H an d o u t
B T 1 8. 1 . 1 a
Your responsibilities under relevant health & safety
legislation
When undertaking an NVQ Level 3
qualification you will be expected to
undertake responsibility for others in
the workplace e.g. monitoring and
reporting on aspects of health & safety
practice.
The Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 is
the overarching legislation that governs
the duties and responsibilities of
employers and employees whilst at
work. This is to prevent people from
being harmed at work by ensuring that
they take the right precautions to
ensure a safe and hygienic work
environment. The Health & Safety
Executive (HSE) has the powers to
enforce health & safety law.
The golden rule of health &
safety legislation:
It is the responsibility of everyone to
work and behave in a safe manner with
due consideration for everyone i.e.
fellow workers, clients and visitors to
the salon.
It is also important that staff are able to
determine what poses a hazard or risk
in the workplace i.e.
A hazard is something with potential to
cause harm
A risk is the likelihood of the hazard’s
potential being realised
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The Acts relevant to safe salon practice
include:
• Workplace (health, safety and
welfare) Regulations 1992 - slipping
or tripping at work
• Control of Substances Hazardous to
Health 1994 (COSHH) - recognising
chemicals which may cause harm
• Manual Handling Operations
Regulations 1992 - preventing injury
by safe working practices when
lifting heavy objects
• Electricity at Work Regulations 1992 regulate safe working practices when
using electrical equipment
• Health & Safety (First Aid)
Regulations 1981 - requirements for
first aid in the workplace
• Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and
Dangerous Occurrences Regulations
(RIDDOR) 1981- procedures for
recording what happens if there is an
accident
• Personal Protective Equipment at
Work Regulations 1992 - importance
of salon dress, aprons and rubber
gloves etc. to protect therapists
• Local Government (Miscellaneous
Provisions) Act 1982 - establishes
bye-laws for local authorities to
license premises and practitioners
to carry out skin piercing and special
treatments such as electro-therapy
and epilation
Ac ti v i ty - (1 o f 3 )
B T1 8.1.1a
Preventing accidents
Under each of the following headings
write how accidents can be prevented
when carrying out electro-therapy
treatments:
• Manual Handling Operations
Regulations 1992 - preventing injury
by safe working practices when
lifting heavy objects
• Workplace (health, safety and
welfare) Regulations 1992 - slipping
or tripping at work
• Electricity at Work Regulations 1992 regulate safe working practices when
using electrical equipment
• Control of Substances Hazardous to
Health 1994 (COSHH) - identify the
hazardous substances present in the
salon
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A cti v i t y - (2 o f 3 )
• Local Government (Miscellaneous
Provisions) Act 1982 - establishes
bye-laws for local authorities to
license premises and practitioners to
carry out skin piercing and special
treatments such as electro-therapy
and electrical epilation
• Health & Safety (First Aid)
Regulations 1981 - requirements
for first aid in the workplace
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B T1 8.1.1a
• Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and
Dangerous Occurrences Regulations
(RIDDOR) 1981 - procedures for
recording what happens if there is
an accident or a notifiable disease
• Personal Protective Equipment at
Work Regulations (PPE) 1992 - the
regulations state that employers
must provide suitable and sufficient
protective clothing and materials
Ac ti v i ty - (3 o f 3 )
Having sufficient knowledge of health &
safety legislation and how it affects the
beauty therapy industry is an essential
requirement for all therapists. It is
important to:
• ensure sound knowledge and skills
when using equipment and
cosmetics through adequate training
and by following manufacturers’
instructions
• ensure safe working practice - good
technique when performing electrotherapy treatments and avoid short
cuts particularly when busy; lack of
concentration through tiredness or
poor attitude to work can lead to
accidents
• ensure that correct procedures are
followed for dealing with accidents
or incidents in the salon
• remain vigilant for the safety and
welfare of all in the salon
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T1 8.1.1a
Notes.
A ct i v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 . 1 b
Salon rules and regulations
Health & safety legislation demands
that employers set out policies on safe
working practice. This will usually take
the form of salon rules and regulations
which are posted on notice boards or
discussed at an employee’s induction.
The job role of salon supervisor may
involve informing staff of salon policies
(rules and regulations) and monitoring
that they are carried out correctly.
Generally speaking policies will follow
health & safety good practice and the
code of ethics for the professional
therapist which can be obtained
through the various professional
organisations.
Make a list of the rules and regulations
you would expect to be enforced in the
salon and briefly explain why.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
Ha n d o u t
B T 1 8. 1 . 1 b
Your responsibilities under the COSHH Regulations
(Control of Substances Hazardous to Health)
The employer is required to regulate
employees’ exposure to substances
that may cause ill health or injury. The
potential risks to all those working in
the salon are assessed through a
process called risk assessment.
Once the risk assessment has been
made instructions for the handling, use,
storage and disposal must then be
made available to all staff with training
if required.
Risk assessment involves making a list
of all the substances used in the salon
or sold to clients that may be
hazardous to health because they may:
Manufacturers will normally supply
risk assessment information relating to their
products in the form of safety data sheets.
• cause irritation
antiseptics/disinfectants
face and body products
Notes.
• burn the skin
disinfectants/sterilising fluid
• give off fumes
sterilising fluid
• cause allergic reactions
sterilising fluids
face and body products
• potential to get into the eyes
sterilising fluid/disinfectants and
antiseptics
facial products
eyelash tints/perms
• flammable
surgical spirit
eau de cologne
sterilising fluid/disinfectants and
antiseptics
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H an d o u t
BT18.1.1c
Your responsibilities for the maintenance of electrical
equipment
It is important to remember that
legislation such as the Electricity at
Work Regulations Act and Health &
Safety at Work Act is in place to protect
everyone in the salon. Faulty electrical
equipment can cause serious injury or
death so it must be monitored,
checked, used and stored correctly.
Manufacturers’ instructions must
always be consulted particularly when
using a new piece of equipment or one
that is unfamiliar. There may be
considerable differences between
manufacturers but most offer their own
certified training courses on how to use
their particular piece of equipment.
As a salon supervisor it is important to
ensure that the following electrical
safety procedures are carried out:
Build a portfolio of these certificates to
show your continuing professional
development (CPD).
• correct handling of the equipment
i.e. switching off at the mains when
not in use
• training in the use of the specialist
equipment e.g. electro-therapy
machines
• visually checking the equipment
before use e.g. leads and plugs in
good condition
• maintaining the electrical equipment
by a ensuring annual checks by a
qualified electrician
• keeping written records of all
equipment tests
• taking faulty equipment out of
service immediately and clearly
labelling as faulty
• ensuring appliances are on a level
and stable trolley or, if free standing,
the casters are stable and easily
moved
• switching appliances off at the mains
and disconnecting when not in use
• ensuring cables and flexes are not
trailing across the floor causing a
hazard where someone might trip
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
H a n do u t - ( 1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.1.1d
Your responsibilities under local authority licensing
regulations
In some counties in Britain a person
performing skin piercing practices or
special beauty treatments and the
premises where it takes place, is
required to register with the local
authority to gain a licence. Not all local
authorities have chosen to adopt these
regulations so you need to check with
your own local authority to see if it
affects you and your business.
The management of Health & Safety at
Work Regulations 1999 requires an
employer to provide adequate training
to ensure that staff can carry out their
work safely and recommends that first
aid is part of that training.
The regulations cover:
Age restrictions
• inspection of premises for
cleanliness
• practitioner and assistant’s hygiene
practices
• cleaning and sterilising instruments
and equipment
• disposal of contaminated waste
The Greater London (General Powers)
Act 1982 requires all premises in the
London boroughs to be registered.
Licensing by the local authority can
cover a range of activities including
epilation and special treatments such
as electro-therapy and massage.
Local authorities are not expected to
assess the treatment techniques used
by the therapist, however they have to
ensure certain levels of
training/competence exist.
The prime function of the Local
Government (Miscellaneous Provisions)
Act is to ensure that no aspects of the
registered business affect the health of
the public or the employees. The local
council representative (environmental
health officer/enforcement officer) can
inspect registered premises to ensure
their suitability, hygiene practices and
training of staff.
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It is important that all staff carrying out
special treatments are very clear about
the following information:
• it is recommended that under 16
year olds have a parent or guardian
present
• the treatment and what it involves
must be fully explained to the parent
or guardian preferably providing
them with a printed leaflet to
reinforce this information
• by signing a consent form prior to
treatment the parent is
acknowledging what the treatment
involves and giving their permission
• a declaration and proof of age can
also be insisted on
Notes.
H an d o u t - ( 2 of 2 )
Preventing the transmitting of infection
• risk of blood borne virus
transmission e.g. hepatitis B and C,
HIV if infection control measures are
not observed
• immunisation against hepatitis B is
recommended for therapists carrying
out any form of skin piercing
treatment. There is no immunisation
for HIV or hepatitis C.
• good personal hygiene practices are
crucial in preventing the spread of
disease
• salon cleanliness and sterilising
measures must be strictly adhered to
Personal protective clothing
• PPE must be worn when required
e.g. surgical gloves to protect from
any contact with body fluid e.g.
blood
• the therapist should wear a salon
uniform that is washable and it
should be changed every day
Disposable paper towels/tissues and
implements
• disposable tissue and cotton wool
must be used to wipe blood spots
not cotton towels
• blood stained materials and sharps
are classed as contaminated waste
and must be disposed of correctly
i.e. following local authority
guidelines
Aftercare advice
• comprehensive aftercare advice is
given to the client and reinforced
throughout the treatment
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B T1 8.1.1d
• provide the client with a leaflet of
basic instructions relating to
aftercare advice in the event of
contra-actions:
- erythema that lasts longer than two
hours
- infection in the form of pustules
- localised swelling and irritation that
lasts longer than two hours
Notes.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.2.1
Preparing and protecting the hands for treatment
Washing the hands is one of the most
important hygiene practices you will
carry out as a beauty therapist so it
must be carried out correctly:
• use hot water and a good liquid
detergent, preferably antiseptic, to
wash the hands
• use disposable towels for drying and
dispose of immediately in a closed
bin
• wash the hands before starting a
treatment, during if required and
immediately afterwards
• wash the hands if it has been
necessary to leave the treatment
room to answer the telephone or
after visiting the toilet
• wash the hands throughout the day
especially after visiting the toilet,
eating food and following cleaning
jobs
• always cover any cuts or abrasions
on the hands with a waterproof
dressing and wear disposable gloves
when appropriate
• if disposable latex or vinyl gloves are
worn they must be disposed of after
each client
Rinsing the hands under the tap is
not good enough to remove microorgansims
that can cause disease. Think of how surgeons
scrub their hands and nails.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
H a n do u t - ( 1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.2.2a
Personal hygiene and presentation
High standards of personal hygiene and
presentation are essential to guard
against cross-infection and to project a
good salon image.
A salon supervisor should monitor
staff’s personal presentation and
hygiene procedures and ensure that all
staff are working to the highest
possible standard:
• Hair must be clean, styled so that it
is off the face and not in contact with
the client or electrical equipment.
• Shoes must be comfortable. Highheeled shoes or very flat shoes,
which do not offer support, are not
recommended. The correct standing
and sitting position for electrotherapy is important to avoid back
pain.
• Salon wear will usually be a uniform
that follows the salon house style.
An overall is essential when working
in the salon to project a clean
hygienic image.
• Fresh breath is important when
working in close proximity with
clients. Cigarettes and spicy foods
containing garlic can taint the breath
and be offensive to the client and
should therefore be avoided. Bad
breath (halitosis) may be caused by
ill health such as stomach disorders.
Brushing the teeth after food and
each night and morning will help to
keep the breath fresh.
• Body odour (BO) is caused by
perspiration becoming stale on the
body or on clothing. A daily shower
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or bath and wearing clean underwear
and salon uniform each day are
essential. It may be necessary to
wash and change more often during
the menstrual cycle or in hot
weather.
• Hands are perhaps one of the most
important indicators of personal
hygiene. The therapist must always
ensure thorough and regular
washing of the hands. Nails should
be short, well manicured and free
from polish. Any cuts or sores on
the hands must be covered with a
waterproof dressing to avoid the risk
of cross-infection.
Notes.
H an d o u t - (2 o f 2)
Use the following checklist to help you
to assess your own appearance and
those you are responsible for:
Personal hygiene and appearance
checklist:
• Is your salon uniform spotless and
neatly ironed?
• Is your hair freshly washed and in a
style which prevents it from falling
over your face during electro-therapy
treatment?
• Are you wearing comfortable shoes
that are smart and not scuffed?
• Are you wearing jewellery that may
come into contact with the client or
equipment?
• Have you brushed your teeth today?
• Did you take a bath or shower before
starting work?
• Are you wearing appropriate makeup?
• Are your nails short and free from
nail polish?
• Did you wash your hands with hot
soapy water and dry them with a
clean or disposable towel before
starting treatment?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T1 8.2.2a
Notes.
A ct i vi t y
BT18.2.2
Salon hygiene practices
List the essential tasks/salon duties
under the following headings to be
carried out to avoid the spread of
infection:
After the electro-therapy treatment
Before carrying out an electro-therapy
treatment
Notes.
During the electro-therapy treatment
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H an d o u t
B T1 8.2.2b
Maintaining standards of hygiene and safety
General salon hygiene
• the floors in the work area must be
cleaned daily and any spills wiped up
immediately to avoid slipping
• all work surfaces must be wiped
down with a disinfectant solution
• cupboards should be neat and tidy,
free from spillages and dust
• salon equipment e.g. couch, stool
and trolley should be well
maintained and wiped down with
disinfectant
• magazines tidied (they should be upto-date and in good condition)
• used coffee cups cleared away and
washed
• food must never be consumed in
treatment areas
• the salon should be a no smoking
area
Before the start of treatment
• wipe the trolley with disinfectant and
cover with disposable paper
• prepare couch with clean linen,
towels and disposable paper
• ensure all body products and
equipment are prepared and at hand
• ensure the trolley is prepared with
sufficient disposable goods i.e.
tissues and cotton wool
• check the electro-therapy equipment
is clean and in good working order
• all waste bins must be covered and
lined with a bin-liner
• check your appearance before
inviting the client into the treatment
room
• store the client’s belongings safely
and securely
• carry out a consultation and check
for contra-indications
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
• ensure the client is positioned
comfortably and is well protected
with towels, headband etc.
• wash hands thoroughly
• collect sterilised tools and equipment
and place in disinfectant until
required
Hygiene during treatment
• cleanse the area to be treated and
check for any restrictions or contraindications prior to starting any
electro-therapy treatment
• wipe up any spillages immediately
• keep the treatment area and the
trolley tidy at all times
• dispose of all waste products directly
into a covered bin lined with a binliner
• use a disposable spatula to dispense
products in pots
• wash hands during the treatment if
required
Hygiene after treatment
• dispose of all waste materials
correctly
• clean all equipment before storing
• wash hands
• prepare the work area and couch
with clean linen, towels and
disposable bed paper ready for the
next client
H an d o u t - (1 o f 2)
BT1 8.2.2c
Methods of sterilisation and disinfection
Definitions:
• sterilisation destroys all
microorgansims using chemicals or
very high temperatures
• disinfection inhibits the growth of
disease causing organisms (except
spores) using chemical agents
• antiseptics are dilute disinfectants
that can be used on the skin
• asepsis means absence of disease
• sanitisation the removal of dirt and
some microorgansims by washing
and disinfecting
Sterilisation methods
The autoclave uses high pressure
steaming reaching 126°C plus. This is
the most effective form of sterilisation
as it kills all microorganisms including
spores. Small metal and heat resistant
implements such as tweezers and
scissors are placed on specially designed
trays over reservoirs of distilled water
and the water is boiled under pressure
for approximately 15 minutes. At the
end of the sterilisation process steam is
released from the autoclave either
manually or automatically to reduce the
pressure and allow the removal of
implements. Care must be taken when
removing the autoclave lid and its
contents to avoid scalding.
Chemical agents are available which,
when diluted, are safe to use in the
salon as sterilising fluids or
disinfectants depending on the dilution.
There are implications for health &
safety under COSHH when handling
these chemicals and risk assessment is
necessary to ensure special safety
precautions are followed.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Many sterilising fluids are unstable and
are made inactive by debris such as
skin particles or too many implements
in the container of fluid at one time.
They therefore need to be prepared
fresh each day and manufacturers’
instructions must be followed to ensure
their correct use.
Proprietary brands of disinfectants can
be purchased for general cleaning of
work surfaces, floors etc. They are
based on chemicals such as quaternary
ammonium compounds (quats) phenol
or carbolic acid or bleach hypochlorite.
All of these substances have
implications for health & safety and
must only be used following the
manufacturers’ instructions.
Antiseptics are chemicals that have
been diluted to enable them to be used
on the skin which will inhibit the
growth of microorgansims e.g. surgical
spirit or proprietary brands such as
‘Milton’ or ‘Dettol’.
A bead steriliser heats tiny glass beads
to a very high temperature and is used
for small metal tools such as tweezers.
It has limitations because of its size and
the amount of equipment it can hold,
including the time taken for sterilisation
to take place. There are also health &
safety risks with an open heat source in
the salon.
Ha n d o u t - (2 o f 2)
UV cabinet is not regarded as a
satisfactory method of sterilisation as
the rays only sterilise the surface they
hit therefore requiring implements to
be turned regularly. The effect is also
dependent on the UV light bulb being
changed regularly and the equipment
being cleaned thoroughly before
placing them into the cabinet as any
dirt or debris will act as a barrier to the
UV light. However, the UV cabinet can
be useful for storing previously
sterilised tools and implements to keep
them sterile until they are needed.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
BT1 8.2.2c
Notes.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.2.3
How to minimise and dispose of waste from treatments
There is a duty under the law to
dispose of contaminated (clinical
waste) legally. Clinical or contaminated
waste is any waste contaminated by
blood or body fluids. This includes
sharps such as micro-lances, needles or
other sharp instruments that are used
to invade the surface of the skin.
Each council office/local environmental
health office has its own specific
guidelines and reference must be made
to your local authority registration
requirements as applicable.
It is also very important to avoid
wastage of products to ensure you are
economical and cost effective.
Local bye-laws require certain waste to
be disposed of in the correct way:
• non-contaminated (miscellaneous
waste) i.e. couch roll, paper towels
etc must be placed in a closed bin
with a bin-liner and disposed of with
the normal rubbish
• contaminated waste must be
disposed of in a separate closed bin
lined with a yellow bin-liner and
collected to be disposed of in
controlled conditions
• sharps must be placed in a yellow
sharps box and collected to be
disposed of in controlled conditions
• chemicals must be diluted with
plenty of cold water before being
flushed down the drain; always read
and follow the manufacturers’
instructions for disposal of chemicals
• check what if any of the waste can be
recycled
The local council will provide you with
a separate bin and yellow liners to
dispose of clinical waste but you may
have to purchase a yellow sharps box
for the disposal of sharps. Incineration
is the best means of disposal and the
local council office will advise on
companies that provide this service.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.2.4
The importance of good posture and positioning
The therapist’s posture during
treatment
• Good posture can convey an
impression of alertness, confidence
and ease but poor posture on the
other hand can lead to health
problems.
• Poor standing or sitting position can
contribute to painful menstruation,
backache and digestion problems.
• Unbalanced postural lines can cause
excessive muscle tension. If one part
is out of line other areas of the body
move to compensate. Leaning over
the client during treatment will cause
pain and tension in the back and
shoulders.
• Round shoulders caused by poor
posture may impair respiratory
capacity. The height of the stool or
bed may need to be adjusted to
avoid bending over.
The client’s positioning during
treatment
• Check if the client suffers from any
back, neck or shoulder problems. If
so, adapt the positioning to suit the
client. Provide additional support
using pillows or rolled up towels if
required.
• The angle of the backrest of the
couch or the pillow may need to be
adjusted for each client when
carrying out treatments.
• Ensure the client is positioned
comfortably and is relaxed before
commencing the treatment to avoid
disturbing the client once the
treatment has started.
• Observe the client’s body language
for signs of discomfort and keep
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
checking that they are comfortable
throughout the treatment.
Notes.
A c t i v it y - ( 1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.3.1
Information recorded for body electro-therapy
List the information that is required on
a client record card for body electrotherapy using the following headings
and state why the information is
necessary.
Reason for information:
§
Body analysis
The Data Protection Act stipulates
that only essential information should be
retained on record cards
Personal details
Reason for information:
Reason for information:
Treatment details
Medical history
Reason for information:
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A c t i v it y - ( 2 o f 2 )
Treatment plan
B T1 8.3.1
Client feedback
Reason for information:
Therapist’s evaluation of the treatment
Reason for information:
Client/therapist’s signature and date
Reason for information:
Reason for information:
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A c t i v it y - ( 1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.3.1
Information recorded for body electro-therapy
Answer Guide
Personal details
Client’s name
Address and postcode
Telephone, home, work, mobile and
email
Date of birth
Occupation
Reason for information:
to identify the client, to be able to
contact in an emergency
Medical history
Doctor’s name, address and phone
number
Reaction to sensitivity test
Anxious or confident
Is the client pregnant or trying to
become pregnant
Allergies
Taking medication
Undergoing medical treatment
Does the client suffer with any of the
following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
contagious skin diseases or disorders
malignant melanoma
recent scar tissue
fillings or bridgework
metal plates, pins or piercing
pacemaker
heart diseases or disorders
high or low blood pressure
history of thrombosis or embolism
diabetes
epilepsy
HIV or AIDS
Hepatitis B
skin lesions such as moles and warts
undiagnosed lumps or swellings
cuts or bruises
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Reason for information:
to check for contra-indications and
contra-actions
Body analysis
Body type
Weight
Height
Areas of adipose tissue
Areas of cellulite skin condition
Areas for improvement
Reason for information:
to treat effectively
Treatment details
Products used
Units used
Duration of treatments
Setting intensities used
Electrodes used
Any special programmes used
Reason for information:
to enable reference to previous
products and treatment to ensure
continuity
Notes.
A c t i v it y - ( 2 o f 2 )
Treatment plan
Treatment chosen and alternative
treatments
Frequency of future treatments
Expected number of future treatments
Recommended retail products for use
at home
General home care advice
Reason for information:
to ensure continuity and the most
effective treatment. To give variety so
that the client does not become bored
with the same treatment
Therapist’s evaluation of the treatment
Reason for information:
to ensure continuous improvement of
the condition and monitor the
effectiveness
Client feedback
Reason for information:
to monitor client satisfaction/
dissatisfaction
Client/therapist’s signature and date
Reason for information:
to verify the information, the client’s
acceptance of the information retained
on the record card and when it took
place
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
B T1 8.3.1
Ha n d o u t
BT18.3.3
The Data Protection Act
Any organisation that keeps
information on record about people
(staff or clients) must:
• register with the Information
Commissioner’s Office
• ensure that all information is
accurate and up-to-date and kept
secure
• restrict access to records to
authorised people
The reason why the Data Protection Act
was introduced was to protect people
from the possible results of inaccurate
or out of date information being held
on them – this can affect a person’s
credit rating, medical treatments or
employment opportunities.
It is your direct responsibility to ensure
that:
• clients’ personal details are not
disclosed to an unauthorised person
• the information is adequate, relevant
and not excessive
• the information is accurate and kept
up-to-date
• they access the information on the
record card for the purposes relating
only to the business
You have no right to access the
information unless it is essential to allow you
to provide beauty services to the client and
that you must ensure that personal
information is not mishandled or misused in
any way.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
If you are aware of a breach of the Act
and take no steps to prevent further
breaches then you will be held equally
responsible in any claim for
compensation.
You should be cautious about sending
information through the internet as not
all countries have data protection
legislation. There are increasing cases
of the identities of people being cloned
and false claims being made in a
person’s name.
Be aware of individuals who pose as
§ agencies who charge companies for data
protection registration. There is no requirement
to register with anyone other than the
Information Commissioner.
Ha n d o u t
Treatment/services times
It is important for salons to have
distinct times set for treatments and
services so that:
• the treatment carried out is
commercially viable i.e. profitable
• commercial salons must remain
profitable by working to scheduled
time allocations for different services
while providing an environment that
is professional, welcoming and that
makes the client feel relaxed and
unhurried, even if the therapist is
under pressure
• the salon owner/manager can
calculate costs of treatments and
offer a realistic rate of commission
to the therapist
• by allocating specific times for a
treatment, an efficient appointments
system can be maintained
• the operation of an efficient
appointments system ensures that
clients are not kept waiting
• the best use is made of salon time
and successful planning of salon
resources is possible
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
BT18.3.4
A ct i vi t y - (1 o f 4)
B T1 8.3.5a
Effective communication and consultation techniques
Complete the boxes below by stating the reasons for obtaining the information
from clients during the client consultation and what type of communication skills
would be used to acquire this information.
1. The client’s personal information e.g. name, address, telephone number,
email, fax and occupation
2. Medical history including any present medication taken, doctor’s name and
address
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i vi t y - (2 o f 4)
B T1 8.3.5a
3. Contra-indications, precautions and allergies
4. Client’s lifestyle, general state of health, general state of mind etc
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty - (3 o f 4 )
B T1 8.3.5a
5. Client’s needs and expectations from the treatment, amount of free time and
money available to spend on treatments
6. Body analysis
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty - ( 4 o f 4 )
B T1 8.3.5a
7. Records of treatments carried out, products used, progress made, problems
encountered
8. Date and time of treatment and who carried out the treatment, money spent,
products purchased, samples given out
9. Home care/aftercare instructions given
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A c t iv i t y
B T 1 8. 3 . 5 b
Case study
Mrs Briton arrives at the salon a little late for her appointment. She was unable to
find a space to park and has been rushing.
She appears anxious, which during the consultation you find out is due to having
to place her mother in a Residential Care Home. She visits her every day,
sometimes twice a day and also works part time.
She has come to the salon for treatment to help her relax and treat the after effects
(dry skin) of an outbreak of eczema.
Answer the following questions:
What questions will you ask to gain information from the client about the dry skin
condition?
What could be the cause of the outbreak of eczema?
State three ways that you can ensure the client has a relaxing body treatment?
What treatment will you use to relax the client before applying electro-therapy?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.3.7
Client referral
It may be necessary to refer clients to
other services within the salon or to
recommend that they seek advice from
other professionals such as their GP.
If the therapist establishes contraindications that would prevent the
treatment from being carried out they
have a responsibility to refer the client
as appropriate:
• If there is any doubt about a
condition, the therapist is well
advised to refuse to treat the client
until the condition has cleared or the
doctor gives permission.
Only the medical profession are
qualified to diagnose and treat medical
conditions.
Procedure for referral
• The salon should have a policy on
referral to ensure that all staff follow
the same procedure.
• A full consultation to check contraindications must be given before
commencing all treatments.
• The therapist must be able to
recognise skin conditions and
diseases. It is important to recognise
any infectious disease before
treatment has commenced. There
may be conditions present which
contra-indicate any further treatment
or it may be that the treatment can
be adapted to avoid the area that
presents a contra-indication.
• Never attempt to diagnose a
condition.
• Clients should be informed of any
contra-indication. The therapist can
recommend that the client visit their
doctor or other medical professional
as appropriate.
• Referral must be handled in a
manner which is sensitive and
reassuring.
• It is the responsibility of the client to
seek medical advice and provide a
letter giving permission for a specific
treatment. The letter must be
attached to the record card for future
reference.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
Ha n d o u t
B T 1 8. 4 . 1 a
The relationship between height, weight and body type
Height, weight and body type are
factors used to assess if a person’s
weight fits within what is considered to
be the acceptable range of their height
and body type.
If a person is small, it will not guarantee
they will weigh less. A small person may
be small and petit or small and sturdy
with a high proportion of muscle bulk
and muscle weighs heavier than fat.
Charts have been devised that attempt
to give acceptable weight ranges and
they work on Body Mass Index (BMI)
To find a person’s BMI, the following
equation is calculated:
Weight (kg)
Height (m) x Height (m)
e.g.
62kg weight =
62
1.67 x 1.67
2.78
This example gives a body mass index
of 22
This figure can then to be fitted into the
following categories:
Body Mass Index
Less than 20
20 --24.9
25 – 29.9
30 – 39.9
40+
=
=
=
=
=
Underweight
Suitable weight range
Overweight
Very overweight
Obese
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
A cti v i t y
B T 1 8. 4 . 1 b
The relationship between, height, weight and body type
Work in pairs to calculate each other’s
Body Mass Index (BMI) using the
following guidance:
• Record height in metres
To measure a person’s height you
can either use a height measure or
measure them against a wall; either
way ask the person to remove their
shoes and stand with their back to
the measure or the wall.
The person should relax and look
straight ahead.
Either make a mark level with the top
of their head, on the wall and then
measure how far this is from the
floor, or lightly rest the measure on
the client’s head and then ask them
to step away so you can read the
level just below the measure.
• Record weight in kilograms
A normal household pair of weighing
scales, digital weighing scales or the
traditional balancing weighing scales
can be used. Weigh as accurately as
possible. It is important that the
same scales are used for future
weighing to ensure an accurate
reading.
• Now apply the equation shown in
Handout BT18.4.1a to work out each
other’s body mass and refer to the
body mass index to see if you fit into
an acceptable weight range.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
Act i v i ty
B T 1 8. 4 . 2 a
Identifying different body types
Body types are classified according to their shape (orph means shape).
Briefly describe the build of a person represented by the following three shapes:
Ectomorph
•
•
•
•
Endomorph
•
•
•
•
Mesomorph
•
•
•
•
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A cti v i t y
B T 1 8. 4 . 2 b
Identifying different body types
Identify body types using the following
information and by looking at
characters in magazines.
Look at the pictures that you have been
given and analyse the body types.
Write down what body type or
combination of body types you think
the person in each picture has and why.
A combination of the body types that
cross the three main groups and show
characteristics of three or more are
named with the one that is most
predominant.
An ecto-mesomorph – a person who is
generally tall and thin but with some
muscle development.
A meso-ectomorph – a muscular
sporty looking person who is tall and
quite thin, leaner and less bulky.
An endo-mesomorph – is short and
quite rounded, but with some muscle
development.
A meso-endomorph – is muscular
and fit looking but a little shorter and
rounded than the typical athlete.
Now identify your own body type and
that of a partner
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.4.3
Assessing muscle tone and muscle strength
Assessing muscle tone is not assessing
muscle strength.
To assess muscle tone:
• make a visual check of the client’s
muscles while checking their posture
• feel the client’s muscles by palpating
in areas such as the abdomen, upper
arms or upper thighs as appropriate
Good muscle tone is when the muscles
remain in a state of partial contraction
when they are not in use.
Poor muscle tone is when either the
muscles go into full relaxation when
they are not being used i.e. they are
very loose and soft and do not hold
their shape.
Tension will give muscle tone. When
the muscle is over contracted and
forming tension spots, nodules or
spasm, which is usually from over-use
or misuse e.g. the trapezius will
commonly feel taught and knotted in
many clients because of stress or
nervous tension. Pain or stiffness may
result.
Muscle strength is the force by which
the muscle can work against a
resistance.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
To assess muscle strength:
• make a visual check of the client’s
muscles while checking their posture
• simple tests will give an indication of
the strength of a muscle group:
abdominals - ask the client to
perform a sit up with legs bent
legs - ask the client to lie on their
back to perform a leg raise slowly
lifting one leg and holding in the
raised position
Regular exercise and movement is the
best way to establish good muscle
tone. A balanced workout for all the
muscles of the body at regular intervals
will give flexibility, reduce tension,
strengthen muscles giving tone to the
muscle prevent both of the above
happening.
Loose muscles will become firmer
when contracted and the over
shortened muscles will lengthen again
when they are exercised and stretched.
Notes.
H an d o u t
B T 1 8. 4 . 4 a
Assessing body fat
Assessing body fat by testing the skin
folds with body callipers:
• body fat can be measured using skin
callipers; this is often called skin fold
measuring or testing
• the skin callipers are used to
compress the flesh of different body
areas to give a reading of the
proportion of body fat
• this technique is considered to be
quite accurate only giving a variable
range within a 3-5%
• unfortunately the results become
less accurate when working with
obese clients
How to carry out the skin fold reading
with the callipers:
• grasp the flesh in the chosen area
firmly between the thumb and
fingers
• place the callipers on the flesh 1cm
away from the fingers (do not
measure at the base of the skin fold,
it gives a higher reading)
• allow the callipers to clamp the skin,
while still holding the skin
• take the reading after 1-3 seconds,
no longer or the tissue will compress
under the force and give a lower
reading
• read the dial to the nearest 0.5mm
• retract and remove the callipers and
then release the skin
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Two measurements should be taken for
each area, if the variation of the two
readings is more than 1cm then a third
reading should be taken and an
average of the three figures used.
Do not always work on the same
spot as it can become painful.
Notes.
H a n do u t - ( 1 of 2 )
B T 1 8. 4 . 4 b
How to assess body fat
• always take recordings from the same side of the body to reduce variables
• the skin should be dry and not greasy when being measured with the skin
callipers
• do not perform the tests when the body is hot or immediately after exercising
• the test for the female does not involve the measurement of the chest
Triceps
Relax the right arm at the side of the body,
measure the mid point with the callipers vertical
Subscapular
With the arms down by the sides, measure a
diagonal fold of flesh at the base of the inner
corner of the scapula on the right
Trapezius - chest (not on women)
Measure a diagonal fold of flesh,
half way between the nipple and the axilla
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t - (2 o f 2)
Abdomen
Measure a vertical fold of flesh
3cm to the right of the navel
Suprailium
Measure a diagonal fold of flesh in
line with the angle of the right iliac
crest just above the bone
Thigh
Measure a vertical fold of flesh
taken in the middle of the right thigh
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T 1 8. 4 . 4 b
A ct i vi t y
BT18.4.4
Using the information and diagrams from Handouts BT18.4.4a and BT18.4.4b work
in pairs to assess each other’s body fat by testing the skin folds with body callipers
and record the results on the chart below:
Working on the right side
Name:
Name:
Triceps
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Subscapular
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Trapezius - chest (male clients only)
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Abdomen
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Suprailium
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Thigh
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.4.4c
Types of body fat
Soft fat:
• soft to the touch, loose and flabby
• caused by overeating, weight gain,
hormonal influences and a lack of
exercise
• can be found anywhere especially in
obese people
• mainly found under the skin, round
the kidneys and other organs and
behind the eyes in specific endocrine
disorders
Hard fat:
• firm and hard to the touch
• soft fat can develop into hard fat
over time
• can be found anywhere
• mainly found on the hips, thighs
and buttocks of females and the
abdomen of males
Cellulite:
• firm but uneven to the touch
• gives a dimpled appearance
• caused in the same ways as soft and
hard fat, plus a lack of water in the
diet, too many toxins, alcohol, poor
diet, poor elimination and hormonal
change
• mainly found on the hips, thighs and
buttocks
• the name was first given by the
Swedes and quickly adopted by the
French. British doctors do not
readily accept cellulite as a condition
in the same way as the beauty
therapy industry
• very difficult to lose with weight
reduction, often found on people
who are not overweight
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Women have a higher rate of
fat to muscle than men.
Fat helps to provide support, insulation, energy
and protection.
Notes.
H an d o u t
B T 1 8. 4 . 4 d
Assessing fluid retention
When checking for fluid retention
certain parts of the body will show
signs of swelling (oedema) such as the:
• hands
• feet and ankles
• over the sacrum at the base of the
back
Fluid retention is present when the skin
and underlying tissue leaves a
depression when firmly pressed with
the fingers.
Normal swelling can occur around the
ankles if a person is standing for long
periods of time e.g. a shop assistant or
a therapist. Fluid retention is also
common before menstruation in the
female and affects the abdomen and
breasts.
Other causes of fluid retention
(oedema) include:
• too much salt in the diet - processed
foods
• insufficient drinking water
• allergies
If a person does not know the
possible cause of fluid retention and has not
had the problem before they should seek
medical advice as it can be a sign of other
more serious health problems.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
H an d o u t
Assessing posture
Before checking the client’s posture
ensure they are wearing underwear.
Check that the head is level, the
shoulders are even height and that the
nipple line, Iliac crests and the top of
each patella are all level.
Lateral view
• stand the client next to the plumb
line for a lateral view
• the head should be level and facing
straight forward
• lateral – plumb line should fall:
- through middle of ear
- through middle of shoulders
- just behind the hip joint
- just in front of the knee joint
- just in front of the ankle
Anterior view
• stand the client with the plumb line
in front of them for an anterior view
• the head should be level and facing
straight forward
• anterior – plumb line should fall:
- straight down the middle of the
body cutting it in half
Posterior view
• stand the client with the plumb line
behind them for a posterior view
• the head should be level and facing
straight forward
• posterior – plumb line should fall:
- straight down the middle of the
body cutting it in half
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T 1 8. 4 . 5 a
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 4 . 5 a
Assessing posture
Assess the posture of another person in
the group and record the information
below
Posterior view
Lateral view
Notes.
Anterior view
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t
B T 1 8. 4 . 5 b
Good posture
Good posture is maintained by good tone of the anti-gravity muscles: to maintain
maximum efficiency and minimum effort in how the body is held and moved.
Head and shoulder level. Trapezius
Scapula level and an
even distance from
spine and not
protuding.
Pectoralis
and
Trapezius
Arms hang comfortably Biceps
and evenly.
Spine looks straight from
the back and has the
correct curvesfrom the side.
Flat abdomen.
Arch not too hollow in
the back.
Buttocks not protruding
too far.
Gluteals
Legs and knees straight
and even.
Rectus
Femoris
Gastrocnemius
Feet equal, facing
forwards.
We maintain good posture by the nervous system subconsciously adapting the
muscular system in relation to impulses received from the eyes, ears, skin and
muscles.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.4.5c
Body posture
Problems of poor posture
• tight pectoral muscles and weakness in the trapezius muscle
e.g. rounded shoulders
• reduces lung capacity
• reduces oxygen intake
• bust line drops
• abdomen protrudes
• reduces efficiency of the digestive system
• reduces rate of blood flow
• reduces strength of vertebral column
• impairs balance
• causes certain muscles to work overtime
Benefits of good posture
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
breathing with full lung capacity
good oxygen intake
the figure looks better and the person looks taller
increases a person’s self-esteem
good digestive functioning
good blood circulation
good strength in vertebral column
better balance
muscles share workload, less chance of fatigue
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Act i v i ty
B T 1 8. 4 . 5 b
Postural deformities
Research the following postural deformities and state their cause characteristics
and appearance using diagrams:
• scoliosis
• kyphosis
• lordosis
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty - (1 o f 2 )
B T 18 . 4 . 5 b
Postural deformities
Answer guide
Scoliosis
Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the
spine
From a posterior view the spine forms
an ‘S’ shape with the thoracic region
usually being the worst affected and
then the lumbar region as the body
tries to align itself again.
The right side of the body can look
quite different to the left as one side
over develops and the other under
develops.
There are varied causes of scoliosis,
ranging from repeatedly carrying heavy
bags on the same shoulder to uneven
leg lengths and in the worst cases the
baby being born with a curved spine.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Kyphosis
Kyphosis causes an exaggerated
posterior curve in the thoracic
vertebrae, ranging in severity from very
round shoulders to a hunched back.
As the thoracic cage curves more
forwards the lung capacity is reduced
and the general problems of poor
posture listed on Handout BT18.4.5c
become more apparent.
Kyphosis can begin with a person
standing with very poor posture or in
the worst cases can be congenital.
Ac ti v i ty - (2 o f 2 )
Lordosis
Lordosis is an exaggerated anterior
curve usually affecting the lumbar
spine or in some cases the cervical
spine.
Minor cases can be the results of poor
standing posture i.e. pushing the
stomach or neck forwards, severe cases
are congenital. When the lumbar
region is pushed forwards the anterior
tilt of the pelvis is increased and the
stomach protrudes forwards.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T 18 . 4 . 5 b
Notes.
A ct i vi t y
BT18.4.6
Skin types and their characteristics
Provide information about the different skin types in the boxes provided:
Dry
Combination
Sensitive
Mature
Dehydrated
Blemished/Congested
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i vi t y
B T1 8.4.6
Skin types and their characteristics
Answer guide
Provide information about the different skin types in the boxes provided:
Dry
Rough to the touch and dull in appearance. Flakey patches of skin may be evident.
Combination
Can be a combination of any skin type but is usually a combination of oily and
normal or oily and dry.
Sensitive
Can be rough to touch, usually dry and dehydrated, prone to broken capillaries,
can feel hot and tender and turns blotchy easily. May be the result of a skin
condition e.g. eczema or psoriasis or it could be the result of an allergic reaction.
Mature
The skin is drier and dehydrated due to less sebum. It becomes thinner as
adipose tissue is reduced. Pigmentation becomes irregular and gathers in clumps
and the skin colour is more uneven. The skin is loose due to less elastin and
prone to crepeyness.
Dehydrated
Skin lacks moisture and feels rough to the touch. Any skin type can become
temporarily dehydrated if any of the following occur: exposure to too much UV, ill
health, medication, poor diet, high alcohol intake, lack of drinking water, central
heating or if skin products used are stripping the skin of its moisture e.g. shower
gels, soap etc.
Blemished/Congested
Skin can develop spots, blackheads and blemishes but the condition may be
temporary. Congestion is often easier to feel than see as blemishes start beneath
the skin.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i vi t y
BT18.5.1
Client’s lifestyle
List the aspects of a negative lifestyle and consider how this could limit the
effectiveness of electro-therapy treatment.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.5.1
Recommendations for a healthy lifestyle
Ultraviolet exposure
UV is considered to be the most ageing
factor to the skin. Recommend Sun
Protection Factors (SPF) in skin care
products and make-up.
Stop smoking
Smoking reduces the oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood, which has knockon effects to the skin, plus the many
additional health hazards.
Get enough sleep
Most people need at least 7–8 hours
per night.
Try avoid stress
Will all affect each system in the body
and this will and emotional upset
be reflected in the appearance of the
skin.
Keep to a healthy diet
Five pieces of fresh fruit or vegetables
per day.
Keep the level of animal fat and
saturated fats low. Carbohydrates
should form the bulk of the diet, then
protein, then fat. Keep to regular meal
times, try to avoid eating late at night
or overeating. The average daily male
intake is 3000 calories and the average
female intake is 1500 calories.
Make time for rest
Allow the body and mind time to calm
down and and relaxation re-establish
balance.
Take regular exercise
A little and often is recommended to
increase heart rate and stimulate the
circulation and respiration.
Control alcohol
Up to 31 units per week for males.
intake Up to 15 units per week for
females.
This should be spread out over the
week.
Be aware of posture
Ensure the client makes frequent
checks throughout the day to align their
posture and correct any imbalances.
Control intake of tea/coffee
Keep these drinks to a minimum due to
the caffeine content, avoid the use of
sugar and full fat milk if possible.
Notes.
Control intake of fizzy drinks
The possible sugar and caffeine content
and the carbonated gas are not good
for the digestive system or the teeth.
Drink plenty water
3 litres of still water are recommended
daily.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t
How ageing affects the body
As we age very often our lifestyle
changes and the combination of the
effects has knock-on effects to the
systems of the body.
The following information is very
general. In this day and age people are
often doing everything in their power
to defy the aging process and want to
prolong their life expectancy but others
may fall into the following categories:
• generally less active – more time to
rest, less rushing around
• less exercise – less physical aerobic
activity
• changes in posture – after
performing the same job for years
and repeating the same activities, the
body takes on the easiest and most
comfortable position. people also
stand and sit differently if they have
aches and pains
• poor diet and less intake of food - the
wrong balance of nutrients, eating at
the wrong times or eating less
• possible increase in toxin intake –
including high amount of animal fat,
sugar, salt, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine
and possible side effects to
medication
• sleep patterns change – when people
are less active in the day they need
less sleep at night, but this would
have been the prime time for their
body to rest and repair
• decrease in the rate of cell
metabolism - cell growth and
renewal slows down
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
BT18.5.2
A c t i v it y - ( 1 o f 3 )
B T1 8.5.2
How ageing affects the body
Using the changes caused by ageing
from Handout BT18.5.2 describe briefly
how they affect the different body
systems.
Heart and blood circulation
Skeletal system
Notes.
Muscular system
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A c t i v i t y- ( 2 o f 3 )
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Notes.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T1 8.5.2
A c t i v it y - ( 3 o f 3 )
Excretory system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Notes.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T1 8.5.2
A c t i v it y - ( 1 o f 3 )
B T1 8.5.2
How ageing affects the body
Answer Guide
Skeletal system:
• generally less active and less
exercise:
the joints become stiffer with less
range of movement
the posture changes
• changes in posture:
the spine tends to curve forwards
the standing and sitting positions
change
• less intake of food possibly leading
to poor diet:
a lack of vitamin D and calcium leads
to weaker brittle bones
• increase in toxin intake:
the system functions less efficiently
• sleep patterns change:
the system functions less efficiently
• decreased rate of metabolism:
slower cell repair and renewal
Muscular system:
• generally less active and less
exercise:
muscles become weaker with poor
tone
the posture changes
• changes in posture:
some muscles become contracted
and short, while others weaken and
lengthen, this changes the standing
and sitting posture
• less intake of food possibly leading
to poor diet:
if there is not enough protein in the
diet there will be less muscle repair
and development
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
• increase in toxin intake:
the system functions less efficiently
• sleep patterns change:
the system functions less efficiently
• decreased rate of metabolism:
slower cell repair and renewal
Heart and blood circulation:
• generally less active and less
exercise:
slower rate of circulation and slower
venous return
rise in blood pressure
• changes in posture:
due to the way the body tends to
curve forwards the blood flow slows
down more
• less intake of food possibly leading
to poor diet:
less iron for the haemoglobin in the
red blood cells
• increase in toxin intake:
the system works less efficiently
• sleep patterns change:
the system works less efficiently
• decreased rate of metabolism:
slower cell repair and renewal
A c t i v it y - ( 2 o f 3 )
Lymphatic system:
• generally less active and less
exercise:
sluggish circulation
fluid retention
• accumulation of toxins and waste in
the body
reduced immunity
• changes in posture:
poor posture will slow down the
speed the lymph flows, leading to
possible fluid retention
• less intake of food possibly leading
to poor diet:
leads to the accumulation of more
toxins
increase in toxin intake:
as above
• sleep patterns change:
the system works less efficiently
• decreased rate of metabolism:
slower cell repair and renewal
Digestion:
• generally less active and less
exercise:
less appetite and often crave the
wrong foods
• changes in posture:
reduces the space for the digestive
organs and so tends to slow the
normal functioning down
• less intake of food possibly leading
to poor diet:
the system works less efficiently
the craving for the wrong foods
becomes worse
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B T1 8.5.2
• increase in toxin intake:
the system works less efficiently
store more toxins in the liver
• sleep patterns change:
the system works less efficiently
• decreased rate of metabolism:
slower cell repair and renewal
Respiratory system:
• generally less active and less
exercise:
reduced oxygen supplies to the body
shallow breathing due to less
exertion and poor posture
• changes in posture:
reduces the lung capacity making the
breathing more shallow
• less intake of food possibly leading
to poor diet:
the system works less efficiently
• increase in toxin intake:
if the toxin is nicotine this will lead to
dramatic damage to the respiratory
organs
• sleep patterns change:
people can become breathless if tired
• decreased rate of metabolism:
slower cell repair and renewal
A c t i v it y - ( 3 o f 3 )
Excretory system:
• generally less active and less
exercise:
sluggish elimination of waste,
particularly solid matter
• changes in posture:
can lead to sluggish elimination as
the action of peristalsis slows down
due to the restricted space for the
digestive organs
• less intake of food possibly leading
to poor diet:
if there is a lack of roughage in the
diet, elimination will slow down and
become more difficult
• increase in toxin intake:
the elimination of toxins will slow
down
• sleep patterns change:
the system works less efficiently
• decreased rate of metabolism:
slower cell repair and renewal
the whole system will slow down
Endocrine system:
• generally less active and less
exercise:
the system functions less efficiently
the body’s ability to burn up
adrenaline is reduced
in the female the menopause brings
about distinct changes in the body
• changes in posture:
the system functions less efficiently
• less intake of food possibly leading
to poor diet:
most hormones are made from
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T1 8.5.2
protein; if there is less protein
available, less hormones will be
produced
• increase in toxin intake:
the system will function less
efficiently
• sleep patterns change:
the system will function less
efficiently
• decreased rate of metabolism:
this is caused by the endocrine
system not producing as much
thyroxin and triiodothryronine
Nervous system:
• generally less active and less
exercise:
the rate nerve impulses conduct
round the body can slow down
co-ordination and movement are less
accurate and slower
• changes in posture:
the system functions less efficiently
• less intake of food possibly leading
to poor diet:
the system functions less efficiently
• increase in toxin intake:
the system functions less efficiently
• sleep patterns change:
people’s mood and outlook can
change if they are tired
• decreased rate of metabolism:
slower cell repair and renewal
mental processes slow down
Ha n d o u t
Erythema and its causes
Normal erythema
Notes.
This is a temporary reddening of the
skin caused by dilation of the
superficial blood capillaries.
The rate of blood flow is increased by
an internal or external stimulus such as:
• massage - external
• nervousness/anxiety - internal
When the stimulation ceases the
redness will fade.
Abnormal erythema
This is caused by an allergic reaction or
inflammation causing the blood to rise
to the surface to enable the white blood
cells to fight infection or induce a
histamine reaction.
The erythema may last for some time
and may require medical treatment if
accompanied with severe irritation,
pain and swelling.
How to stimulate the circulation to
cause erythema:
• warmth from heat treatments e.g.
sauna
• friction from touch e.g. massage
• electrical stimulation to the blood
supply using an electrical current
e.g. galvanic
• exercising increasing circulation
and body temperature
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BT18.5.4
A ct i v i ty - (1 o f 2)
BT18.5.5
The effects of electro-therapy on the body
List briefly the different effects that body electro-therapy treatments can have on
the following systems of the body:
Muscles
Skin
Blood circulation
Skeletal
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i v i ty - (2 o f 2)
Lymphatic
Nervous
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
BT18.5.5
A ct i vi t y
BT18.5.5
The effects of electro-therapy on the body
Answer guide
Muscles
• increases blood and lymph circulation to bring fresh supplies of oxygen and
nutrients in and waste products out
• the muscles will relax as tension is eased
• reduces aches and pains
Skin
• desquamates the surface of the skin
• the stimulation of lymphatic circulation will cleanse the skin from beneath
• stimulates cell metabolism (growth and renewal)
Blood circulation
• the circulation is increased superficially with some treatments and more deeply
with others
• increase in circulation brings oxygen and nutrients to the organs and tissue
Skeletal
• eases aches and pains
• releases stiffness in joints improving mobility
• improves posture
• stimulates the blood flow to the skeleton stimulating cell metabolism
Lymphatic
• stimulates the flow of the lymph and the drainage to the nodes
• speeds up the removal of toxins and waste products from the body
• reduces fluid retention and oedema
• stimulates excretion of water
Nervous
• soothes, calms and relaxes the nerve endings or invigorates and stimulates the
nerve endings depending on the treatment
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.6.1
Environmental conditions
The environment in the room must be conducive to the treatment. This will create
the right atmosphere to help the client to relax and maximise their enjoyment of
the treatment.
Use the following checklist to ensure you have addressed all environmental
conditions:
Lighting
Can you see sufficiently to do the treatment?
Is light shining straight into the client’s eyes?
Can the light be used to create a mood or atmosphere to
relax the client e.g. candles?
Is daylight or artificial light preferable?
Can the lighting be easily controlled using a dimmer
switch?
Heating
Is the salon warm enough for clients to undress?
Is the salon warm enough for clients lying on the couch to
feel comfortable?
Is the salon a suitable temperature for the therapist to
work in?
Ventilation
Is it possible to open windows to allow fresh air in and the
air in the salon to circulate without causing a draught?
Does the salon need artificial air conditioning?
General comfort
and safety
Is there anything the client might trip on?
Are there any sharp corners or objects the client might
catch themselves on?
Are there any strong smells that may upset the client e.g.
nail products?
Is there enough room for the client and therapist to move
around?
Privacy
Is the work area private and quiet?
Can other people hear your conversations?
Hygiene
Is the work area clean?
Is there a wash basin in the treatment room?
Is there a toilet/shower available in close proximity?
Other
Add to the handout from class discussion:
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H an d o u t - (1 o f 2)
BT18.6.2
Treatment planning
Ask yourself the following questions
when carrying out a client consultation.
It will help you to gain information
from the client and help you to put
together a realistic and effective
treatment plan:
• What are the main reasons for the
client attending for treatment?
• What are the client’s expectations
from the treatment?
• How quickly does the client expect to
see a result?
• What electro-therapy treatment(s)
will suit the client’s needs?
• How frequently does the treatment
need doing to help the specific
condition?
• How often should the treatment be
given?
• How much time and money can the
client commit?
• What is the least number of
treatments that can be given to
achieve a result?
• Are there any restrictions to the
treatment?
• What home care routine should the
client follow?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Also consider the following points:
• Establish the possible causes of the
condition to be treated and how long
it has been a problem. This may
affect how quickly the electrical
treatment can improve the condition
e.g. cellulite reduction.
• The client’s lifestyle and diet at home
plays a large part in the appearance
of certain conditions e.g. how much
water they drink, how balanced their
diet is and how much exercise they
are doing.
• Take account of the fact that the body
shape and skin type may be
influenced by hereditary factors.
• Consider the home care routine the
client is following and the products
they use. Do you need to advise the
client to use alternative or additional
products to enhance the treatment
programme?
• The time and money the client is
prepared to give to the treatment.
The frequency of salon visits can
affect treatment results. If there is
too much time between
appointments the benefits can be
lost and it will waste time and
money.
• Ensuring the chosen treatment is
appropriate to treat the condition and
takes account of contra-indications
and restrictions.
H an d o u t - ( 2 o f 2 )
A thorough assessment of each client
will enable you to devise a treatment
plan that meets each client’s needs and
expectations.
For a treatment to be effective the
treatment plan must be constantly reviewed
and updated.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
BT18.6.2
A ct i vi t y
BT18.6.2
Case study
Miss A has a blemished, congested skin
on her shoulders and upper back which
is oily and there are some papules.
She has mentioned the problem to her
doctor who thinks the condition is
hormonal.
What treatment will you recommend
and why?
In three months time Miss A is going
on a holiday of a lifetime to a
Caribbean island with her fiancé and
will be spending a lot of time in bathing
suits and strappy dresses.
Miss A is 36 and works full time and
does not have a lot of spare money,
however she is very keen to see a
result.
Miss A can attend for treatment no
more than once a week but is quite
happy to use a home care regime and
products to work on her skin at home.
What is the ideal treatment plan for
eight weeks and why?
Answer the following questions:
What is Miss A’s motivation?
What home care regime should she
follow?
How could a hormone imbalance affect
the results of the treatment?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H an d o u t
B T1 8.6.3
How to prepare yourself and the client for treatment
Carry out the following prior to the
client’s arrival:
Begin the treatment by:
• carrying out safety checks
Work area;
• chair/stool, trolley and couch to be
clean, tidy, fully set up and safely
positioned
• products to be refilled, cleaned and
attractively presented
• equipment to be safely positioned
and have all the necessary
appliances fitted, dials set at zero
with the mains current off
• tools to be cleaned and sterilised
• bin to be emptied, new liner in place
and covered with a lid
• establish a good source of ventilation
and a comfortable temperature for
the client to relax
• consider the ambience of the
treatment area – lighting, aromatic
burners etc.
Yourself:
• check your appearance:
clean uniform, hair tidy and away
from the face if long, make-up
freshly done, clean hands, short
unvarnished nails and a final check
for body odour and fresh breath.
Cleaning the teeth after meals and
using body spray will ensure there
are no unpleasant odours when
working in close proximity of the
client. Remove any jewellery
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• asking the client to remove
necessary clothing and provide a
clean gown
• asking the client to remove all
jewellery and ensure it is stored
safely
• storing, hanging or folding the
client’s clothing so the treatment
area is free from clutter
• positioning the client on the couch
ensuring they are comfortable and
covering as necessary
• adjust the position of the couch to
ensure that both you and the client
are positioned correctly
• place the headband or other
protective hair covering onto the
client
• wash your hands ready to begin
• check for contra-indications or
treatment restrictions
Ha n d ou t - ( 1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.6.5a
Preparing the skin for electro-therapy
Cleansing
Small areas of the body can be wiped
down with antiseptic solution. For a
full body treatment the client should be
offered a shower.
Exfoliation is not desirable before
all electro-therapy treatments as it can be too
stimulating for some skin types prior to the
further stimulation from the electro-therapy.
Reasons for cleansing the skin, to:
Preheat treatment
• remove surface dirt and make-up
from the skin
Reasons for preheating the skin:
• help remove dead skin cells from the
stratum corneum
• ensure the skin is clean and clear so
it is able to readily absorb products
• ensure the electrical current used in
electro-therapy treatments will be
more effective and maximum effect
is gained
Exfoliating
Reasons for exfoliating the skin, to:
• remove in-ground dirt and make-up
from the skin
• desquamate dead skin cells from the
stratum corneum and stimulate cell
metabolism
• increase the quantity the skin can
absorb by reducing the barrier put
up by the accumulation of dead skin
cells
• reactions from electro-therapy
treatments will be more thorough
due to the fact the skin has been
deep cleansed/exfoliated
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• warming the skin with a preheat
treatment before carrying out some
of the electro-therapy treatments will
increase the effectiveness of the
reactions. The client will relax when
warm; muscles will contract more
easily when they are warm and the
skin is less resistant to the
conduction of an electrical current
Notes.
Ha n d ou t - ( 2 o f 2 )
• for some electro-therapy treatments
the skin should not be
overstimulated before the treatment;
in these situations avoid heat
treatments
Product application
Reasons for applying products:
• to gain maximum treatment results
i.e. ozone cream/oxygenating
emulsion used in direct high
frequency have a germicidal effect
• to lubricate the skin and allow the
free movement of the electrodes
over the skin
• applying products with the correct
polarity for the current will increase
the treatment effects
Always follow manufacturers’
instructions on the choice and amount of
product to be used.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T1 8.6.5a
Notes.
Ha n d o u t
B T1 8.6.5b
Reactions to the body from heat
The skin’s reaction to heat
Skeletal system
• stimulates rate of blood flow
• increases supply of oxygen (O2) to
the skin and removal of carbon
dioxide (CO2)
• increases supply of nutrients to the
skin
• speeds up removal of waste products
• the rate of blood flow to the bones is
increased stimulating the
metabolism of the cells and soothing
aches and pains
Stimulates rate of lymph flow
• increases removal of waste, toxins
and congestion from the skin
• increases removal of any excess
fluid/oedema in the skin
• cleanses skin from beneath
Stimulates nerve endings
• the
the
• the
are
warmth invigorates and soothes
nerve endings
client feels more relaxed as they
warmed
Stimulates muscle tissue
• muscles relax and lengthen so
reducing muscle tension
• the extra blood flow through the
muscle will reduce any
accumulations of lactic acid
Stimulates cell metabolism
• all the reactions occurring inside the
cells of the skin speed up thus
improving the condition and
appearance of the skin
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
A c t i v it y - ( 1 o f 2 )
B T1 9.6.5
Preheat treatments
Write brief notes on the method of applying each of the following heat treatments
to the body:
Heat treatment
Sauna
Warm towels
Infrared
Shower
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Method of application
A c t i v it y - ( 2 o f 2 )
Heat treatment
Thermal masks
Manual massage
Steam bath
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B T1 9.6.5
Method of application
A c t i v it y - ( 1 o f 2 )
B T1 9.6.5
Preheat treatments
Answer Guide
Heat treatment
Sauna
Warm towels
Method of application
A sauna produces dry heat that causes
the body to perspire.
Treatment should last 30 to 36 minutes
with spells of relaxation or showers
every 10 minutes depending on the
client’s tolerance to heat.
The sauna is a unit or cabin made of
wood, usually pine that is heated by a
stove to up to 110°C.
Towels soaked in hot water and rung
out. Moist towels heated in a steam
cabinet. Damp towels heated in the
microwave.
Shake the towel before use and test
the temperature of it on your inner
arm before placing on the client’s
body. This method is only suitable for
heating small areas.
Infrared
Turn the lamp on 5 minutes before use
facing it away from the client, then
position it at a 90o angle to the client
approx 50-60 cm away from the area
of the body to be treated. This
treatment is often used on the back.
Shower
The client can control the temperature
of the shower and if it is a power
shower they will also be able to
control the force with which the water
hits the body. The more stimulating
the jets of water the more warming the
shower is to the body as it stimulates
the circulation. The client may want a
shower cap to protect their hair.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A c t i v it y - ( 2 o f 2 )
B T1 9.6.5
Heat treatment
Method of application
Thermal masks
(Including paraffin wax)
Apply proprietary brands of thermal
mask according to the manufacturers’
instructions. Ensure the mask is fully
removed before proceeding with the
electro-therapy treatment.
This is only appropriate for small areas
of the body like the upper back, hands
and feet.
Manual massage
Steam bath
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Manual massage stimulates the blood
flow through the tissues, so mildly
warming the area.
The massage can be carried out after
a shower or heat treatment using
mainly effleurage to avoid
overstimulating the skin.
Make sure the massage medium if
used is fully removed before
proceeding with the electrotherapy treatment.
A steam bath or shower room uses
vapour heat. The bath allows the
client’s head to be free which can be
particularly useful if the client does not
wish to spoil their hair or the client is
claustrophobic. The temperature in the
steam bath is between 46-60°C and has
similar effects to a sauna.
H a n d ou t - ( 1 o f 5 )
B T1 8.6.7a
How to recognise contra-indications which prevent
treatment
Epilepsy
A brain disorder where some of the electrical
impulses in the sufferer are abnormal and can lead
to fits.
Reason not to treat:
External electrical stimulus may trigger an attack.
Contagious skin
diseases
A communicable skin disease transmitted by
contact e.g. impetigo.
Reason not to treat:
on the client’s skin.
Will pass to the therapist or other clients or spread further
Dysfunction of the
nervous system
Abnormal or impaired functioning of the nervous
system.
Reason not to treat:
Electrical stimulation may make the condition worse or
prevent the client from having normal skin sensation,
which is essential when applying an electrical current.
Heart disease/
disorders
Abnormal or impaired functioning of the heart.
Reason not to treat:
Electrical stimulation may aggravate the condition.
Pacemaker
A small medical device, fitted just under the skin
of the chest wall, with wires that pass into the
myocardium of the heart to pass an electrical
stimulus, causing the heart to beat at a pre-set
rhythm.
Reason not to treat:
The electrical currents that the electro-therapy machines
work on can affect the settings in the pace-maker and so
the client’s heart beat.
Malignant melanoma
A cancerous growth of melanocytes which in the
absence of effective treatment will spread from
the skin into the body.
Reason not to treat:
Electro-therapy treatments stimulate the blood circulation
and cell metabolism which could speed up the spread of
the tumour.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H a n do u t - ( 2 o f 5 )
B T1 8.6.7a
Botox
Botulinum Toxin Type A is a protein produced by bacteria
that is injected into specific muscles to temporarily block
the release of acetylcholine, which would signal the
muscle to contract. If the muscle cannot contract, the line
or wrinkle it causes on the skin plumps out e.g. for frown
lines.
Reason not to treat:
If the facial muscles that have been temporarily paralysed
are stimulated by electro-therapy, it reduces the life span
of the botox, so making the lines and wrinkles come back
more quickly.
HIV
Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus, which destroys the T
lymphocytes of the immune system, this can progress into
Syndrome).
Reason not to treat:
This is a contagious condition, passed through the mixing
of body fluids. May be subject to salon policy as in normal
circumstances body fluids are not exchanged during
treatment.
Recent scar
tissue
Recently formed connective fibrous tissue produced in the
skin due to a recent wound.
Reason not to treat:
A recent scar will not be as strong as the surrounding skin
and may reopen if aggravated. Scar tissue does not
respond in the same way as healthy skin to most electrotherapy treatments.
Hepatitis B
A viral infection carried in the body fluid that will damage
the liver.
Reason not to treat:
This is a contagious condition passed through direct and
indirect contact with body fluids.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t - (3 o f 5)
B T1 8.6.7a
How to recognise contra-indications that restrict
treatment
Diabetes
A deficiency of, or over secretion, of insulin. The body
cannot store glucose or glycogen and the person may
have hyper or hypoglycaemic attacks as their blood sugar
level dramatically rises or falls. Some forms of diabetes
can be controlled by the diet but others will need
injectable insulin.
Reason not to treat:
External stimulation to the circulation and metabolism of a
diabetic can have an effect on their blood sugar level
causing them to become hyper or hypoglycaemic. Also
some diabetics develop reduced skin sensitivity.
Adaptation
Treat with doctor’s permission.
Many diabetics can test their insulin level quickly and
easily and administer their own injection in the salon if
need be. Providing the client recognises how their own
body feels throughout and after the treatment and their GP
gives consent the therapist can proceed with care.
High/low blood
pressure
The pressure of the blood on the vessel walls as the heart
pumps. The blood pressure reading is the systolic pressure
from the left ventricle in systole and the diastolic pressure
as the ventricle fills in diastole. An average blood pressure
for a healthy young adult would be 110-130/60/80mm Hg.
Hypertension is 140/90mm Hg- high blood pressure.
Hypotension is 110/60mm Hg - low blood pressure.
Reason not to treat:
External stimulation to the circulation of blood may cause
the blood pressure, which is already unstable, to move
further to the extreme,
Adaptation
If the client has high or low blood pressure but it is
controlled with medication and has remained steady for
some time, with consent from the GP the therapist can
proceed with caution.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t - (4 o f 5 )
B T1 8.6.7a
History of thrombosis
With thrombosis a blood clot has formed in the or
embolism vessel even though the body does not require it.
The clot causes the body problems and possible
discomfort as it causes an obstruction to the normal flow
of blood. Blood clots do sometimes move on and if they
obstruct the heart, lungs or brain can be fatal. An
embolism is an obstruction in a blood vessel that is
usually a thrombus, but can be fat cells, malignant cells,
amniotic fluid, gases, bacteria and parasites.
Reason not to treat:
Any stimulation to the flow of blood through the vessels
could cause the blockage to move on, if it is taken to the
heart or brain it can be fatal.
Metal pins or plates
Metal in the body will attract and conduct any electrical
currents introduced to the body. If the metal is in or near
to the area to be treated the current will be attracted
directly to it and will collect there, possibly causing it to
heat up and move a little which can cause pain and
discomfort.
Reason not to treat:
The heating or movement of the pin or plate could cause
pain or discomfort.
Adaptation
Providing the pin or plate is far away from the area to be
treated and the current is not on a high setting the
therapist can proceed with caution. Check at regular
intervals that the client is comfortable and has no
sensations in or around the pin or plate.
Medication
Some forms of medication may be life supportive and very
finely balanced which external stimulation may upset.
Other forms of medication may be trying to cause a certain
reaction or change in the body that external stimulation
may interrupt.
Reason not to treat:
Preventing the medication doing what it is intended for
or if the medication sensitises the client’s skin.
Adaptation
The therapist must have consent from the client’s GP
or whoever they see most regularly i.e. their hospital
specialist, to say that it is safe to proceed with care
without affecting the client’s medication.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H a n d ou t - ( 5 o f 5 )
B T1 8.6.7a
Pregnancy
Particularly in the first trimester (three months) of the
pregnancy, the foetus is more vulnerable and the
hormonal levels in the body can be more unpredictable,
any form of outside stimulus is undesirable. As the foetus
grows so the amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the
baby is increased.
Reason not to treat:
The electrical current will be attracted to the salty water of
the amniotic fluid and would collect there so harming the
foetus. After the first three months of the pregnancy some
electro-therapy treatments can be used on pregnant
clients, but it is recommended that only the ones that do
not transmit the current through the client be used.
Piercing
Most jewellery for body piercing is metal and would react
in the same way as with metal plates and pins.
Reason not to treat:
The same as for metal plates and pins.
Adaptation
If the metal jewellery can be removed from the piercing it
is safe to proceed with the treatment providing the pierced
skin is not broken.
Anxiety
Some of the electro-therapy treatments make peculiar
noises likened to those you would hear at the dentist.
Often it is either the sound of the machine or the thought
that the treatment uses an electrical current that makes
clients anxious.
Adaptation
By carefully explaining and demonstrating the machine
and treatment to the client you may be able to allay their
fears. If the client needs the treatment and understands
the benefits they are more likely to try it.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H a n do u t
B T 1 8. 6 . 7 b
Contra-indications and conditions that require
modification of treatment
These are usually local conditions,
which means that the area can be
avoided during the treatment:
•
•
•
•
recent scar tissue
localised bruising
varicose veins
moles and warts or unknown skin
lesions
• sunburn
• severe bites/stings
Note carefully any unusual skin
conditions such as:
•
•
•
•
erythema - reddening of the skin
swelling - oedema
lesions
lumps and unusual swelling
Abdominal treatment should be
avoided during menstruation and
pregnancy.
Electrical treatment would not be
suitable for a client who is very thin or
very elderly.
Temporary conditions
Many skin disorders of a nervous origin
will benefit from treatment so,
providing they are not too severe, the
treatment can be adapted (permission
from a doctor is required e.g. psoriasis,
eczema).
If the client arrives for treatment with
the following temporary conditions
electro-therapy treatment should not be
applied :
• high temperature
• feverish
• under the influence of alcohol or
certain drugs/medication
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
If the client is undergoing medical
treatment that is for a known period of
time, it should be possible to plan for
treatment to continue with written
consent from a doctor once medical
treatment has finished.
• chemotherapy
• radiotherapy
• other treatments for cancer
It might appear that there are
many conditions that contra-indicate electrotherapy. However, it is the skill of the
therapist in adapting the treatment to meet
the needs of the client at the time of the
appointment that is important.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.7.1
How to prepare and the equipment and products for
treatment
An initial overall check should be made
of equipment each time before it is
used for such things as:
•
•
•
•
loose wires or leads
no trailing wires
damage to the casing of the machine
all dials are switched off or set at
zero
• placing the equipment on a suitable,
stable surface
• ensuring there is no water near to
the machine
• testing the machine is in good
working order before the client
arrives
A qualified electrician must test
electrical equipment annually.
Each machine in the electro-therapy
range will use different electrical
currents and different treatment
products to create different results.
Check all the products required have
been refilled, containers cleaned and
put in place ready for the treatment.
During certain electrical treatments
the therapist becomes part of the circuit and
so should not let any part of their body come
into contact with the metal parts of furniture.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.7.2
Use and limitations of products used in treatments
The specific benefits of each
product will be covered in the individual
electro-therapy sessions
Shelf life
As products get older their ingredients
become ineffective or sometimes
become rancid and stale. In the best
case the product will not provide
beneficial effects on the skin. In the
worst case it may cause an adverse
skin reaction.
Storage
Airtight containers are required to
ensure oxygen, moisture and
microorgansims cannot contaminate
the product. These must be stored in
cool, dark surroundings. Oxygen,
moisture, light and heat will all reduce
the effectiveness of the ingredients in
the product. Microorgansims such as
bacteria may cause infection.
Manufacturers’ instructions
It is essential that the method of
application recommended by the
manufacturer is adhered to including
the amount of product to be used and
how long it is left on the skin to avoid
skin reactions.
Dispensing products
Use clean spatulas and brushes. Never
put fingers into pots of product as this
introduces bacteria that may cause
infection. Mixing different products by
not using a clean brush or spatula can
reduce the effectiveness of the product.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
The ingredients of most products used
in the salon will only absorb into the
surface layers of the epidermis and so
are only working while they are on the
skin.
There are some ingredients however
that can be absorbed, with the help of
an electric current, down to dermis
level. Anything that reaches dermis
level will be able to stimulate the living
tissue so increasing the benefits to the
skin and tissues e.g. certain hormones,
essential oils, some vitamins,
liposomes and nanosomes.
Notes.
A ct i v i ty - (1 o f 2)
BT18.7.3
The general procedure for sterilisation and disinfection
Complete the missing words in the
following information:
Definitions
• sterilisation …………..… all
microorgansims using chemicals or
very high temperatures
• disinfection ……………….the growth
of disease causing organisms (except
spores) using chemical agents
• antiseptics are
…………………disinfectants that can
be used on the skin
• asepsis means absence of
……….……………………that can
cause disease
• sanitiser is a substance that ……….…
the growth of microorgansims
Sterilisation methods are very harsh,
using high temperatures such as
boiling or strong chemicals.
Sterilisation therefore is not suitable for
many materials.
The skin cannot be sterilised without
using special chemicals such as iodine,
which would not be suitable for salon
use.
Unless items have been sterilised and
vacuum packed, such as gamma
irradiation of needles, they can easily
be contaminated by organisms which
are carried in the air or found on work
surfaces etc.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Sterilisation methods
1. ………………..uses high pressure
steaming reaching 126°C plus. This
is the most effective form of
sterilisation as it kills all
microorgansims including spores.
Small metal and heat resistant
implements such as tweezers and
scissors are placed on specially
designed trays over reservoirs of
distilled water and the water is
boiled under pressure for 15
minutes. At the end of the
sterilisation process, steam is
released from the autoclave either
manually or automatically to reduce
the pressure and allow removal of
implements.
2. Chemical agents are available which,
when diluted, are safe to use in the
salon as sterilising fluids or
disinfectants depending on the
dilution. There are implications for
health & safety under ……………….
regulations when handling these
chemicals and risk assessment is
necessary to ensure special safety
precautions are followed.
Chemicals used include:
Gluteraldehyde e.g. “Cidex”
70% alcohol - ethyl alcohol or
isopropyl alcohol
Act i v i ty - ( 2 o f 2 )
3. Many sterilising fluids are unstable
and are made inactive by
……..……………. , …………and
…………….. They therefore need to
be prepared fresh each day and
manufacturers’ instructions must be
followed to ensure their correct use.
4. Gamma radiation is a method used
by manufacturers to sterilise ……….
………………..in sealed packets.
5. Proprietary brands of disinfectants
can be purchased for general
cleaning of work surfaces, floors etc.
They are based on chemicals such as
quaternary ammonium compounds
(quats) phenol or carbolic acid or
bleach hypochlorite. All of these
substances have implications for
health & safety and must only be
used following the manufacturers’
instructions.
6. Antiseptics are chemicals that have
been diluted to enable them to be
used on ……. ..………. they will
inhibit the growth of microorgansims
e.g. surgical spirit or proprietary
brands such as ‘Milton’ or ‘Dettol’.
7. A bead steriliser heats tiny glass
beads to a very high temperature
and is used for needles and small
tools such as tweezers. It has limited
effect because of the time taken for
sterilisation to take place. There are
also health & safety risks with an
open heat source in the salon.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
BT18.7.3
8. ..……………………… is not regarded
as a satisfactory method of
sterilisation as the rays only sterilise
the surface they hit therefore
requiring implements to be turned
regularly. The effect is also
dependent on the bulb being
changed regularly.
Implements must be thoroughly
……………… before sterilising or
disinfecting to remove skin debris or products.
Notes.
A c t i v it y - ( 1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.7.3
The general procedure for sterilisation and disinfection
Answer guide
Missing words in bold text:
Sterilisation methods
Definitions
1. Autoclave uses high pressure
steaming at around 126°C. They have
a limited use in the salon as only
small metal implements can be
sterilised and may carry risks of
scalds or burns if not used correctly.
It is an ideal method of sterilisation
for tweezers, scissors and other
small metal tools and implements.
• sterilisation kills all microorgansims
using chemicals or very high
temperatures
• disinfection inhibits the growth of
disease causing organisms (except
spores) using chemical agents
• antiseptics are diluted disinfectants
that can be used on the skin
• asepsis means absence of
microorgansims that can cause
disease
• sanitiser is a substance that reduces
the growth of microorgansims
Sterilisation methods are very harsh,
using high temperatures such as
boiling or strong chemicals.
Sterilisation, therefore is not suitable
for many materials
The skin cannot be sterilised without
using special chemicals such as iodine,
which would not be suitable for salon
use.
Unless items have been sterilised and
vacuum packed, such as gamma
irridation of needles, they can easily be
contaminated by organisms which are
carried in the air or found on work
surfaces etc.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
2. Chemical agents are available which
when diluted are safe to use in the
salon as sterilising fluids or
disinfectants depending on the
dilution. There are implications for
health & safety under COSHH
regulations when handling these
chemicals and risk assessment is
necessary to ensure special safety
precautions are followed.
Chemicals used include:
Gluteraldehyde e,g “Cidex”
70% alcohol - ethyl alcohol or
isopropyl alcohol
3. Many sterilising fluids are unstable
and are made inactive by skin scale
and dirt and debris They therefore
need to be prepared fresh each day
and manufacturers’ instructions must
be followed to ensure their correct
use.
4. Gamma radiation is a method used
by manufacturers to sterilise
epilation needles in sealed packets.
A c t i v it y - ( 2 o f 2 )
5. Proprietary brands of disinfectants
can be purchased for general
cleaning of work surfaces, floors etc.
They are based on chemicals such as
quaternary ammonium compounds
(quats) phenol or carbolic acid or
bleach hypochlorite. All of these
substances have implications for
health & safety and must only be
used following the manufacturers
instructions.
6. Antiseptics are chemicals that have
been diluted to enable them to be
used on the skin. They will inhibit
the growth of microorgansims e.g.
surgical spirit or proprietary brands
such as ‘Milton’ or ‘Dettol’.
7. A bead steriliser heats tiny glass
beads to a very high temperature
and is used for needles and small
tools such as tweezers. It has limited
effect because of the time taken for
sterilisation to take place. There are
also health & safety risks with an
open heat source in the salon.
8. Ultraviolet light is not regarded as a
satisfactory method of sterilisation as
the rays only sterilise the surface
they hit therefore requiring
implements to be turned regularly.
The effect is also dependent on the
bulb being changed regularly.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T1 8.7.3
Implements must be thoroughly
washed before sterilising or disinfecting to
remove skin debris or products.
Notes.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.7.3
Methods of sanitising and sterilising body electro-therapy
equipment
Wash the tool or piece of equipment with hot soapy water to remove dirt, skin
debris and products. Washing can involve submerging the item in hot soapy water
but take care not to submerge electrodes with electrical wiring. Wipe these over
with hot soapy water or disinfectant. Discard of any disposable items.
These are general cleaning guidelines. It is important to always follow manufacturers
cleaning instructions if provided.
Method of cleaning used for each individual item
High Frequency
Wash the electrode in hot soapy water without
submerging the electrode. Wipe over with disinfectant or
a chemical sterilising solution. Make sure the top part of
the electrode that is metal is not submerged in the
solution.
Galvanic
Wash the galvanic pads in hot soapy water after removing
the leads. Wash and rinse thoroughly the latex pads to
ensure all chemicals from the treatment are removed. The
latex will deteriorate if not washed.
Wipe the saturator with disinfectant.
Faradic type unit
This electrode cannot be submerged in a chemical as it
has wires running through it. Wipe with hot soapy water
and and/or disinfectant.
Microcurrent
Discard any disposable items. The remaining part of the
hand-held electrodes can be treated like the galvanic
electrodes, as above. Any other forms of electrodes e.g.
gloves should be wiped down with disinfectant.
G5
The heads can be washed with hot soapy water and wiped
with disinfectant. Apply a light dusting of talc to prevent
the heads becoming sticky.
Vacuum suction
Wash ventouses in hot soapy water to remove skin debris
and oil. Submerge the ventouse in a sterilising solution.
Sterilised and disinfected electrodes
can be stored in the UV cabinet until ready
for use.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Activity- (1 of 4)
B T1 8.7.5a
Possible contra-actions and how they should be dealt with
Read the following and research the causes of each of the contra-action.
State the treatments most likely to cause the following contra-actions and briefly
explain the causes.
Condition
Description
Action
Chemical burn
• chemical burn
• rinse with plenty cool
• painful condition
water
• result can be temporary or
• seek medical attention
permanent marking of the skin • record in accident book
depending on how bad the
initial burn was
Cause:
Condition
Description
Bruising
• trauma to skin through excess • cold compress
pressure or force causing
• record in accident book
internal blood leakage
• can appear immediately
or come on over time
• a temporary discolouration of
the skin and pain proportionate
to severity of bruising
Cause:
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Action
Activity- (2 of 4)
B T1 8.7.5a
Condition
Description
Action
Excessive
erythema
• overstimulation of the skin
producing some sensitivity
• the skin will become: red, hot,
may swell and may feel sore
• a temporary reaction that
should fully clear, but can
leave some telangiectasia
• if skin is repeatedly
traumatised it becomes more
sensitive and intolerant to
substances put on it
•
•
•
•
cold compress
calamine lotion
aloe vera
record in accident book
Cause:
Condition
Description
Action
Allergic
Reaction
• the skin reacting against
chemicals in a product or
from a reaction to a treatment
• the histamine produced by the
skin may cause: stinging,
itching, blotchiness, a rash,
swelling and a raise in the
skin’s temperature
• a temporary reaction, but the
degree of skin change will affect
the speed at which it recovers
•
•
•
•
Cause:
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
cold compress
calamine lotion
aloe vera
in the worst cases,
antihistamine medication
from the GP
• record in accident book
A c t iv i t y - ( 3 o f 4)
B T1 8.7.5a
Condition
Description
Action
Muscle fatigue
• over-use or misuse of muscles • rest
• stiffness, possible cramp, build • reduce length of and
up of lactic acid and soreness
strength of future
or aching in the muscle
treatments
• a temporary change in the
muscle that is unlikely to
cause any change in the
appearance of the skin
Cause:
Condition
Description
Fainting
• reduced blood flow to the brain • put the head between the
and fall in blood pressure
knees, or elevate the feet
• increase the supplies of
fresh air to the person
• loosen any restrictive
garments
• if repeatedly fainting or
taking a while to come
round call an ambulance
• record in the accident
book
Cause:
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Action
Ac ti v i ty - (4 o f 4 )
B T1 8.7.5a
Condition
Description
Irritation
• overstimulation of the skin
• cold compress
• the irritation may cause the
• reduce strength of future
skin to: sting, itch, feel hot
treatments or do not repeat
and swell
• a temporary change in the skin
Cause:
It is important to record all
contra-actions on the client’s record card.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Action
A ct i vi t y - (1 o f 4)
B T1 8.7.5a
Possible contra-actions and how they should be dealt with
Answer guide
Condition
Description
Action
Chemical burn
• chemical burn
• rinse with plenty cool
• painful condition
water
• result can be temporary or
• seek medical attention
permanent marking of the skin • record in accident book
depending on how bad the
initial burn was
Cause:
A chemical burn due to too much alkali (sodium hydroxide)
being allowed to accumulate on the skin. If the therapist
holds the galvanic electrodes still on the face or neck for too
long the build up of chemical will burn the skin. This is a
painful condition that will mark the skin and in the worst case
the skin may become broken and prone to infection.
Condition
Description
Action
Bruising
• trauma to skin through excess • cold compress
pressure or force causing
• record in accident book
internal blood leakage
• can appear immediately
or come on over time
• a temporary discolouration of
the skin and pain proportionate
to severity of bruising
Cause:
Trauma to the skin due to excess pressure or force being
applied and causing rupture of capillaries and blood spillage
within the skin. This is most likely if the suction level is set
too high in vacuum suction treatment or the therapist is too
rough with the client’s skin during any electrical treatment.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty - ( 2 o f 4 )
B T1 8.7.5a
Condition
Description
Action
Excessive
erythema
• overstimulation of the skin
producing some sensitivity
• the skin will become: red, hot,
may swell and may feel sore
• a temporary reaction that
should fully clear, but can
leave some telangiectasia
• if skin is repeatedly
traumatised it becomes more
sensitive and intolerant to
substances put on it
•
•
•
•
cold compress
calamine lotion
aloe vera
record in accident book
Cause:
Overstimulation of the skin that leads to sensitivity and
redness; this stimulation can be due to over use of the
current, temperature of preheating treatment too high or
ingredients used on the skin causing excessive sensitivity.
Erythema can be an early warning of any of the above
conditions. The blood flow increases through the superficial
capillaries making the skin look red and feel hot. In the worst
cases the skin may also feel sore. The excess blood into the
surface capillaries can rupture some of them leaving
permanent telangiectasia. This is usually a temporary change
to the skin, but is undesirable and the more times the skin is
traumatised in this way the more sensitive and intolerant of
substances it will become.
Condition
Description
Action
Allergic
Reaction
• the skin reacting against
chemicals in a product or
from a reaction to a treatment
• the histamine produced by the
skin may cause: stinging,
itching, blotchiness, a rash,
swelling and a raise in the
skin’s temperature
• a temporary reaction, but the
degree of skin change will affect
the speed at which it recovers
•
•
•
•
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
cold compress
calamine lotion
aloe vera
in the worst cases,
antihistamine medication
from the GP
• record in accident book
A ct i vi t y - (3 o f 4)
Condition
Description
B T1 8.7.5a
Action
Cause:
Caused by either an ingredient in a product used or a
chemical reaction produced by the electro-therapy treatment.
Products are applied to the skin for all the electro-therapy
treatments, but only the galvanic treatment produces a
chemical reaction on the skin.
High frequency produces ozone gas.
The skin will react to a substance (allergen) and so begins the
allergic reaction process of releasing histamine into the skin.
If the allergic reaction is mild then the skin’s response will be
similar to irritation.
In severe cases the rash, blotchiness, swelling and
temperature change will all be more dramatic and will last for
longer, sometimes requiring a course of antihistamines from
the GP to help calm the reaction.
Condition
Description
Action
Muscle fatigue
• over-use or misuse of muscles • rest
• stiffness, possible cramp, build • reduce length of and
up of lactic acid and soreness
strength of future
or aching in the muscle
treatments
• a temporary change in the
muscle that is unlikely to
cause any change in the
appearance of the skin
Cause:
Muscles will become tired if over-used or misused; this is
sometimes caused when the setting on a faradic (NMES)
treatment is too high or the therapist works the muscles for
too long. A tired muscle is prone to cramp caused by a build
up of waste products and lactic acid. A tired muscle can feel
stiff and painful and will need rest to allow it to return to
normal. Muscle fatigue is a temporary condition but it will
slow down progress in treatment that is trying to re-educate
and tone muscle fibres. Because of the discomfort it could
put the client off the treatment.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty - ( 4 o f 4 )
B T1 8.7.5a
Condition
Description
Action
Fainting
• reduced blood flow to the brain • put the head between the
and fall in blood pressure
knees, or elevate the feet
• increase the supplies of
fresh air to the person
• loosen any restrictive
garments
• if repeatedly fainting or
taking a while to come
round call an ambulance
• record in the accident book
Cause:
Fainting occurs when the blood flow to the brain is restricted.
If a client has been laying down for some time their blood
pressure may drop which can cause them to faint if they then
try to stand up too quickly. Some people faint if they are
worrying or panicking so always check the client fully understands
what is happening and is relaxed. The correct first aid for a
person who has fainted is to either put their head down
between their knees, or if they are on the floor elevate their
feet, the aim being to increase the blood flow to the head.
Increase the supply of fresh air to the person if possible and
loosen any restrictive clothing. If a person is repeatedly
fainting or taking a while to come round call an ambulance.
Condition
Description
Action
Irritation
• overstimulation of the skin
• cold compress
• the irritation may cause the
• reduce strength of future
skin to: sting, itch, feel hot
treatments or do not repeat
and swell
• a temporary change in the skin
Cause:
Overstimulation of the skin, through the use of unsuitable
products, inappropriate galvanic gels being used, the
intensity setting being too strong, the treatment carrying on
for too long and generally too much stimulation to the skin
throughout the whole facial.
The resulting condition may sting or itch and will temporarily
change the appearance of the skin resulting in a rash,
blotchiness or swelling and erythema.
Note: It is important to record all contra-actions on the client’s record card.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t
How to deal with contra-actions
• it is important to remain professional
and calm at all times
Notes.
• consult with senior staff if at all
concerned or unsure what to do
• if there is a qualified first aider they
should be called immediately, they
will be able to assess whether first
aid is required or medical attention
is needed and call an ambulance if
necessary
• the client’s needs and concerns must
be attended to immediately ensuring
they are comfortable and safe
• remove the cause of the problem as
soon as possible i.e. remove a
product from the skin that is causing
an allergic reaction and apply cold
water compresses to soothe the skin
• an explanation of the possible cause
of the accident and first aid carried
out should be fully explained to the
client
• when the client has recovered
sufficiently it may be necessary to
check if the client needs someone to
come to the salon to escort them home
• instruct the client on anything they
need to be doing at home to treat the
contra-action and advise them to
contact their GP if the condition
persists
• full details are required on the
client’s record card if the incident
was a result of the treatment i.e. an
allergic reaction
• record details of the incident in the
accident book if required
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
BT18.7.5
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 7 . 5 b
Case study
Mrs A complained of feeling faint during the final stages of the electrical treatment.
Her skin had become unusually red during the treatment and there was perspiration
on her brow. When she got up from the couch she was unsteady and complained
of feeling rather breathless.
An entry was made in the accident book as follows:
Details of incident:
Mrs A complained of feeling faint and breathless and was unsteady when she
got up from the couch. Her skin was red and she was perspiring.
Details of any injury and first aid given:
I seated the client by an open window and I checked for any tight clothing.
The redness on her skin persisted but there were no signs of perspiration
after a few minutes. She continued to be a little breathless and explained that
she had experienced a similar sensation with a certain washing powder.
After ten minutes rest the client was fully recovered and able to leave for home.
The first aider was called and they felt medical attention was not necessary.
Answer the following questions:
What were the possible causes?
How could it be avoided when the client attends for treatment in the future?
What entry would you make on the client’s record card?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t
BT18.7.6
How to carry out and interpret skin sensitivity tests
Thermal test - hot and cold
• fill one test tube with hot water (not
burning)
• fill one test tube with cold water (not
freezing)
• randomly touch the skin of the areas
to be treated with the different test
tubes asking the client to identify
which is hot and which is cold; the
client must correctly identify every
time to pass this test
Tactile test - sharp and soft
• take a sharp end of an orange wood
stick
• take a soft ball of cotton wool
• randomly touch the skin of the areas
to be treated with the different
objects asking the client to identify
which is sharp and which is soft; the
client must correctly identify every
time to pass the test
• or using a pair of scissors do a tactile
test of sharp and blunt turning the
scissors at random
The client must not be able to see
the test so do it on an area out of sight or ask
them to close their eyes.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
H a n do u t - ( 1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.8.1a
High frequency
The treatment uses a high frequency alternating current that can be applied in two
ways for different effects:
• direct high frequency
• indirect high frequency
The following chart describes each treatment:
Direct high frequency
Indirect high frequency
Description of treatment
Glass electrodes are used to apply the
HF current to the skin using circular
movements. Unless the sparking
method is used the electrode must
stay in contact with the skin.
Description of treatment
The client holds the electrode (saturator)
whilst the therapist massages
different areas of the body e.g. the
back.
Method of use:
Different shaped glass electrodes are
fitted into a hand-held applicator and
applied directly to the client’s skin.
Method of use:
The metal or glass saturator is fitted
into the handle and offered to the
client to hold firmly. The therapist
completes the circuit by massaging
the areas of the body required. The
unit is switched on with the therapist’s
hand in contact with the skin.
The hands must remain in contact
with the skin throughout the massage.
The current is switched off whilst
the hand is on the skin to avoid
breaking contact.
Where the electrode touches the
skin ozone gas is produced. Sparking
is when the electrode is gently tapped
on the skin causing the current to
jump between the skin and the
electrode. This process concentrates
the current and causes the production
of ozone which has a germicidal effect.
Very little ozone is produced.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H an d o u t - (2 o f 2)
B T1 8.8.1a
Skin types used on:
Skin types used on:
Oily
Combination
Blemished/congested
Acne
Sluggish circulation
Dry
Sensitive
Mature
Dehydrated
Normal
Product used:
Talc and gauze (to absorb oil on the
skin)
Oxygenating emulsion (allows for the
production of more ozone gas and so
has more germicidal effects)
Product used:
Any massage medium
Benefits:
The ozone produced is germicidal thus
having healing and drying properties.
The heat produced stimulates the
circulation. The effects are to reduce
congested skin and produce a clearer
skin.
Benefits:
Minimal ozone gas is produced
reducing its effects. The effect is
to stimulate the circulation and
enhance the benefits of the massage
area and erythema producing more
relaxation.
Specific contra-indications
Asthma
Pregnancy
Hypersensitive skin
Metal pins, plates and piercings
Pacemaker
Specific contra-indications
Pregnancy
Hypersensitive skin
Metal pins, plates and piercings
Pacemaker
Precautions:
Bony areas, the spine and areas of
thin skin
Precautions:
Bony areas, the spine and areas of
thin skin
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i vi t y
BT18.8.1
High frequency treatments
Answer the questions on the lines provided:
What current does the
treatment use?
What are the
names of the two
treatments that
can be performed?
What is the special
technique that can
be used with the
direct method?
Which skin types
benefit from the
treatments?
What products
can be used
for the
treatments?
Are there any
other products
you use in
your college
or salon?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
_______________________
________________
_________________
________________
Direct Method
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
Indirect Method
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_______________
_______________
________________
________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
A ct i vi t y
BT18.8.1
High frequency treatments
Answer guide
What current does the
treatment work on?
Alternating Current
What are the
names of the two
treatments that
can be performed?
Direct High Frequency & Indirect High Frequency
What is the special
technique that can
be used with the
direct method
Sparking
Direct Method
Indirect Method
Which skin types
benefit from the
treatments?
Oily
Combination
Blemished/Congested
Acne
Sluggish circulation
Dry
Dehydrated
Normal
Mature
What products
can be used
for the
treatments?
Talc with gauze
Oxygenating cream
with gauze
Any massage medium
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o ut
B T 1 8. 8 . 1 b
The high frequency current and the physical effects on the
body
High Frequency (both methods)
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Works on a high frequency alternating current (AC)
of 300,000 Hertz
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The rapidly alternating currents produce heat
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The warming effect on the skin stimulates the circulation
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A quartz crystal in the head of the machine when using
the direct method of the treatment, produces
Ozone gas (O3)
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Ozone is:
germicidal
drying
healing
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H a nd o u t
B T 1 8. 8 . 5 a
High frequency treatment application
Direct high frequency
• Firstly the chosen product is applied
to the cleansed area to be treated
usually the back and shoulders.
Some manufacturers do recommend
specific movements for high
frequency routines.
• The appropriate electrode is chosen
for the treatment and is fitted into
the machine.
• Once the electrode is in full contact
with the skin there should be very
little if any sensation from the
current. If the sensation felt by the
client begins to feel prickly the
current strength must be reduced.
• The dial is turned up gradually, each
time tapping the electrode on the
back of the therapist’s hand, to see if
a small spark can be created. The
spark should give a comfortable
sensation and not a sharp sting.
• While altering the level of the current
it is not necessary to break contact
with the client’s skin. The electrode
should be kept moving while the
therapist uses their other hand to
alter the level of the current.
• To introduce the current to the client
the therapist places their second
hand on the electrode so the current
is passing into them and then places
the electrode onto the client’s skin.
Once in contact with the client the
therapist removes their hand from
the electrode so the current now
passes into the client.
• Using small circular movements the
therapist moves the electrode around
the area. When moving from fleshy
areas to bony areas the current
setting may need reducing as the
area has less subcutaneous
protection and is more sensitive.
When the electrode is moved over
the skin the pattern is random,
however, it is important that all the
area to be treated is covered
adequately. The therapist may
choose to concentrate on specific
areas and may also apply sparking
techniques.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
Ha n d o u t
B T 1 8. 8 . 5 b
Sparking techniques
• Sparking is a technique that can be
used with direct high frequency to
concentrate on particular problems
such as pustules and papules.
• To achieve a spark the therapist
gently taps the electrode a few times
directly onto the problem by lifting it
off the skin about 1mm, or can use
the fulgurator. The fulgurator is an
electrode specifically designed to
produce a good spark.
• It is that important sparking is not
performed for too long and that the
spark is only small or the client’s skin
will burn and it will be extremely
uncomfortable.
• Each time the electrode is lifted off
the skin the spark creates heat and
ozone gas.
• The effects of the ozone gas is to kill
microorgansims living on the surface
of the skin, dry out the epidermis and
speed up the blood flow into the area
by producing heat.
• The overall benefit of using sparking
is to promote healing in the skin, by
killing infection, drying out the tissue
and promoting the new blood flow
into the area.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
H an d o u t
BT18.8.5c
High frequency treatment application
Indirect high frequency
• Firstly the chosen product is applied
to the cleansed area to be treated
(usually the back and shoulders).
• While the machine is turned off the
saturator is fitted into the machine
and given to the client to hold.
• The therapist places one hand on the
client’s skin and begins massaging
while turning up the current
gradually with the other hand.
• The therapist sets the current so that
the client can feel a mild tingle when
a light massage pressure is used.
• Once the therapist and client are
happy with the level of the current
the therapist continues the massage
with both hands.
• The therapist conducts the massage
omitting any tapotement. The lighter
the pressure of the massage the
more stimulating the current is. The
massage sequence should follow the
manual massage effleurage
movements to take into consideration
the direction of lymph and blood flow.
• Once the therapist has both hands in
contact with the client’s skin there
should be very little if any sensation
from the current. If the sensation
begins to feel prickly, either increase
the pressure of the massage
movements a little or reduce the
current.
• While altering the level of the current
keep the other hand massaging the
skin.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
A ct i v i ty - (1 o f 2)
BT18.8.5
High frequency revision
Answer the questions written in italics.
HIGH FREQUENCY
Direct High Frequency
Indirect High Frequency
Apply chosen product and gauze
Apply chosen product
Choose appropriate electrode and
test on the therapist’s hand
Choose saturator and ask the
client to hold it while it is turned off
Set current at required level and
leave on
Determine current level to work
with
How is this level found?
How is this level found?
Introduce electrode to the area
to be treated
Introduce one hand to the client’s
face and commence the massage
How?
How?
Apply to the area by moving
electrode round in small circles
(do not break contact)
Massage the area, do not use any
tapotement movements (do not break
contact with the client’s skin)
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Act i v i ty - ( 2 o f 2 )
BT18.8.5
Adjust current accordingly
Adjust current accordingly
Why and how?
Why and how?
Turn off unit at end of treatment
Turn off unit at end of treatment
How?
How?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i vi t y
BT18.8.5
High frequency revision
Answer guide
Direct High Frequency
Indirect High Frequency
Apply chosen product and gauze
Apply chosen product
Choose appropriate head and test
on the therapist’s hand
Choose saturator and test on
the therapist’s hand
Set current at required level and
leave on
Determine current level to work
with then turn current off
How is this level found?
How is this level found?
Tap electrode on the back of the
therapist’s hand gradually increasing
the current until a mild prickling is felt
Tap saturator on the back of the
therapist’s hand gradually increasing the
current until a mild prickling is felt
Introduce electrode to the
area to be treated
How?
Introduce one hand to the client’s
face and commence the massage
How?
Hold the handle of the electrode in
one hand and with the current on
place the second hand in contact
with the electrode, then place the
electrode on the client remove the
first hand and begin
Cover the area by moving
electrode round in small circles
(do not break contact with the client)
Place one hand on the area and
begin massaging whilst
turning the current up to the
previously pre-set level
Adjust current accordingly
Why and how?
Adjust current accordingly
Why and how?
If there is a tingling sensation
keep the electrode in contact with
the client and keep it moving, use
the other hand to adjust the current
If there is a tingling sensation
keep one hand massaging and use
the other to adjust the current
Turn off unit at end of treatment
How?
Turn off unit at end of treatment
How?
Put fingers of second hand back
onto the electrode and then lift it away
from the client’s skin, then turn the
current down and off
Take one hand off the client, keeping
the other still moving, then turn the
current down and off
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Turn current on to previously
determined level and begin the
massage with both hands
H a n d ou t - ( 1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.9.1a
Galvanic
A direct current uses the positive (+)
called the anode and negative (-) called
the cathode electrodes to cause a
chemical change on the skin and in the
tissues. The galvanic current is
measured in milliamps.
Body treatment uses anti-cellulite
products to soften hard fat and aid
dispersal of toxins in the tissue fluids
that cause cellulite. The galvanic
current introduces the products into the
skin by a chemical process called
‘iontophoresis’.
Action:
The tissue fluids are drawn to the
negative pole (active electrode) by a
process known as electro osmosis.
Active ingredients in the ionisable gels
etc. are introduced into the skin
improving its appearance.
Heat is produced in the tissues, which
increases circulation and helps to
remove toxins (erythema is greatest
under the negative pad).
The application of the positive current
reduces the erythema at the end of the
treatment.
Method of use:
Benefits:
The negative electrodes (active
electrode) are placed over the areas of
cellulite or hard fat and the positive
electrode is placed just opposite the
area e.g. outer thigh and inner thigh for
5-6 minutes. The machine is first set
on negative (–) and then is switched to
positive (+) for a further 3-4 minutes.
The galvanic treatment will stimulate
the blood and lymph circulation that
will in turn aid the removal of fluids
and toxins in the tissues so reducing
the dimpled appearance of cellulite.
The appearance and texture of the skin
will also improve.
Conditions used on:
Specific contra-indications:
Sluggish lymphatic circulation
Hard fat
Cellulite
Skin sensitivity problems
Cuts and breaks in the skin
Metal pins and plates
Diabetes
Kidney and urinary tract infections
Pregnancy
Products used:
Saline solution
Ionisable galvanic anti-cellulite gels
Ionisable anti-cellulite ampoules
Ionisable anti-cellulite serums
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H a n do u t - ( 2 o f 2 )
B T1 8.9.1a
Precautions:
Ensure the skin is totally clean before
commencing the treatment.
The electrodes must be fully protected
with a ‘spontex’ sponge covering.
The sponge must be dampened evenly
so it conducts the current evenly.
Firmly and evenly strap the electrodes
on to the area being treated to ensure
an even conduction of the current.
Constantly monitor the client and
machine throughout the treatment to
check for any changes in the client’s
sensation or the milliamp reading.
All the contra-indications previously
covered still apply. The ones listed above are
specific to galvanic.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 9 . 1 a
Galvanic treatment
Answer the questions on the lines provided:
What current does the
treatment use?
__________________________________________________
Which
electrode is put
on the area of
cellulite?
__________________________________________________
Which conditions
benefit from the
treatment?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
What products
can be used
for the
treatment?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Are there any
other products
you use in
your college
or salon?
__________________________________________________
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Ac ti v i ty
B T1 8.9.1a
Galvanic Treatment
Answer Guide
What current does the
treatment use?
Direct current
Which
electrode is put
on the area of
cellulite?
Negative electrode
Which conditions
benefit from the
treatment?
Sluggish lymphatic circulation
Hard fat
Cellulite
What products
can be used for the
treatment?
Saline Solution
Ionisable galvanic anti-cellulite gels
Ionisable anti-cellulite ampoules
Ionisable anti-cellulite serums
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t
B T 1 8. 9 . 1 b
The galvanic current and its physical effects on the body
Galvanic treatment
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Works on a direct current (DC)
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Direct currents use an electrolyte, sodium chloride (saline solution)
to enable the current to flow
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Uses flat electrodes covered in a sponge dampened with saline solution
or the gel is applied direct to the skin
Manufacturers have produced negatively charged electrolyte
gels to treat cellulite
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The current moves from the negative to the positive
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Anode (+) placed opposite the
Cathode (-) placed on the
problem area
problem area
(positive electrode)
(negative electrode)
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Produces mild acid
Produces mild alkali
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Releases oxygen into the skin
Repels negatively charged
Introduces products into the skin gels/products into the skin
Heat is produced under the electrode.
Vasodilation and erythema occur under
the active electrode
Manufacturers may use positively
charged products in which case the active
electrode will be the (+) anode, always follow
manufacturers’ instructions.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H a n do u t
BT1 8.9.1c
Movement of ions when a galvanic current (electrolysis)
The word electrolysis is used as a generic term for permanent hair removal when in
fact it applies to the chemical process that occurs when a galvanic current is used
(galvanic is used in the blend method of permanent hair removal along with
diathermy).
The positive and negative ions are randomly distributed in the body.
A solution containing salt and water (saline) an electrolyte i.e. allows ions to move
freely therefore when the current is applied:
Positive electrode (+) anode
Negative electrode (-) cathode
The negative ions are attracted
to the positive electrode
The positive ions are attracted
to the negative electrode
This is because:
• like charges repel
• opposite charges attract
This is how the ions move when the galvanic (direct) current is flowing.
A chemical change occurs
Alkali - sodium hydroxide at the cathode
This is used in facial desincrustation and body galvanism
Acid - hydrochloric acid and oxygen at the anode
This is used in facial treatment to nourish and oxygenate the skin
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty
B T1 8.9.1b
The movement of ions towards electrodes
Add the + and – signs on the lines provided to complete the sentences below:
In electricity opposite poles attract
i.e. negative to positive
In electricity the same poles will repeli.e. negative repels negative
An ion will take on the prefix of the electrode it is attracted to
A ___________ ion attracted to the Anode = Anion
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Electrode
(Is the positive or negative ion attracted to the anode?)
A ___________ ion attracted to the Cathode = Cation
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Electrode
(Is the positive or negative ion attracted to the cathode?)
In electricity Red = positive and Black = negative
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A c t iv i t y
BT1 8.9.1c
Anaphoresis and Cataphoresis
Fill in the missing words on the lines provided:
When the positive electrode is the active electrode
Positive electrode (__________) attracts negative ions (_______________)
(What is the name of the + electrode?)
(What is the name of the – ion?)
=
Anophoresis
When the negative electrode is the active electrode
Negative electrode (____________) attracts positive ions (______________)
(What is the name of the - electrode?)
(What is the name of the + ion?)
=
Catophoresis
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A c t iv i t y
BT1 8.9.1c
Anaphoresis and Cataphoresis
Answer Guide
Positive electrode Anode attracts negative ions Anions
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Anaphoresis
Negative electrode (cathode) will be somewhere close by on the body
Negative electrode Cathode attracts positive ions Cations
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Catophoresis
Positive electrode (anode) will be somewhere close by on the body
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i v i ty
B T1 8.9.3
Why body treatments should be conducted in a certain
direction
Draw the position of the electrodes for working on the following areas:
• Hips
• Outer thighs
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i vi t y
BT18.9.3
Why body treatments should be conducted in a certain
direction
Answer guide
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i v i ty - (1 o f 2)
BT18.9.4
The application and adjustment of body galvanic
Answer the following questions in italics:
Set machine to negative.
Why?
Apply chosen product to the area with cellulite
Dampen the sponge pockets that the electrodes are placed in, either with water if a
galvanic gel or other product is being used, or with saline solution if not.
Why?
If saline solution is being used the sponge for the negative electrode will be soaked
in a 1% saline solution and that for the positive electrode in a 3% saline solution
(1%=1 teaspoon of salt in1 pint of water, 3%=3 teaspoons of salt in 1 pint of water).
Place the electrodes inside the sponge pockets.
Why?
Place the negative electrode over the area of cellulite and the positive electrode on
a nearby part of the body.
Why are two electrodes needed?
Fasten the electrodes with straps made of a non-conductive material onto the client
firmly and evenly.
Why must the pads be attached firmly and evenly?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A c t i v it y - ( 2 o f 2 )
B T1 8.9.4
The current is slowly turned up to the working level.
How is this level found?
After 5–6 minutes turn off the current and reverse the polarity on the machine to
positive and run the treatment for a further 3-4 minutes.
How and why?
The current must be monitored throughout the treatment and adjusted accordingly.
How and why?
Turn the machine off at the end of the treatment.
How?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A c t i v it y - ( 1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.9.4
The application and adjustment of body galvanic
Answer guide
Set machine to negative.
Why?
This is the most effective charge for the cellulite treatment.
Apply chosen product to the area with cellulite.
Dampen the sponge pockets that the electrodes are placed in, either with water if a
galvanic gel or other product is being used, or with saline solution if not.
Why?
This allows a good even conduction of the current.
If saline solution is being used the sponge for the negative electrode will be soaked
in a 1% saline solution and that for the positive electrode in a 3% saline solution
(1%=1 teaspoon of salt in1 pint of water, 3%=3 teaspoons of salt in 1 pint of water).
Place the electrodes inside the sponge pockets.
Why?
This keeps the conduction of current even and protects the skin.
Place the negative electrode over the area of cellulite and the positive electrode on
a nearby part of the body i.e. negative on outside of the thigh positive on the inside
of the thigh.
Why are two electrodes needed?
The treatment works on a direct current so both the positive and negative
electrodes must be used.
Fasten the pads with straps made of a non-conductive material onto the client
firmly and evenly.
Why must the pads be attached firmly and evenly?
To give an even conduction of the current through the pads.
The current is slowly turned up to the working level.
How is this level found?
The current is gradually increased until the client can feel a mild tingling and mild
warmth.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A c t i v it y - ( 2 o f 2 )
B T1 8.9.4
After 5-6 minutes turn off the current gradually and reverse the polarity on the
machine to positive and run the treatment for a further 3–4 minutes (without
moving the pads).
How and why?
The current is turned down gradually and then reversed to cause extra stimulation
and movement to the fluids, fat and toxins in the tissues.
The current must be monitored throughout the treatment and adjusted accordingly.
Why and how?
The therapist must check on the client’s comfort and on the milliamp reading on the
machine. If the client feels the sensation has increased or if the needle on the
machine reads a higher level the current must be reduced until the client is happy
with the sensation again. The skin’s natural resistance to the current reduces as it
warms up, thus allowing more current to flow through it, this can lead to a galvanic
burn and needs avoiding.
Turn off machine at end of treatment.
How?
Reduce the current gradually and then turn it off.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t
BT1 8.10.1a
Faradic or Neuro-Musclular Electro-Stimulation (NMES)
Faradic is an interrupted direct current
used to cause muscle contraction
(passive exercise).
Method of use:
Many pairs of electrodes (pads) are
positioned on the body over motor
points relating to specific muscles or
muscle groups. The motor point is
where the motor nerve enters the
muscle and is the point of stimulation
to cause movement.
The brain can stimulate the motor
nerve so it causes muscle movement
through the motor point or the motor
point can be externally stimulated with
electricity still resulting in normal
muscle movement.
metabolism of the cell (the rate the cell
works at).
The end result is a firmer, better shaped
body with reduced measurements
and improved posture.
Specific contra-indications:
Pregnancy
Metal pins, plates and piercing
Muscle paralysis
Pacemaker
Diabetes
Epilepsy
The contra-indications previously
covered apply. The ones listed above
are specifically relevant to faradic
treatment.
Conditions used on:
Male/female:
Poor muscle tone
Figure reshaping and inch loss
After pregnancy to tone muscles
The treatment can be performed
exactly the same on males and
females, however they usually wish to
achieve different goals so different
muscles may be stimulated. The male
usually has more toned muscles than
the female so a higher current is
required to cause a contraction.
Products used:
Ionised gels
Fluids or saline solution to aid
conduction of the current
Benefits:
The current from the machine
stimulates the motor point in the
muscle it is placed on causing muscle
contraction. The more muscles move
or exercise the healthier they become
and their tone improves. The pumping
action of the muscles contracting
stimulates the circulations of blood and
lymph and this in turn will stimulate the
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Act i v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 0 . 1 a
Faradic treatment (NMES)
Answer the questions on the lines provided:
What current does the
treatment use?
__________________________________________________
What do
the initials
NMES
stand for?
__________________________________________________
Which conditions
benefit from the
treatment?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
What products
can be used
for the
treatment?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Are there any
other products
you use in
your salon?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 0 . 1 a
Faradic treatment (NMES)
Answer Guide
What current does the
treatment use?
Modified interrupted direct current
What do
the initials
NMES
stand for?
Neuro-muscular electro-stimulation
Which conditions
benefit from the
treatment?
Poor muscle tone
Figure reshaping and inch loss
After pregnancy
What products
can be used
for the
treatment?
Ionised Gels
Ionised Ampoules
Saline Solution
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Handout
B T 1 8. 1 0 . 1 b
The faradic current and its physical effects on the body
Faradic (NMES)
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Works on a surging interrupted direct current
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Due to the starting and stopping of the current
the muscle contracts and then relaxes
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The motor point in the muscle cannot
distinguish between stimulus from the brain and that
from the current and so creates a normal contraction
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d ou t - ( 1 o f 2 )
BT 1 8.10.1c
Faradic (NMES) equipment settings
Phasic control
Mono-phasic All the pulses are in one direction.
The stimulus from one electrode is stronger than the other.
The electrodes (pads) can be placed on different muscles as they are
not working towards each other, useful when split padding where
one muscle is weaker than the other.
Bi-phasic
Alternate pulses are reversed.
The stimulus is equal between both the electrodes (pads).
The electrodes are placed on the same muscle when longitudinal
padding. Only large muscles can be padded in this way i.e. rectus
abdominis, rectus femoris, gracilis, trapezius, triceps.
Mode
Constant
The pre-set contraction and relaxation times will remain constant.
The disadvantage of this is that nervous clients sometimes tense up
ready for the next contraction, which does not help.
Rhythmical
The machine will create its own pattern of irregular contractions and
relaxation timings.
Frequency
This is the amount of pulses per second i.e. how many times the current goes off
and comes back on in one second.
The following are typical examples of most machines:
130 = high frequency - superficial depth of contraction - unfit client
100 = medium frequency - medium depth of contraction - average client
60 = low frequency - deeper depth of contraction - fit client
Most treatments begin on a higher frequency, which is easier for the client and then
progress to a lower frequency to work the muscle harder.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d ou t - ( 2 o f 2 )
BT 1 8.10.1c
Surge
This is to set the number of seconds for the contraction phase and the number of
seconds for the rest phase. The rest period must be at least as long as the
contraction, if not a little longer to allow the muscle not to tire.
Short contraction phase = suits fit muscles which can act quickly.
Longer contraction phase = suits unfit muscles which need longer to perform.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A c t iv i t y - ( 1 o f 2)
BT1 8.10.1b
The reasons for a weak or uncomfortable contraction with
a faradic (NMES) treatment
Explain why each of the following points result in weak or uncomfortable muscle
contraction:
• products or natural oils on the skin
• dry pads
• poor contact
• leads not properly attached
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i vi t y - (2 o f 2)
• faulty machine
• inaccurate pad placing
• method of padding used
• insufficient intensity of current applied
• tense client
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
BT1 8.10.1b
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 0 . 3 a
Possible muscles to stimulate with faradic (NMES)
Label the following muscles of the front and back of the body:
Pectorals, Biceps, Triceps, Deltoid, Trapezius, Serratus Anterior, Abdominals,
Quadratus lumborum, Gluteals, Quadriceps, Hamstrings, Tibialis anterior,
Peroneals, Gastrocnemius, Soleus
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i t y
B T 1 8. 1 0 . 3 a
Possible muscles to stimulate with faradic (NMES)
Answer Guide
trapezius
deltoid
pectorals
trapezius
deltoid
serratus anterior
biceps
serratus anterior
triceps
triceps
abdominals
quadriceps
gastrocnemius
quadratus
lumborum
gluteus
medius
gluteus
maximus
hamstrings
gastrocnemius
peroneals
soleus
soleus
tibialis anterior
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
peroneus
H an d o u t - (1 o f 2)
B T1 8.10.3
Different methods of applying the body faradic electrodes
Longitudinal padding
• The pads are placed on the upper and lower motor points of a large muscle.
Originally the term longitudinal padding referred to the padding of the origin and
insertion of a muscle where the current had flow via the motor point to bring
about a contraction. Modern longitudinal padding involves placing the
electrodes towards the top and bottom motor points of the same muscle
bringing about a smoother, even contraction.
• If the machine is set on mono-phasic, the negative pad is placed on the motor
point of the muscle insertion and the positive pad is placed over the motor point
of the muscle origin.
• If the machine is set on bi-phasic then either of the two pads are placed on the
origin motor point and the other on the insertion motor point.
• By both the pads being on the one muscle, the one dial that controls the current
intensity for the pair of pads can set the current exactly right for that individual
muscle. This can produce a more effective contraction e.g. rectus abdominus.
Split padding
• Mono-phasic is used with the cathode placed on the weaker muscle.
• Most bodies are stronger on one side than the other. The two pads are
controlled by the one dial which means they will have to be set at the same level.
• The two pads from one outlet are split, so one is placed on a muscle on one side
of the body and the other is placed on the same muscle on the other side of the
body.
• The machine should be set on bi-phasic if the muscles on either side of the body
are of equal strength (this is not usually the case).
• The advantage of split padding is that more muscles can be stimulated in one
treatment than could with longitudinal padding particularly when using small
units with only six pairs of pads.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H an d o u t - (2 o f 2)
B T1 8.10.3
Duplicate padding
• The machine should be set on mono-phasic.
• The two pads from one outlet are placed on a different muscle on the same side
of the body.
• The disadvantage of this is that one muscle is likely to be stronger than the other
(even though they are on the same side of the body) e.g pectorals and deltoid,
but because the two pads are controlled by the one dial, which means they will
be set at the same level, one of the muscles may not be working efficiently.
Mono-phasic helps if the cathode is placed on the weaker muscle.
• When using duplicate padding
always try to pad muscles with
similar action.
• The advantage of this type of
padding is that more muscles
can be stimulated in one
treatment than could with
longitudinal padding.
Manufacturers’ instructions for padding
layouts should be followed.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 0 . 3 b
Different methods of applying the body faradic electrodes
Using the diagrams show the best methods of padding up to the following muscles:
Pectorals, Biceps, Triceps, Deltoid, Trapezius, Serratus Anterior, Abdominals,
Quadratus lumborum, Gluteals, Quadriceps, Hamstrings, Tibialis anterior,
Peroneals, Gastrocnemius, Soleus
Anterior aspect of the trunk
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Posterior aspect of the trunk
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 0 . 3 b
Different methods of applying the body faradic electrodes
Answer guide
Pectorals, Biceps, Triceps, Deltoid, Trapezius, Serratus Anterior, Abdominals,
Quadratus lumborum, Gluteals, Quadriceps, Hamstrings, Tibialis anterior,
Peroneals, Gastrocnemius, Soleus
Anterior aspect of the trunk
2
Posterior aspect of the trunk
1
1
2
4
4
3
3
10
9
9
11
11
5
12
13
13
6
6
14
8
7
8
15
15
7
16
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
14
16
A cti v i ty - (1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.10.4
The application and adjustment of body faradic
Answer the questions in italics:
Faradic (NMES)
Apply the chosen product, gels and
thicker products are applied directly to
the skin under the pad and saline
solution and watery fluids are put onto
the electrode.
Working with one pair of electrodes at a
time and telling the client which they
are, the therapist slowly increases the
current intensity while the machine is
on a contraction phase, not a rest phase.
Why is the current only increased
during a contraction phase?
The pairs of electrodes are placed onto
the motor point of specific muscles to
be stimulated and firmly held in place
with elasticated straps.
What is a motor point?
The therapist should ask the client to
tell them when they can feel firstly a
tingling sensation and then when the
muscle is contracting or pulling to a
comfortable level.
What should the tingling sensation
indicate to the therapist?
The machine is set with the necessary
settings i.e.
• mono-phasic or bi-phasic
• a frequency of 60, 100 or 130
• the required number of seconds for
each contraction
• the required number of seconds for
the relaxation phase
• mode, constant or rhythmical
• each intensity dial at zero
Why are each of the above set for each
client?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
What will happen if the current is too
strong?
Ac ti v i ty - (2 o f 2 )
The current intensity is set for each
individual muscle until all the sets of
pads are working. For each new
muscle the therapist starts the current
at zero and gradually builds it up to the
level of a comfortable contraction, this
way each muscle works to its own ideal
level. Some areas of the body will
always be weaker and more sensitive
than others and therefore should be
treated individually.
Why does the current have to be set
for each individual muscle?
Which areas of the body should be
treated with caution?
Usually after about 5 minutes the client
will be ready for the current to be
increased.
Why?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T1 8.10.4
A normal body treatment will be
between 30 and 45 minutes.
For this treatment to have any lasting
effects it must be repeated frequently at
first, for example three times weekly for
four weeks, the client can then
progress onto maintenance treatments
if they are happy with the results.
Notes.
Ac ti v i ty - (1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.10.4
The application and adjustment of body faradic
Answer guide
Faradic (NMES)
Apply the chosen product, gels and
thicker products are applied directly to
the skin under the pad and saline
solution and watery fluids are put onto
the pad.
The pairs of pads are placed onto the
motor point of specific muscles to be
stimulated and firmly held in place with
elasticated straps.
What is a motor point?
The point where the motor nerve enters
the muscle to cause the contraction
naturally
The machine is set with the necessary
settings i.e.
• mono-phasic or bi-phasic
• a frequency of 60, 100 or 130
• the required number of seconds for
each contraction
• the required number of seconds for
the relaxation phase
• mode, constant or rhythmical
• each intensity dial at zero
• maximum and minimum master
output
Why?
To ensure the treatment given is
specifically suited to the client’s
muscles
Working with one pair of pads at a time
and telling the client which they are the
therapist slowly increases the current
intensity while the machine is on a
contraction phase, not a rest phase.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Why is the current only increased
during a contraction phase?
During a contraction phase the current
is flowing and so the client can feel
how much the intensity is being
increased.
During a rest phase, when the current
is not flowing, if the therapist increased
the intensity it would come as a
surprise to the client when the current
began to flow again.
The therapist should ask the client to
tell them when they can feel firstly a
tingling sensation and then when the
muscle is contracting or pulling to a
comfortable level.
What should the tingling sensation
indicate to the therapist?
The tingling is felt just before the
current is at the right intensity to cause
muscle contraction.
What will happen if the current is too
strong?
The muscle will tire too soon and this
will lead to a build up of lactic acid in
the muscle, this will slow down the
progress of the treatment and may
cause cramp or painful muscles.
The current intensity is set for each
individual muscle until all the sets of
pads are working. For each set of pads
the therapist starts the current at zero
and gradually builds it up to the level
of a comfortable contraction, this way
each muscle works to its own ideal
level.
Ac ti v i ty - (2 o f 2 )
Why does the current have to be set
for each individual muscle?
So each muscle works at its own
individual level.
Some areas of the body are weaker and
more sensitive and receptive to the
current therefore the current must be
set individually.
Which areas of the body should be
treated with caution?
Inner thigh, bony areas and near the
spine.
Usually after about 5 minutes the client
will be ready for the current to be
increased.
Why?
This is because the muscles grow used
to the stimulus, which makes it feel as
though the contraction has weakened.
A normal body treatment will be
between 30 and 45 minutes.
For this treatment to have any lasting
effects it must be repeated frequently at
first, for example three times weekly for
four weeks, the client can then
progress onto maintenance treatments,
if they are happy with the results.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T1 8.10.4
Notes.
Ha n d o ut - ( 1 o f 2 )
BT1 8.11.1a
Microcurrent
A low frequency microcurrent is formed
by a minute pulsating modified direct
current, which is interrupted to form
pulses that imitate the bodies own bioelectrical impulses.
Benefits:
The current from the machine
stimulates the muscles and tissues
improving the rate and effectiveness of
how they work and their appearance.
Method of use:
There are a variety of treatment
methods. Some treatments will use
one electrode, while others will
incorporate a combination of the
following:
Hand-held electrodes in the form of
probes or rollers
Pads stuck on to the client’s skin
Gloves that massage the skin
Unlike the muscle stimulation produced
in a faradic (NMES) treatment,
microcurrent stimulates the muscles
without causing any visible muscle
movement.
The microcurrent works at cell level
speeding up the cell metabolism of the
tissues for example:
• cell metabolism is stimulated
speeding up the reactions in the
tissues
• the blood flow to the area will be
increased, bringing in more supplies
of fresh oxygen and nutrients and
removing more waste
• the flow of lymph and the
purification at the lymph nodes will
increase, cleansing the skin from
beneath and draining any excess
fluid out of the skin
Uses:
Poor muscle tone
Scarred skin - stretchmarks
Cellulite and fat accumulations
Fluid retention
• the permeability of the cells will
increase allowing better and faster
movement of substances through
the tissues, this helps with cellulite
as the trapped fluid, fat and toxins
begin to move
Products used:
Ionised gels or fluids to conduct the
current into the skin, which also contain
active ingredients that have their own
effects on the skin.
Saline solution can also be used to
conduct the current into the skin.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
• the muscle tone will improve,
tightening and firming the client’s
body and giving inch loss
• healing of the skin is stimulated,
helping to reduce the appearance
of scar tissue and stretchmarks
Ha n d o u t - (2 o f 2)
• the production of collagen and
elastin will be stimulated so helping
to plump out the skin, it will also
increase the skin’s ability to hold
moisture
• the rate of cell reproduction (mitosis)
in the stratum germinativum will
increase, helping to speed up the
rate cells migrate through the
epidermis
• cell desquamation will increase
helping to improve the outside
appearance and texture of the skin
• pigmentation distribution throughout
the epidermis is made more even
Specific contra-indications:
Pacemaker
Pregnancy
Metal pins, plates and piercing
Muscle paralysis
Severe varicose veins
All the contra-indications previously
covered in body massage apply. The
ones listed above are specifically
relevant to the treatment.
Male/female:
The treatment can be performed in
exactly the same way for males and
females, but they will usually have
different goals they wish to achieve.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
BT1 8.11.1a
Notes.
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 1 . 1
Microcurrent treatment
Answer the questions on the lines provided:
What current does the
treatment use?
__________________________________________________
What are
the most
common
waveforms used?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Which conditions
benefit from the
treatment?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
What products
can be used
for the
treatment?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Are there any
other products
you use in
your salon?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 1 . 1
Microcurrent treatment
Answer guide
What current does the
treatment use?
Interrupted modified direct current
What are
the most
common
waveforms used?
Square
Sine
Ramp
Which conditions
benefit from the
treatment?
Poor muscle tone
Scarred skin and stretchmarks
Cellulite and fat accumulations
Fluid retention
What products
can be used
for the
treatment?
Ionised gels
Ionised fluids
Saline solutions
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H an d o u t
B T 1 8. 1 1 . 1 b
Microcurrent and its physical effects on the body
Microcurrent
I
I
I
I
Works on an interrupted modified direct current
using a variety of waveforms
e.g. sine, square and ramp
I
I
I
I
Due to the starting and stopping of the current
the muscle contracts and then relaxes
(no visible sign of this)
I
I
I
I
The various frequency and uA settings allow the machine to work on different
tissues in and below
the skin creating many benefits
I
I
I
I
Initially the treatments must be repeated frequently at regular
intervals to re-educate the body, the effects can then be sustained
with maintenance treatments
The current moves from the
negative electrodes to the positive electrodes.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A cti v i ty - (1 o f 2 )
B T 18 . 1 1 . 4
The application and adjustment of body microcurrent
Answer the questions in italics:
Apply the chosen product to the area.
Fit the electrodes to the machine and
test.
If the client begins to feel the current at
any stage of the treatment, reduce the
intensity.
Why and how?
What specific electrodes does the
machine have?
Set the current at zero or if selecting a
specific programme or settings adjust
accordingly.
The therapist should check that the
client cannot feel the current and then
begin the sequence of movements to
match the programme setting.
Why does the sequence of movements
need to match to the programme
being used?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
There are certain areas of the body that
can be sensitive when worked on so
care should be taken.
Which areas of the body can be
sensitive and why?
Ac ti v i ty - (2 o f 2 )
Some machines will have timers to
indicate how long each movement
should take, others just time each stage
automatically.
Some treatments require the therapist
to change the electrodes to give variety.
Some machines incorporate other
currents into the treatment, e.g.
galvanic.
A manual massage may be applied to
the area to conclude the treatment and
aid absorption of the beneficial
products.
Many microcurrent units turn off
automatically, otherwise ensure it is
turned off at the end of the treatment.
Always consult the treatment plan and
record results.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T1 8.11.4
Notes.
Ac ti v i t y
B T1 8.11.4
The application and adjustment of body microcurrent
Answer Guide
Apply the chosen product to the area.
Why and how?
Fit the electrodes and test.
The client does not need to feel the
current for it to be working, always
work below the level of sensation.
Keep one electrode in place and use the
other hand to adjust the current.
What specific electrodes does your
machine have?
Please add the specific details of your
own unit, as they all vary.
Set the dials to zero or if selecting a
specific programme or setting adjust
accordingly.
The therapist should check that the
client cannot feel the current and then
begin the sequence of movements to
match the programme setting.
Why does the sequence of movements
need to match to the programme being
used?
There are certain areas of the body that
can be more sensitive so care should
be taken when working on these areas.
Which areas of the body can be
sensitive and why?
The abdomen, inner thigh, triceps area,
over the kidneys, bony areas, near the
spine and in areas with less
subcutaneous tissue. The tissue in these
areas is softer and for the abdomen
and kidney area there is no skeletal
protection for the organs underneath.
If a lymph drainage programme is to be
used, all the current settings will be
superficial and to suit the lymphatic
system. The movements used will
typically be long and sweeping towards
the lymph nodes.
Some machines will have timers to
indicate how long each movement
should take, others just time each stage.
If a muscle stimulating programme is
to be used, all the current settings will
be deep. The movements used need to
work on specific muscles and may
require the electrodes to be held in
certain places for longer periods of
time, allowing the muscles to be reeducated and improve their tone.
Some machines incorporate other
currents into the treatment, e.g. galvanic.
If the client begins to feel the current at
any stage of the treatment, reduce the
intensity.
Some treatments require the therapist
to change the electrodes to give variety.
A manual massage may be applied to
the area to conclude the treatment and
aid absorption of the beneficial
products.
Turn off the machine at the end of the
treatment, although many do this
automatically when the timer goes off.
Always consult the treatment plan and
record results.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o u t - (1 o f 2)
BT1 8.12.1a
Gyratory massage (G5)
A normal alternating mains current
powers a small motor, which cause the
gyratory movement
As its name implies the G5 gyrates, that
is, it moves on the vertical and
horizontal plane at the same time
creating a circular movement whilst
vibrating.
Method of use:
G5 is a gyratory massager with
different heads fitted to the machine to
mimic the different manual massage
movements. The therapist moves the
gyrating heads around the body to
create different massage effects.
For more stimulation the speed of the
G5 machine can be increased.
Used for the following conditions:
Muscle tension, aches and pains
For a deep massage e.g. male client,
adipose tissue
Treating a well toned, muscular person
When a more stimulating massage is
needed
To help with a figure control
programme
Stimulate the circulation of blood and
lymph
G5 can be used on just a part of the
body i.e. upper thighs where spot
reduction treatment is required to help
disperse adipose tissue; helps with a
figure control programme by softening
areas of soft or hard adipose tissue
(spot reduction particularly on thighs
and upper arms)
For full body treatment using the full
range of applicator heads that simulate
manual massage
The friction caused by the head is
desquamating and improves the skin
texture.
Precautions:
There are certain areas of the body that
are sensitive and tender.
When working on these areas great
care must be taken to avoid discomfort
and bruising. They include:
The abdomen
Inner thigh
Over bony areas such as the spine, shin
and joints
Recent scar tissue
Over the kidneys
The tissue in these areas is softer and
for the abdomen and kidney area there
is no skeletal protection for the organs
underneath.
Medium used:
A fine covering of talc
Benefits:
A deep stimulating massage that will
increase blood and lymph flow into the
area and relax the muscles improving
their tone.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
The skin and tissue must be fully
supported by the other hand when applying G5.
If G5 is applied too vigorously, especially over
adipose tissue and areas of cellulite, it can be
painful. Always check with the client that the
treatment is comfortable.
Ha n d o u t - (2 o f 2)
The full body G5 treatment normally
lasts 30–40 minutes.
It is shorter than a full body massage
because the therapist can work quicker
without getting fatigued. When
combined with a manual massage the
G5 is introduced at appropriate times
within the routine and is part of the
normal one hour body massage.
Specific contra-indications:
Pregnancy
Muscle paralysis
Varicose veins
Over bruising
Skin inflammation or broken skin
Highly vascular skin
Excessively hairy areas
Loose, crepey skin
Skin tags, moles
Painful joints, recent fractures
All the contra-indications previously
covered in electro-therapy apply. The ones
listed above are specifically relevant to the
treatment.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
BT1 8.12.1a
Notes.
H an d o u t
B T 1 8. 1 2 . 1 b
Benefits and uses of G5 massage treatment
Massage for weight problems
Massage for poor muscle tone
Deep and vigorous
Deep petrissage - skin rolling
Concentrate on the problem areas
Aim to increase the circulation
Increase lymphatic drainage by
massaging towards the lymph nodes
Use G5 in problem areas
Lifestyle, drastic weight loss and the
ageing process can cause loose
sagging muscle
Slack, flabby muscles can be stimulated
with brisk, firm kneading and
tapotement movements
Regular exercise to firm the muscles is
essential
The massage must be combined
with a reducing diet, exercise and other
treatments to be effective.
Notes.
Massage for men
There is less subcutaneous tissue and
the muscles are firmer and the skin is
thicker
Weight distribution is different to the
female
Men usually require a toning massage
Deep effleurage and vigorous
petrissage movements are required
Faster and vigorous
Can be tiring as the whole body weight
is needed to achieve deep massage
movements
Mechanical massage is often used to
supplement manual massage
Massage for general aches and pains
Tension can be relieved e.g. shoulders
and neck
Fatigue can be reduced
Painful joints can be eased providing
there are no medical contra-indications
Care must be taken to ensure that the
massage is comfortable in painful areas
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 2 . 1 a
Gyratory massage (G5)
Answer the questions on the lines provided:
What current does the
treatment use?
What are the
effects of the
treatment?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
What medium
can be used
for the
treatment?
___________________________________________________
Name any
other products
you use in
your salon?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 2 . 1 a
Gyratory massage (G5)
Answer guide
Answer the questions on the lines provided:
What current does the
treatment use?
Direct current to run the motor which
causes the gyratory movement
What are the effects of
the treatment?
Deeper massage
Deeper stimulation
Stimulates blood and lymph
Helps to improve muscle tone
Reduces muscle tension
What medium
can be used
for the
treatment?
Talc
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Act i v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 2 . 1 b
The different G5 heads
Look at the G5 equipment and match each with the chart below
Movement
Type
Sponge
Horseshoe
Prickle head
Egg box
Half ball
Lighthouse
Cellulite
Pin cushion
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Body part to be
used
Draw a simple
diagram of each
head/applicator
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 2 . 1 b
The different G5 heads
Answer guide
Movement
Type
Body part to be
used
Effleurage
Sponge
All areas
Effleurage
Horseshoe
Hips and thighs
Petrissage
Prickle head
Fleshy areas
Petrissage
Egg box
Sides of the spine
Effleurage &
Petrissage
Half ball
Abdomen
Effleurage &
Petrissage
Lighthouse
Trapezius
and spine
Petrissage
Cellulite
Fatty areas
and back
Petrissage
Pin cushion
Fatty areas
such as the thighs
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Draw a simple
diagram of each
head/applicator
Ac ti v i ty - (1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.12.4
The application and adjustment of gyratory massage
Answer the questions in italics:
Firstly a light covering of talc is applied
to the area.
The appropriate applicator is fitted to
the machine.
heads using progressively more
stimulating heads. The treatment will
end by working with effleurage or
smooth heads again.
Why does the sequence of movements
need to match to the heads being
used?
Name the specific applicator heads for
the G5 equipment?
Turn the G5 on and test it on the client
to establish pressure.
The speed the head moves can be
altered on some machines, faster
movement gives more stimulation. A
slower movement gives a more
relaxing treatment. The speed should
be set to suit the client’s requirements.
For G5 the pattern of movements to
follow should mimic manual massage
movements i.e. effleurage movements
will be long and sweeping and
stimulate the venous return of blood
and petrissage and tapotement will be
more concentrated on the area to
increase the circulation to and from the
muscles and tissues.
The therapist can work on specific
areas of the body or do the full body.
The treatment will begin with a softer
smoother head (mimics effleurage)
progressing on through the range of
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Manual massage can be given
alongside G5 treatments especially
when applying G5 to specific areas
such as upper thigh, upper arms.
What is the difference in the ball and
the flat shaped heads?
A c t iv i t y - ( 2 o f 2)
There are certain areas of the body that
can be sensitive and tender when
worked on.
B T1 8.12.4
The frequency of treatments with G5
will vary according to the client’s needs.
Which areas of the body can be
sensitive and tender and why?
Notes.
How can the treatment be adapted to
suit these areas?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i vi t y - (1 o f 2)
B T1 8.12.3
The application and adjustment of gyratory massage
Answer Guide
Answer the questions in italics:
Firstly a light covering of talc is applied
to the area.
The appropriate applicator is fitted to
the machine.
Name the specific applicator heads for
the G5 equipment?
Sponge, Horseshoe, Prickle head, Egg
box, Half ball Lighthouse, Cellulite, Pin
cushion
Turn the G5 on and test it on the client
to establish pressure
The speed the head moves can be
altered on some machines, faster
movement gives more stimulation. A
slower movement gives a more
relaxing treatment. The speed should
be set to suit the client’s requirements.
For G5 the pattern of movements to
follow should mimic manual massage
movements, i.e. effleurage movements
will be long and sweeping and
stimulate the venous return of blood
and petrissage and tapotement will be
more concentrated on the area to
increase the circulation to and from the
muscles and tissues.
The therapist can work on specific
areas of the body or do the full body.
The treatment will begin with a softer
smoother head (mimics effleurage)
progressing on through the range of
heads using progressively more
stimulating heads. The treatment will
end by working with effleurage or
smooth heads again.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Why does the sequence of movements
need to match to the heads being
used?
The sponge heads are designed to
simulate effleurage and to desqumate
the surface of the skin.
The smooth rubber heads are designed
to glide over the skin.
The hard rubber, knobbly heads are for
working in very localised areas to be
very stimulating and help disperse
adipose tissue and stimulate the
circulation.
Manual massage can be given
alongside G5 treatments especially
when applying G5 to specific areas
such as upper thigh, upper arms.
What is the difference in the ball and
the flat shaped heads?
The ball head concentrates the
treatment into a smaller area.
The flat head spreads the treatment out
over a wider area.
There are certain areas of the body that
can be sensitive and tender when
worked on.
Which areas of the body can be
sensitive and tender and why?
The abdomen, inner thigh, triceps area
and over the kidneys.
The tissue in these areas is softer and
for the abdomen and kidney area there
is no skeletal protection for the organs
underneath.
A c t iv i t y - ( 2 o f 2)
How can the treatment be adapted to
suit these areas?
The speed of the machine can be
reduced.
Less movements can be performed so
the treatment is shorter.
Only use the softer heads.
The frequency of treatments with G5
will vary according to the client’s needs.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T1 8.12.3
Notes.
Ha n d o u t
BT1 8.13.1a
Vacuum suction
An alternating current is used to create
a negative pressure or suction in
specially designed perspex cups or
glass ventouses.
The suction causes a physical change
in the tissues due to the movement of
lymph and tissue fluid.
The appearance and texture of the skin
will improve due to increased
circulation and more efficient excretion
of toxins. Because of the loss of fluid
the size measurement of the area
should reduce.
Any undiagnosed oedema must not
Method of use:
• the appropriate sized cup is placed
onto the skin and the suction should
be allowed to lift the flesh to fill 20%
or 1/5th of the cup
• if there is a hole in the side of the
cup this will need covering with the
finger before the suction will start
• the cup is moved with a sliding
stroke to the nearest lymph node
• the area is covered with overlapping
strokes in very specific movements
towards the nearest lymph nodes;
three strokes for each movement are
normally used
Conditions used on:
Puffy oedematous skin
Fluid retention and areas of soft fat
Products used:
Massage oil or vegetable oil
Benefits:
This treatment stimulates the blood and
lymph circulation, which helps move
trapped fluid, soft fat and toxins from
the tissues. The fluid is filtered in the
lymph nodes and then excreted in the
normal way, the client may wish to go
to the toilet immediately after
treatment.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
be treated.
Specific contra-indications:
Inflammation of the skin
Cuts and breaks in the skin
Varicose veins
Kidney and urinary tract infections
Very loose and crepey skin
Undiagnosed oedema
Precautions:
• make sure the suction is not set too
high as this will feel uncomfortable
and can cause bruising
• the cup must be carefully removed,
dragging or pulling the skin will
cause discomfort and bruising
All the contra-indications previously
covered in electro-therapy apply The ones listed
above are specifically relevant to the
treatment.
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 3 . 1
Vacuum suction
What current does the
treatment use?
__________________________________________________
What pressure will
the suction create?
__________________________________________________
How is the best
sized cup for each area
decided on?
__________________________________________________
Which conditions
benefit from the
treatment?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
What products
can be used
for the
treatment?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Are there any
other products
you use in
your salon?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i vi t y
B T1 8.13.1
Vacuum suction
Answer guide
What current does the
treatment use?
Direct current
What pressure will
the suction create?
Negative Pressure
How is the best
sized cup for each area
decided on?
The largest cup that forms a seal
on the area
Which conditions
benefit from the
treatment?
Fluid retention
Soft fat
Puffy oedematous skin
What products
can be used
for the
treatment?
Massage oil
Vegetable oil
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H an d o u t
B T 1 8. 1 3 . 1 b
The static/multi-cup vacuum suction treatment
The static pulsating method of vacuum suction
• several cups are placed on the area to be treated
• they are attached by the suction created by the machine
• the power generated by the machine pulsates from a low level suction to a
higher level suction alternately
• the therapist decides how long the pulse of low suction should last and how long
the pulse of high suction should last
• the treatment should commence with more of the low setting suction and
gradually increase as the treatments progress to having more of the high level of
suction
This method of vacuum suction requires manual massage at the end of the
treatment to drain the lymph to the nodes. The gliding technique of vacuum
suction may be used instead and can be done before or after the static method to
increase the flow of lymph to the nodes.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ha n d o ut - ( 1 o f 2 )
B T1 8.13.4
Vacuum suction treatment application
• Apply massage oil or vegetable oil
onto the area to be treated with
effleurage movements.
• Choose the appropriate cups to work
with by finding the largest cup that
when put on the body part being
treated makes a complete seal with
the skin i.e. the complete rim of the
cup must be in full contact with the
skin.
• If working on an area like the leg,
smaller cups will be chosen for the
lower bony part of the leg than those
chosen for the fleshy part of the thigh.
• When working on limbs, the proximal
part of the limb (or the part nearest
to the trunk of the body) is covered
first. If the leg was being worked on,
the thigh would be completely
treated before the shin area.
• The appropriate cup would be fitted
onto the tube. Some cups screw into
a special end fitted to the tube and
others will push onto a rubber bung.
Check the cup is securely fitted to the
tube.
• Test the machine by turning on the
suction and placing the cup on the
inside of your arm, if the cup forms a
seal with your flesh you should be
able to get a suction that lifts the
flesh into the cup.
• Some vacuum suction cups will have
a small hole at the side of them, this
will have to be covered with a finger
before it will be possible to create
the suction and lift the flesh.
• The cup is then placed onto the
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
appropriate area to be treated and
the suction is gradually increased
until approximately 20% or 1/5th of
the cup is filled with flesh. As soon
as the cup has sucked up the flesh it
should be moved over the skin with
a gliding action towards the nearest
lymph node.
• If the movement of the cup is not
quick enough the suction will
continue to picking up the flesh,
filling the cup more and more, this
can be painful and result in bruising.
• At the end of the stroke the seal on
the cup should be broken and the
cup lifted off the skin.
• The method of breaking the seal
differs according to the machine. If
the cup has a small hole in the side,
once the hole is uncovered the
suction will be lost and the cup can
be lifted straight off the skin. If the
cup does not have a hole in the side,
then the therapist will need to push
the flesh at the side of the cup down
which will break the seal and allow
the cup to be lifted off.
• The texture and consistency of the
flesh differs for the different parts of
the body e.g. flesh is usually tighter
and firmer on the outer thigh than
the inner thigh. When moving to a
softer area the suction intensity will
need reducing to maintain the
constant 20% lift of the flesh or when
moving to a tighter firmer area the
suction should be increased.
Ha n d o ut - ( 2 o f 2 )
• The intensity of the suction is
measured by how much flesh is
being lifted into the cup and also by
a gauge on the machine giving a
reading in numbers.
• The session will usually last about 60
minutes if a full body treatment is
being performed, it is however
possible just to work on isolated
areas.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
B T1 8.13.4
Notes.
Ac ti v i t y
B T 1 8. 1 3 . 4 a
Lymph nodes of the body
Label the lymph nodes in the diagrams below:
Posterior View
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Anterior View
A ct i vi t y
B T 1 8. 1 3 . 4 a
Lymph nodes of the body
Answer guide
Posterior View
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Anterior View
A c t iv i t y
B T 1 8. 1 3 . 4 b
Why body treatments should be conducted in a certain
direction
Draw arrows on the diagram to indicate the direction the vacuum suction
movement would follow in different areas of the body
Posterior View
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Anterior View
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 3 . 4 b
Why body treatments should be conducted in a certain
direction
Answer guide
Posterior View
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Anterior View
Ac t i v i ty - ( 1 of 2 )
BT 1 8.13.4c
Vacuum suction
Answer the questions in italics:
Apply the massage oil.
Place the cup on the first part of the
body to be treated, remembering to
start with the proximal part of the
limbs, each area should be covered
three times.
Why?
Why must the proximal part of the
limb be treated first?
Choose the appropriate sized cups for
the areas of the body being treated.
How?
Alter the intensity of the suction
according to the texture and consistency
of the flesh being worked on.
Notes.
Fit the cup to the tube and test the
suction on yourself.
Why?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A c t i v it y - ( 2 of 2 )
Why must the suction be altered in this
way?
BT 1 8.13.4c
The cup should never be dragged or
pulled off the skin.
Why?
The cup is moved with a gliding action
towards the nearest lymph node.
Why are the cups moved towards the
nearest lymph node?
Turn off the machine at the end of the
treatment.
How?
When the cup reaches the nearest
lymph node it should be removed and
placed back at the starting position just
overlapping the last stroke.
How should the cup be removed?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty - ( 1 o f 2 )
BT18.13.3c
Vacuum suction
Answer Guide
Answer the questions in italics:
Apply the massage oil.
Alter the intensity of the suction
according to the texture and
consistency of the flesh being worked
on.
Why?
This gives the lubrication needed for
the cups to glide over the skin.
Choose the appropriate sized cups for
all the areas of the body being treated.
Why must the suction be altered in this
way?
To maintain a constant suction that lifts
the flesh filling only 20% of the cup.
Soft flesh needs less suction, firm tight
flesh needs more suction.
How?
Choose the largest cup that fits the area
and makes a complete seal with the
flesh.
Fit the cup to the tube and test the
suction on yourself.
Why?
If the cup is not correctly fitted you will
not be able to establish any suction. To
give the therapist an idea of how strong
the suction from the machine is.
Place the cup on the first part of the
body to be treated, remembering to
start with the proximal part of the
limbs, each area should be covered
three times.
Why must the proximal part of the
limb be treated first?
Clearing the proximal part of the limb
first allows more movement of fluid out
of the distal or lower part of the limb.
If the distal part of the limb is treated
first it can lead to a blockage in the
proximal part and a reduction in the
normal fluid movement in the area.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
The cup is moved with a gliding action
towards the nearest lymph node.
Why are the cups moved towards the
nearest lymph node?
The suction and movement of the cup
will stimulate the flow of lymph and
this needs to be taken to the nearest
node to be drained and filtered.
When the cup reaches the nearest
lymph node it should be removed and
placed back at the starting position just
overlapping the last stroke.
How should the cup be removed?
If there is a hole in the side of the cup,
the therapist should lift their finger off
the hole to release the suction so the
cup can be lifted off the skin. If there is
no hole in the cup, gently push the
flesh at the side of the cup down and
this will break the seal around the cup
allowing it to be lifted off.
A cti v i t y - (2 o f 2 )
BT18.13.3c
The cup should never be dragged or
pulled off the skin.
Notes.
Why?
Pulling or dragging the cup off will
create a bruise and feel painful.
Turn off the machine at the end of the
treatment.
How?
Reduce the current gradually and then
turn it off.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 4 . 1
How to evaluate the effectiveness of body treatment
Write in the box how you would establish and carry out an evaluation of the
different aspects of a body treatment
Client’s needs and objectives
of the treatment
Assess the body condition
Record treatment effects
and results
Client’s comments and
reactions to treatment
Always ask yourself has the treatment achieved results and improved
the condition? Have the client’s wishes and needs been met?
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 4 . 1
How to evaluate the effectiveness of body treatment
Answer Guide
Establish the client’s wishes
It is essential to know the client’s
expectations from the treatment.
Listen carefully as they may use lay terms to
describe what they want from the treatment.
Carry out a full consultation
and figure analysis to
understand the client’s needs
By identifying the problems the therapist can
use their expertise and skill to choose the
most appropriate treatment.
Make the treatment plan
Explain what the treatment(s) will involve
including number of treatment, costs, home
care regime so they understand their
commitment and what can realistically be
expected. Make a record of the plan and
refer to it for future comparisons.
Record the changes for each
body treatment
After each treatment the physical changes
and improvements should be recorded
on the record card and progress discussed
with the client.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H an d o u t
B T 1 8. 1 4 . 2 a
Types of post treatment restrictions
• explaining the treatment to the client
helps them understand the
importance of following a home care
regime and be more involved in the
results of the treatment
• the client can be very influential in
the results achieved by their
willingness to continue with home
treatment and healthy lifestyle
• the client needs to understand the
importance of good diet, good habits
and lifestyle
• if the client sees good results they
will be motivated to maintain them
• the client will need to be advised of
any post treatment restrictions e.g.
sunbathing, hot baths
• the client should be advised about
the adverse effects of continued poor
diet, smoking and excess alcohol
• remember clients will value good
advice on treatments and products;
this is a vital part of your role as a
therapist
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
A ct i vi t y - (1 o f 4)
B T1 8.14.2
Treatment planning and advice
Client A
Client C
Mr A has a lot of tension on both sides
of the trapezius, particularly the upper
fibres. He has aching stiff shoulders,
aching in his middle back and stiffness
in his lower back.
Mrs C is 39 and has recently had her
first child. Mrs C had her six week post
natal check from the doctor a month
ago and has been signed off as healthy.
She now wishes to begin getting her
body back into shape.
The problem arises from Mr A’s job as
he spends many hours driving round
the country. Mr A’s job is not likely to
change and so he needs a treatment
plan that can fit into his lifestyle.
Mr A is not very active, he does not
take part in any exercise as he works
long hours and just wants to go home
at the end of a long day.
Client B
Mrs B was very overweight but
managed to lose five stone. Although
Mrs B is very happy with her weight
loss it has left her with some problems
including cellulite, mainly around the
top of her legs, a very weak flabby
abdomen and a general layer of soft fat
under her skin.
Mrs B is very keen to continue with her
body reshaping and weight loss
programme but has decided to seek
help from you as she feels she cannot
do it alone at home.
Mrs B’s main incentive is her 50th
birthday due in eight weeks time.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Mrs C still has some weight to lose.
She has stretchmarks on her abdomen,
cellulite on her bottom and thighs and
some fluid retention generally all round
her legs and abdomen.
Mrs C is not breastfeeding but is
restricted for time due to her new baby.
Notes.
A c t i v it y - ( 2 of 4 )
B T1 8.14.2
Treatment planning and advice
Case Study - Client A
Client’s needs:
Electro-therapy treatment(s) that could be of help and how:
Client’s expectations and aims:
Effects of treatment:
Details of treatment procedure:
Products used:
Future treatment plan:
Home care recommended:
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty - (3 o f 4 )
B T1 8.14.2
Treatment plan
Case study - Client B
Client’s needs:
Electro-therapy treatment(s) that could be of help and how:
Client’s expectations and aims:
Effects of treatment:
Details of treatment procedure:
Products used:
Future treatment plan:
Home care recommended:
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty - (4 o f 4 )
B T1 8.14.2
Treatment plan
Case study - Client C
Client’s needs:
Electro-therapy treatment(s) that could be of help and how:
Client’s expectations and aims:
Effects of treatment:
Details of treatment procedure:
Products used:
Future treatment plan:
Home care recommended:
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A ct i vi t y - (1 o f 3)
B T1 8.14.2
Case Study - Answer guide
Client A
Client’s needs:
Mr A needs treatment on the muscles in his back, this is not going to be a quick
solution as the problem has come over time and the cause cannot be taken
away. The treatment plan will need to be ongoing.
Electro-therapy treatment(s) that could be of help and how:
Infrared
heat up the areas first to begin softening and
relaxing the muscle fibres
Audio sonic
for relief of severe muscle tension in the upper fibres of trapezius
G5
for deep massage over all to relieve aches, pains and stiffness
Vacuum suction if there is swelling around the muscle tissue, then help to
remove this with vacuum suction
Client’s aims:
A manageable programme that helps take away the aches and pains.
Aims of treatment:
Soften muscle tissue and increase the flow of blood and lymph into the area.
Improve the muscle tone and by reducing the muscle tension, easing away any
knots in the muscle and causing the muscle to relax and lengthen.
Details of treatment procedure:
Details of treatment procedure:
• apply infrared to the full back in total for up to 10 minutes
• use the audio sonic on the upper fibres of trapezius where the muscle tension
is at its worst
• use G5 generally all over the back to give a deep massage
• if need be finish with some vacuum suction to speed up the flow of lymph and
removal of waste products out of the area
Products used:
Talc would be used with the audio sonic and G5.
Oil would be used with the vacuum suction.
Future treatment plan:
A course of weekly preheat and massage treatments with the G5 until the client’s
back is feeling better, then plan a maintenance programme to keep the problem
at bay. Reduce the frequency of appointments from weekly to fortnightly at first,
then to three weekly and ask for the client’s feedback as to whether they think
even a monthly appointment would still work for them.
Home care recommended:
The client can have special massage products to apply directly onto the affected
areas and can bathe in a warm bath containing muscle relaxant ingredients e.g.
essential oils.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Ac ti v i ty - (2 o f 3 )
B T1 8.14.2
Case study - Answer Guide
Client B
Client’s needs:
Cellulite on the top of the legs, weak flabby abdominals and a general layer of
soft fat under her skin.
Electro-therapy treatment(s) that could be of help and how:
G5
to stimulate the blood circulation generally around the body
and stimulate the metabolism
Galvanic
for the cellulite and soft fat around the thighs
Faradic (NMES) to tone up the abdominal muscles
Vacuum suction to speed up the removal of waste products and fluid to help
reduce the general soft fat
Client’s aims:
To lose weight but at the same time achieve a well toned body without cellulite.
Aims of treatment:
• to generally stimulate the metabolism of the body, speeding up the rate at
which the body works
• to stimulate the blood flow into the tissues and warm them
• to stimulate the movement of the tissue fluid, waste products and fat trapped
under the skin around the thighs
• to exercise the abdominal muscles and improve their tone
• to speed up the lymph flow so eliminating more waste from the body
Details of treatment procedure:
• G5 to stimulate the body’s metabolism and blood circulation creating warmth
in the tissues
• galvanic to combat the cellulite around the thighs
• faradic on the abdomen, if the machine has any spare pads any other problem
area could also be padded up to help with the reshaping
• vacuum suction initially all over the body to speed up the elimination of waste
products, but as the treatments progress apply to the main problem areas only
Products used:
Talc would be used with the G5.
Saline solution or anti-cellulite gel would be used for the galvanic.
Saline solution of a conducting gel would be used for the faradic (NMES).
Massage oil would be used for the vacuum suction.
Future treatment plan:
Continue with these treatments three times a week for the first month then
reassess, if the client is happy with the results then a monthly maintenance
would be suggested. If the client still wishes to make more progress continue as
before until they are happy.
Home care recommended:
Massage anti-cellulite gel into all the affected areas with a vigorous action.
Embark on a regular exercise programme to strengthen all the muscles.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
A cti v i ty - (3 o f 3 )
B T1 8.14.2
Case study - Answer Guide
Client C
Client’s needs:
Mrs C needs to stimulate the healing in the dermis to help the stretchmarks knit
together, stimulate the flow of blood and lymph generally round the body and
have specific anti-cellulite treatments for the affected areas.
Any machines that could be of help and how:
Microcurrent
(Although galvanic and vacuum suction could be of help, all of these problems
can be improved with the microcurrent machine.)
Client’s aims:
To return her body to as close as it was before the pregnancy.
Aims of treatment:
• to promote the healing of the stretchmarks reducing their appearance,
stimulate the lymphatic system to remove the extra fluid and toxins the body is
holding and stimulate the circulation of blood
Details of treatment procedure:
• apply conductive product or specialised stretchmark product over the affected
area and set the machine to the stretchmark treatment; the electrodes chosen
and movements used will be specific to the programme being used
• apply conductive product or anti-cellulite gel to the affected areas and set the
machine for the anti-cellulite treatment, again the electrodes and movements
will be to suit the programme
Products used:
Specialised stretchmark products.
Anti-cellulite gel.
Future treatment plan:
Continue with these treatments three times a week for the next month then
reassess, if the client is happy with the results then a monthly maintenance
would be suggested. If the client still wishes to make more progress continue
as before until they are happy.
Home care recommended:
Specialist stretchmark products to be applied to the area.
Massage anti-cellulite gel into the affected areas with a vigorous action.
Bath in a diuretic bath product to reduce the fluid retention.
Embark on a regular exercise programme if possible to achieve the results
faster.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H an d o u t
B T 1 8. 1 4 . 4 a
Availability, use and benefits of products for the client’s
own use
• keep up-to-date with stock taking so
that you have a good supply of retail
products
• always explain to the client the
products you are using in the
treatment
• recommend the products the client
needs for home use (give the client a
home care leaflet and any samples
available)
• teach the client how and when to use
the products
• discuss with the client how the
products can fit into their lifestyle
• give the client information they can
refer to with details of the products
and the costs in the future (home
care leaflet)
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
Ha n d o u t
B T 1 8. 1 4 . 4 b
Suitable products for home after electro-therapy
treatments
Treatment
Actions of treatment
Home use products
Direct High Frequency
• degreasing
• healing to spots and
blemishes
• suitable body cleanser
• exfoliation product
• cleansing and
degreasing mask
Indirect High
Frequency
• relaxing to muscles
• stimulates circulation
• soothing
• anti-bacteriacidal
• eases aches and pains
• massage oil containing
relaxing ingredients
e.g. essential oils
• bath products to cause
muscle relaxation
Galvanic
• anti-cellulite
• removes toxins
• increases flow of lymph
• breakdown of soft fat
• anti-cellulite gels
• diuretic creams, gels
and oils to combat
fluid retention
Faradic (NMES)
• tightens & firms
muscles
• figure reshaping
• measurement reduction
• skin firming products
Microcurrent
• improves muscle tone
• reduces scarred skin &
stretchmarks
• helps to reduce fluid
retention
• exfoliating products
• skin firming products
• special regenerative,
healing masks & creams
• diuretic creams, gels
and oils to combat
fluid retention
G5
• stimulates circulation
of blood and lymph
• helps desquamation
• helps relieve muscular
tension, aches & pains
• massage oils
containing essential
oils
• bath products for
relaxation
Vacuum suction
• stimulates flow of
lymph and drainage at
nodes
• helps reduce fluid
retention
• diuretic creams, gels
and oils to combat
fluid retention
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H a nd o u t
B T 1 8. 1 4 . 5 a
The elements of a balanced diet
All diets should contain the following seven elements:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
minerals
vitamins
roughage
water
Each day the breakdown of the food eaten should be:
•
•
•
•
carbohydrates
protein
fats
minerals
• vitamins
• roughage
• water
55%
10 – 11%
30%
The recommended daily amount for each mineral as per the
European Community settings
The recommended daily amount for each vitamin as per the
European Community settings
30-40grams of fibre is recommended for most people per day
1.5-3 litres per day is recommended
The World Health Organisation states in its guidelines five portions of fresh fruit
and/or vegetables should be eaten each day.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
H an d o u t - (1 o f 2)
BT1 8.14.5b
How current dietary habits affect the body
The following are part of the average
western diet:
High salt intake
• The more salt there is in the body
the more the body will hold
additional water to balance the salt
level.
• The more salt in the body the higher
the blood pressure will go, forcing
the heart to work harder.
• People start to prefer the taste of
food with a high salt content and
begin to add more salt to all foods
for flavour.
High sugar intake
• When the body takes in more sugar
than it needs insulin is produced by
the pancreas to convert the excess
for storage. A lot of the excess sugar
eaten will be stored as fat round the
body.
• When the intake of sugar levels has
been high, with age the body
develops an intolerance to sugar
which can lead to Type 3 Diabetes.
• People develop a “sweet tooth” and
begin to add additional sugar to their
food and drinks.
High fat intake
• Fat has nearly twice the amount of
calories per gram than carbohydrates
and protein, this will lead to a much
faster weight gain.
• High fat intake can increase the
body’s cholesterol level and further
health complications such as
arterosclerosis.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
More chemicals being eaten with food
• The liver has to attempt to use or
store chemicals eaten, many of
which are of no use to the body and
so will just remain in the liver.
• Some chemicals can have side
effects in the body, e.g. artificial
colourings can make some children
hyperactive.
• Artificial additives can lead to food
intolerances.
Low nutritional value to food eaten
• The food eaten does not supply the
body with all it needs in terms of:
energy, growth and repair, roughage
and the key ingredients to allow the
systems of the body to function
efficiently, such as vitamins and
minerals.
Notes.
H an d o u t - ( 2 o f 2 )
BT1 8.14.5b
Low roughage content of food
• The more processed or fast foods
eaten, the less roughage people are
likely to consume. Roughage is
needed for the bulk it gives to the
diet and the digestive system when
the food is being broken down and
moved through the bowels by
peristalsis. Evidence shows links
between a low level of roughage in
the diet and bowel cancer.
• Eating roughage as part of a meal
also helps give the body the feeling
of fullness.
Low water intake
• If people drink more carbonated
drinks and juices with added flavour,
colour and sugar, they will be
reducing their water intake.
• Water is needed to dilute everything
in the body and flush out waste and
toxins.
• The less water a person drinks, the
more their body will hold on to any
water it already has.
Tendency to eat more fast/convenience
foods
• People will often eat their food
quickly while they are on the move.
• People do not make the time to sit
down and have a proper meal, so
letting their bodies digest the food
properly or recognise when they feel
full and have had enough to eat.
• Families lose the social time of
sitting together for meals and talking.
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
Ac ti v i ty
B T 1 8. 1 4 . 5
How a poor diet affects the body and the effectiveness of
the treatment
Write down your thoughts on how the
following would affect the health and
appearance of the body and the results
that can be achieved with body
electrical treatments:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
high salt intake
high fat intake
high sugar intake
high intake of artificial chemicals
high intake of fast foods
low nutrient intake
low roughage intake
low water intake
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
H a n do u t
B T 1 8. 1 4 . 6 a
Dietary changes to improve the effectiveness of
electro-therapy treatments
• make sure the fat intake does not
exceed 30% of the day’s intake
(saturated fats should not be more
than 10% of that)
• reduce the intake of processed foods
• reduce the intake of fast/junk foods
• keep a low salt intake, no more than
6 grams per day
(try to use low sodium substitutes)
• maintain a good level of fibre in the
diet- 30–40 grams daily
• eat five portions of fresh fruit and
vegetables per day
• try to have some organic food in
your diet
• women should maintain a calorie
intake of 3000 – 3300 per day and
men to 3700 per day
• drink 1.5–3 litres of fresh
uncarbonated water per day
• keep a low daily intake of tea, coffee,
carbonated drinks and alcohol
• women should not exceed 14 units
of alcohol per week and men should
not exceed 31 units
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
Notes.
H a n do u t
B T 1 8. 1 4 . 6 b
Lifestyle changes to improve the effectiveness of
treatments
Appearance and a feeling of wellbeing
are dependent on lifestyle factors. The
therapist should offer advice to their
clients on how the effects of treatments
can be prolonged or enhanced with
certain considerations relating to diet
and lifestyle:
• reduce ultraviolet exposure considered to be the most ageing
factor to the skin, recommend sun
protection factors (spf) sun creams
of at least factor 15
• recommend enough sleep to
maintain energy levels and good
health, most people need at least 7–8
hours per night
• eat a healthy diet
fatty foods and a high carbohydrate
diet will cause weight gain and
sluggish circulation
five pieces of fresh fruit or
vegetables per day is the
recommended daily allowance to
ensure the digestive system
functions properly and the body
receives the necessary vitamins and
minerals for good health
• recommend that the level of animal
fat and saturated fats are kept low in
the diet, foods containing less than
4% fat or lower are recommended
• certain carbohydrates should be
reduced in the diet such as sugar
from fizzy drinks, chocolate bars,
sugary foods such as cakes and
biscuits
• regular small meals, avoid
overeating or eating late at night,
© Copyright 2005 Habia - All rights reserved.
this can cause toxins to build up and
weight gain
• control alcohol intake to avoid toxins
from the chemicals and weight gain
• control intake of tea/coffee to help to
avoid a build up of fluid and toxins in
the tissues called cellulite
• drink plenty water 1.5-3 litres of still
water are recommended daily
• smoking causes permanent damage
to the body by reducing the oxygen
carrying capacity of the blood which
has a knock on effect to the skin and
the body’s metabolism; the nicotine
causes the skin to become
discoloured and it becomes thicker
• take regular exercise, a little and
often is recommended to increase
heart rate and stimulate the
circulation and respiration; when
combined with a reducing diet helps
in weight reduction