid-schizoid position – the developmental stage of the first four to six months. Introjection & Projection Good & Bad Breast Erich Fromm Harry Sullivan Erik Erikson Humanistic Psychoanalysis He believed life was a contradiction since humans are both part of nature and separate from it. Fromm had a major influence on humanistic psychology. Basic Human Needs Relatedness – Submission/Domination or Love Transcendence – Destructiveness or Creativeness Rootedness – Fixation or Wholeness Sense of Identity – Adjustment to a group or Individuality Frame of Orientation – Irrational goals or Rational goals Individuals' self-identity is built up over the years through Infancy – 0 to 2 their perceptions of how they are regarded by significant Childhood – 2 to 6 people in their environments. Juvenile Era – 6 to 8 ½ Preadolescence – 8 ½ to 13 Different stages during behavioral development correspond Early Adolescence – 13 to 15 to different ways of interacting with others. Late Adolescence – 15 - Erikson maintained that personality develops in a Trust vs. Mistrust – Hope / 0 to 1 ½ predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial Autonomy vs. Shame – Will / 1 ½ to 3 Initiative vs. Guilt – Purpose / 3 to 5 development, from infancy to adulthood. Industry vs. Inferiority – Competency / 5 to 12 Identity vs Role Confusion – Fidelity / 12 to 18 During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial Intimacy vs. Isolation – Love / 18 to 40 crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for Generativity vs. Stagnation – Care / 40 to 65 personality development. Ego Integrity vs. Despair – Wisdom / 65+ Humanistic/Existentialist Authors Key Concepts Carl Rogers Person-centered therapy This type of therapy diverged from the traditional model of the therapist as expert and moved instead toward a nondirective, empathic approach that empowers and motivates the client in the therapeutic process. Six Factors Necessary for Growth Therapist-Client Psychological Contact Client Incongruence or Vulnerability Therapist Congruence or Genuineness Therapist Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) Therapist Empathy Client Perception Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs is one of the bestknown theories of motivation. Maslow's theory states that our actions are motivated by certain physiological needs. Self-actualization – desire to become the most that one can be Esteem – respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom Love and belonging – friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection Safety needs – personal security, employment, resources, health, property Physiological needs – air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction Abraham Maslow Therapeutic Concepts May determined that human beings fear death because we cannot comprehend our own lack of existence. May focused on the concept of freedom as the pinnacle of human existence. Freedom, in May's theory, represents the power to choose and direct one's life. Rollo May May distinguished between anxiety and between normal anxiety and neurotic anxiety. fear, and May carefully pointed out that using the terms “vague” and “diffuse” to describe anxiety should in no way diminish our understanding of the intensity and painfulness that anxiety can bring.
