Q1. i. a. P and Q implies R. Meaning, if it is hot and it is humid then it implies that it is raining.
b. P Or Q implies R. Meaning, if it is hot or its humid then its implies that it is raining
c. P and Q implies not R. Meaning if it is hot and its humid then its implies that it is not
raining
d. P Or Q implies not R. Meaning if it is hot or its humid then its implies that it is not
raining
e. if Q is equivalent to P, then P implies R.
d. if Q is Equivalent to P then P implies not R.
II. FOR BOTH II AND III
P Q
R
̴
P^Q P˅Q (P˄Q)͢
R
(P˅Q) ͢ R
(P˄Q)͢
̴R (P˅Q) ͢
R
̴R Q ̿ P ͢ Q ̿
R
P͢
1 1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
O
1
0
1 1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1 0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1 0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0 1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0 1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0 0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0 0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
B. Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines
that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions.
AI is a field of study that seeks to explain and emulate/mimic intelligence behaviour in terms
of computational processes.
Two Ingredient Involves:
Representation (the act of presenting our knowledge in computerized form/ computer readable
form)
Reasoning (the act of manipulating knowledge to extract new knowledge from it and use it to
make accurate decisions)
̴R
AI APPLICATION: 1. autonomous planning and scheduling of tasks aboard a spacecraft 2.
Steering driver less car 3. Understanding languages 4.robotic assistants in surgery 5.
Monitoring trade in the stock market to see if insider trading is going on.
Example
Echo was launched by Amazon, which is getting smarter and adding new features. It is a
revolutionary product that can help you to search the web for information, schedule
appointments, shop, control lights, switches, thermostats, answers questions, reads audiobooks,
reports traffic and weather, gives info on local businesses, provides sports scores and
schedules, and more using the Alexa Voice Service.
IMPORTANCE
o
High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and
high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
o
High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because
of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
o
High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.
o
Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
o
Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as
AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products
as per customer requirement.
o
Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a selfdriving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for
security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in
human-language, etc.
CI. The semantics of logic refers to the approaches that logicians have introduced to
understand and determine that part of meaning in which they are interested; the logician
traditionally is not interested in the sentence as uttered but in the proposition, an idealised
sentence suitable for logical manipulation.
Semantics is
the
study
of meaning in formal and natural
languages using logic as
an
instrument. Formal and logical languages are both seen as sets of sentences of which the truth
conditions have to be specified relative to a model, an abstract representation of the world.
CII. Propositional logic (PL) is the simplest form of logic where all the statements are made by
propositions. A proposition is a declarative statement which is either true or false. It is a
technique of knowledge representation in logical and mathematical form.
Example:
a) It is Sunday.
b) The Sun rises from West (False proposition)
c) 3+3= 7(False proposition)
CIII. The Turing Test is a deceptively simple method of determining whether a machine can
demonstrate human intelligence:
If a machine can engage in a conversation with a human without being detected as a machine,
it has demonstrated human intelligence. Alan Turing proposed a simple method of
determining whether a machine can demonstrate human intelligence. If a machine engages
in a conversation with a human how to process the data it has been demonstrated by a
machine, He has proposed the following skills of the test as follows:
The turning judges the conversational skills of humans. According to this test, a computer
program can think a proper response for humans. This test matching the conversational data
from the existing data through an algorithm and back respond to humans.
CIV. Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, focuses on performing a specific task, such as
answering questions based on user input or playing chess. It can perform one type of task, but
not both, whereas Strong AI can perform a variety of functions, eventually teaching itself to
solve for new problems.
2.A.
B. An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors
and acting upon that environment through actuators
•
Performance measure: An objective criterion for success of an agent's behavior
(“cost”, “reward”, “utility”). Performance measure: An objective criterion for success
of an agent's behavior
(“cost”, “reward”, “utility”)
•
Example: automated taxi system
•
Performance measure: Safety, destination, profits, legality, comfort.
•
Environment: City streets, freeways; traffic, pedestrians, weather.
•
Actuators: Steering, brakes, accelerator, horn.
•
Sensors: Video, sonar, radar, GPS / navigation, keyboard
C. Fully observable (vs. partially observable): An agent's sensors give it access to the complete
state of the environment at each point in time.
•
Deterministic (vs. stochastic): The next state of the environment is completely
determined by the current state and the action executed by the agent. (If the environment
is deterministic except for the actions of other agents, then the environment is strategic)
•
Episodic (vs. sequential): An agent’s action is divided into atomic episodes. Decisions
do not depend on previous decisions/actions.
•
Known (vs. unknown): An environment is considered to be "known" if the agent
understands the laws that govern the environment's behavior.
•
Single agent (vs. multi-agent): An agent operating by itself in an environment. Does
the other agent interfere with my performance measure?