HO CHI MINH CITY OF TECNOLOGY OFFICE FOR
INTERNATIONAL STUDY PROGRAMS SCHOOL OF
INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
LABORTARY
REPORT
Subject: Green
Instructors: Dr.
M s .
T e c h n o l o g y
L a m
V a n
N g o
T h i
G i a n g
N g o c
L a n
T h a o
Class: CC01
School year: 2021-2022
Group members:
L e
N g u y e n
N g u y e n
C h a u
L a m
T r a n
N g u y e n
M i n h
T h i
T r a n g
T h u y e n
G i a n g
T h u y
-
T h i
H a
-
-
1 8 5 2 8 0 1
1 8 5 2 7 7 4
-
1 8 5 2 0 8 7
1 8 5 2 3 5 1
CONTENTS
C o n t e n t s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t
I n t r o d u c t i o n
E X P E R I M E N T
U S I N G
1 .
2 .
P u r p o s e
I :
M E T H A N E
W A S T E
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I n g r e d i e n t s
2 . 3 .
P r o c e s s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
F i g u r e s
&
P h e n o m e n o n
3 . 2 .
C a l c u l a t i o n
3 . 3 .
D i s c u s s i o n
C o n c l u s i o n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
I I :
A G G R E G A T E
R E P L A C E M E N T
2 .
P u r p o s e
3 .
E q u i p m e n t
I N
A S
P A R T I A L
C O N C R E T E
. . 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
I n g r e d i e n t s
2 . 3 .
P r o c e s s
R e s u l t
U S E D
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 . 2 .
3 . 1 .
4 .
S E A S H E L L S
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
M e t h o d o l o g y
2 . 1 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
E X P E R I M E N T
1 .
B Y
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
E q u i p m e n t
R e s u l t
P R O D U C E D
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 . 2 .
3 . 1 .
4 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i
M e t h o d o l o g y
2 . 1 .
3 .
F O O D
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
F i g u r e s
&
P h e n o m e n o n
3 . 2 .
E v a l u a t i o n
3 . 3 .
R e c o m m e n d a t i o n
C o n c l u s i o n
R E F E R E N C E S
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Green Technology course has helped us have more
knowledge about environmentally friendly approaches.
First of all, we would like to express our sincere thanks to
Ph.D. Lam Van Giang for his professional guidance, for his
enthusiastic
support
and
guidance
during
the
teaching
process, and for allowing us to carry out experiments so
that we can complete this report in the best way. Without
the
teacher's
dedicated
support,
the
experimental
class
could not have a successful end.
In addition, a complete report cannot fail to include the
contributions of all team members. Sincere thanks to the
team members who took the time to research and complete
this report. We would like to thank our teammates who have
always
tried
their
best
and
supported
each
other
in
observing the phenomenon, performing experiments, and
writing this report so that this laboratory course can be
completed and achieve the set goals.
GREEN TECHNOLOGY
LABOTARY REPORT
INTRODUCTION
Greenhouse
gases
and
the
depletion
of
the
Earth
are
increasing day by day. To reduce emissions and materials
that are harmful to the natural environment, solutions in
terms
of
using
environmentally
alternative
friendly
energy
materials
sources
become
a
and
primary
concern. Therefore, we made experiments with the aim of
finding
better
solutions
and
checking
their
feasibility.
Thereby contributing to creating a better living environment
for mankind. We had the opportunity to experiment in the
Green Technology Course with 2 types of experiments.
EXPERIMENT I:
METHANE PRODUCED
BY USING FOOD
WASTE
1. Purpose
The
importance
of
renewable
energy
and
the
demand
for
methane
is
increasing rapidly due to the decline of fossil fuels. Methane (or similar
fossil fuels) can assist in securing energy supplies. Biomethane produced
from bio-flavor are possible possibilities to meet requests. Potatoes are
considered an essential part of the global food chain, making them the
main
source
of
bio-flavor.
Because
the
production
of
potato
plants
produces a large amount of garbage, the question is how to properly
dispose of it. Other waste management methods such as incineration and
pyrolysis cause air pollution problems. Therefore, the purpose of experiment
1
was
to
study
biomethane
production
through
waste
fermentation,
especially potato, and to test the feasibility of this method, determining
whether it is a green method or not.
2. Methodology
2.1. Equipment/ Materials
Peeler
Grinder
Knife
Sample plate
Electronic weight (maximum capacity: 350g)
Graduated cylinder
pH indicator
2.2. Ingredients
Potato (60 grams)
Banana (30 grams)
Water
1
EXPERIMENT I: METHANE
PRODUCED BY USING
FOOD WASTE
2.3. Process
Process of the mixture
Step 1: Peel 60g potato and 30g banana. Remove the skin and discard it.
Step 2: Using the grinder, make a potato-banana combination. To make
the procedure easier, add some water.
Step 3: Pour the mixture out and squeeze the water out of it. Then place
roughly 60g of the mixture in a plastic water bottle.
Step 4: Squeeze the bottle to remove the air and seal the lid.
Step 5: Using a filled graduated cylinder, determine the volume of the
mixture in the container. This technique is repeated over the next two days
to determine the increase in volume of the mixture caused by organic
decomposition. Then storing the mixture in a shaded place for the next
day's measurement
Step 6: The upcoming day, use the same approach to measure the volume
of
the
combination,
recording
the
rise
in
dipping
volume.
it
into
The
a
filled
operation
graduated
is
cylinder
completed
after
and
three
measurements.
Procedure for the sample
Step 1: Take a tiny bit of the above-mentioned 60g mixture and extract a
small amount of sample.
Step 2: Weigh the sample once it has been placed on a plate and using a
pH indicator, determine the pH level of the sample after that.
Step 3: Place the sample in the oven to evaporate any leftover water
material. The sample should then be left overnight.
Step 4:
Remove
the
now-dried
sample
from
the
oven
and
weigh
it.
Compare it to the data from the prior day.
Step 5: Weigh the dry sample by dipping it into a graduated cylinder filled
with water. The operation is completed after the data has been recorded.
2
EXPERIMENT I: METHANE
PRODUCED BY USING
FOOD WASTE
3. Result
3.1. Experiment figures &
phenomenon
Day 1:
Figures of the mixture
pH=6
Volume before = 780 (ml)
Volume after = 880 (ml)
→Δ
V = 100 (ml)
Figures of the sample
Weight before dried = 48.3662 (g)
Weight after dried = 48.8575 (g)
→Δ
m = 0.4913 (g) (wet sample weight)
Day 2:
Figures of the mixture
Volume before = 710 (ml)
Volume after = 860 (ml)
→Δ
V = 150 (ml)
Figures of the sample
Weight before = 48.3662 (g)
Weight after = 48.0613 (g)
→Δ
m = 0.3049 (g) (dried sample weight)
Volume before = 15.8 (ml)
Volume after = 15.96 (ml)
→Δ
V = 0.16 (ml) (dried sample volume)
Day 3:
Figures of the mixture
Volume before = 800 (ml)
Volume after = 950 (ml)
→Δ
V = 150 (ml)
Phenomenon:
− There was bacteria accumulation in the
bottle
− Gas volume on day 2 did not change
3
EXPERIMENT I: METHANE
PRODUCED BY USING
FOOD WASTE
3.2. Calculation
Density = m (mixture) /
Δ V (DAY 1) = 60 / 100 = 0.6 (g/ml)
Moisture = [m (wet sample) - m (dried sample)] / m (wet sample) = [(0.4913
– 0.3049) / 0.4913] x 100% = 37.94%
Theory:
CaHbOcNd + [(4a-b-2c+3d)/4] H2O
b+2c+3d)/8] CO2 + dNH4
C60H94O37N + 75/4H2O
→
→
[(4a+b-2c-3d)/8] CH4 + [(4a-
223/8CO2 + 257/8CH4 + NH3
m (dry sample) = 0.3049 (g) => n = 0.00021472 (mol)
m (H2O) = m (wet sample) - m (dry sample) = 0.4913 - 0.3049 = 0.1864 (g)
=> n (H2O) = 0.01036 (mol)
C60H94O37N + xH2O
0.00021472
→
0.00021472x (mol)
Hydration : x = n (H2O) / n (dry sample) = 48.249
Compare with experiencial result:
46.033 / (75/4) = 2.573 times
2.573C60H94O37N + 48.249H2O
0.00021472
→
71.722CH4 + 82.658CO2 + 2.573NH3 (mol)
5.985x10(-3)
6.898x10(-3)
0.00021472
Volume (gas) = [ 5.985x10(-3) + 6.898x10(-3) + 0.00021472 ] x 22.4 = 0.2934
(ml)
4
EXPERIMENT I: METHANE
PRODUCED BY USING FOOD WASTE
3.3. Discussion
3.3.1. What are the prerequisites needed for a biogas generation process?
Biogas generation (usually an anaerobic process) is a multistep process in which
complex organic (liquid or solid) wastes are gradually turned into low molecular
weight products by various bacteria strains (Esposito et al., 2012). Anaerobic
digestion biogas is a mixture of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and
trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), carbon
monoxide (CO), oxygen (O2), water vapor (H2O), and other gases and vapors
of various organic compounds. Many parameters influencing the operation of an
anaerobic digester were examined and presented due to the intricacy of the
bioconversion processes. Our group discussed with the teacher the final
parameters required for the biogas generation process, which include water,
temperature, and pH scale during the lab work.
a. The temperature
The most ideal temperature for ensuring methanogen activity under natural
conditions is 35 (degrees Celsius). (Cioabla et al., 2012). The methane
manufacturing process is weakened when the temperature lowers or changes
abruptly. When the ambient temperature falls below 10 (degrees Celsius),
methane gas decomposition virtually comes to a halt.
b. pH
The pH of the process also has a significant impact on methane production from
anaerobic digestion. The ideal pH range in an anaerobic digester, according to
Cioabla et al., 2012, is 6.8 to 7.2, while the process tolerance spans from 6.5 to
8.0. When the pH is more than 8 or less than 6, the bacterial group's activity
declines fast.
c. Water
Hydration is another crucial aspect in the creation of biogas. Water is frequently
a necessary component of the process when organic waste is converted into
biogas. Water addition, according to Putri et al., 2012, will improve the quantity
of biogas generated since it supports the two important processes in biogas
generation (hydrolysis and acetogenesis) at a particular level. Overall, humidity
levels of 91.5-96 percent are ideal for the growth of methanogenic bacteria.
When humidity exceeds 96 percent, the rate of decomposition of organic
materials can be slowed; gas generation is minimal.
5
EXPERIMENT I: METHANE
PRODUCED BY USING
FOOD WASTE
3.3.2. What caused the fermentation process to be so slow?
The biogas volume remained constant for two days during our process,
and the sample vial gathered several black batches. This is due to the fact
that we did not remove the potato skin, which contains seeds and dirt,
especially a chemical that may hinder the biological process. However,
biogas
production
will
not
be
fully
halted;
the
process
will
continue,
although at a slower pace.
3.3.3. What factors indicate that fermentation is occurring?
The color of the combination changes to a darker tone, the smell changes,
the pH changes, and so on.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, through this study, we see that methane can be generated
from food waste. All the waste is fruit and vegetable that can be used in
the methane production process. Therefore, this is also a great opportunity
to produce an alternative fuel, which can be used for local purposes such
as cooking, lighting, generating electricity, managing accumulated waste,
and obtaining organic fertilizers. At the same time, waste from our daily
activities is also minimized in the best way through this way, contributing
to reducing the radiation of harmful gases that affect the atmosphere and
substances
that
cause
a
lot
of
pollution.
environmental
problems.
In
addition, using food waste to generate methane helps to reduce many
diseases caused by pollution problems.
6
EXPERIMENT II: SEASHELLS USED
AS PARTIAL AGGREGATE
REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE
1. Purpose
Construction plays an important role in people's lives, from large
public
works
such
as
bridges,
constructions
such
complete
construction,
activities,
the
which
environment,
Therefore,
housing
have
on
efforts
concrete
it
had
especially
great
construction
as
skyscrapers,...
is
a
the
to
are
construction.
indispensable
significant
water
replace
being
made,
use
smaller
However,
for
in
of
namely
to
quarrying
impact
system
the
to
on
the
our
area.
stone
by
in
using
seashells. In this experiment, we tried to replace the sand in the
concrete mix by grinding seashells while the other ingredients
remain the same such as cement, stone, water, etc. Products
from
seashells
can
be
used
as
an
aggregate
substitute
in
concrete. This will help reduce the need for synthetic stone
mining.
2. Methodology
2.1. Equipment
2.3. Process
Step 1: The seashells should be smashed into small
Electronic weight (maximum
pieces by the hammer to make the grinding process
capacity: 350g)
easier.
Grinder
Step 2: Use the grinder to grind the small piece of
Hammer
seashells into sand form to replace the sand in the
Mold
concrete mixture.
Peel
Step 3: Use the peel to mix cement, rock and
Bowl
grinded seashells mixture in a bowl, and slowly add
2.2. Ingredients
water, mix the mixture well.
Cement: 351g
Step 4: Pour the mixture into the mold and let it rest
Water: 175.5 ml
for a day.
Rock: 74.61g
Step 5: Take the product out of the mold the next
Grinded seashells: 38.43g
day.
7
EXPERIMENT II: SEASHELLS USED
AS PARTIAL AGGREGATE
REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE
3. Result
3.1. Figures & Phenomenon
As a result of mixing all the
ingredients
together,
and
letting it rest for a day, a
concrete
obtained
sample
as
shown
is
by
the
following photo.
-> The replacement of sand
with seashell powder does
not affect the quality of the
concrete.
construction,
Therefore,
in
seashells
can
be used to replace sand.
3.2. Evaluation
There is a problem encountered when the concrete sample is finished that is air
bubbles. The higher the number of air bubbles, the lower the quality of the concrete
block. These bubbles are caused by the technique of making the product as well as by
the quality of the raw materials. There are several reasons for this phenomenon. The
first may be due to the chemical reaction of water and cement. In the process of
mixing the ingredients together, the cement and water have released heat to create
air bubbles. In addition, the reason may be because the process of pouring the mixture
into the mold was not compact, making the air bubbles still exist in the mixture. These
errors can be overcome to create a finished product.
8
EXPERIMENT II: SEASHELLS USED
AS PARTIAL AGGREGATE
REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE
Solutions
Vibrating the concrete mix when pouring:
This can help
remove all air bubbles that are present in the mix.
Proper concrete mixing:
Increase concrete mixing time. As
the mixing time is extended, the air and water will break
down in the process. As a result, the concrete mix will be
more homogeneous.
Slower pouring of concrete into the form:
Sometimes a
slow pour can prevent excess air from being trapped in the
concrete while the formwork is being filled.
3.3. Recommendation
There are many studies that show that there are many materials that can replace natural
sand to create concrete such as waste plastic, fly ash, glass crumbs, rock dust,... This makes
all kinds of plastic waste , broken glass bottles, glass windows, and mirrors are reused to
avoid discharge into the environment causing environmental pollution. Besides, it also helps
to avoid the depletion of construction sand in nature.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, the surface of the sample is quite smooth and the structure is quite stable and
tough like a concrete mix using sand. It can be said that seashells can replace sand in
concrete mixes. However, this was only a small-scale experiment with a small sample, so we
cannot conclude whether this process can replace the original concrete production process
on a large scale or not. But this method will help reduce the amount of sand used in the
production of concrete and reduce the risk of depletion of sand resources due to the
development of many related fields. At the same time, the amount of wasted seashells that
we throw away is also significantly reduced.
9
REFERENCES
S
A c h i n a s .
A n a e r o b i c
B a s s a m
A . M .
A .
T a y e h ,
Z e y a d ,
s e a s h e l l s
r e v i e w ,
V o l u m e
c
ơ
d
B i o g a s
D i g e s t i o n
P r o p e r t i e s
“ X â y
2 0 1 9 .
a s
ựng
c e m e n t
t h e
P e e l s
W .
H a s a n i y a h ,
Y u s u f ,
c o n t a i n i n g
p a r t i a l
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f r o m
r e c y c l e d
r e p l a c e m e n t :
C l e a n e r
A
P r o d u c t i o n ,
2 0 1 9 ,
m ô
t r o n g
O l a l e k a n
c o n c r e t e
J o u r n a l
2 3 7 ,
P o t a t o
M o h a m m e d
M o r u f
o f
o f
P o t e n t i a l
h ì n h
c h
ất
ủ
k
ị
t h
ải
k h í
r
t h à n h
ắn
p h â n
s i n h
h o
h
ữu
ạt.”
T a p C h i M o i T r u o n g ,
t a p c h i m o i t r u o n g . v n / n g h i e n - c u u - 2 3
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E f f e c t
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E o ,
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r e p l a c e m e n t
c o n c r e t e .
&
o n
Y i ,
s h e l l
S . - T .
a s
t h e
R e s e a r c h G a t e ;
a n
( 2 0 1 5 ,
A u g u s t ) .
a g g r e g a t e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
T h o m a s
o f
T e l f o r d .
h t t p s : / / w w w . r e s e a r c h g a t e . n e t / p u b l i c a t i o n
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s _ a n _ a g g r e g a t e _ r e p l a c e m e n t _ o n _ t h e _ c h a r
a c t e r i s t i c s _ o f _ c o n c r e t e