LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABSENTEEISM
AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF GRADE 12
HUMSS STUDENTS IN LAGRO HIGH
SCHOOL
S
A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty
E
Of Humanities and Social Sciences
N
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
I
(Senior High School)
O
Quezon City, Metro Manila
R
H
I
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For Practical Research 2
G
H
S
C
By:
H
Aiesha Anne A. Bacay
O
Xyra Kyrll L. Pelaez
O
Leabelle C. Cruz
L
Duanne Roy Van B. Duallo
Chynna D. Eguillos
Hazel Ann C. Guevara
Maecaellah Mharie G. Martin
Cedric Ian A. Matutina
John Paul L. Ramirez
October 2021
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter presents the introduction, background of the study, significance of
the study, statement of the problem, scope and delimitation of the study, the definition
of terms and the theoretical and conceptual framework that serves as the foundation of
S
E
this study. This paper is designed to introduce and explain the theory and concepts used
N
to support why the research under study exists.
I
O
R
H
I. Introduction
The widespread outbreak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) presented
I
G
H
tremendous challenges to the academic system. The novel strain resulted in disruption to
all higher education institutions around the world. Consequently, the COVID-19
S
C
pandemic posed radical changes in the mode of delivery of instruction. The Commission H
O
on Higher Education (CHED, 2020) of the Philippines decided to shift outside the
O
traditional teaching in this new normal.
L
Republic Act No. 10650, known as the “Open Distance Learning Act,” defines
distance education as a student-centered model of learning. The students and teachers
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
are physically separated from each other in the concept of flexible and distributed
learning. It is an independent study guided by designed learning materials delivered in
various media.
The occurrence of flexible learning is necessary to continue the progress of
S
E
education amid COVID-19. The use of the digital setting is a drastic measure intended
to ensure the safety of learners and teachers in schools. Since education plays a
prominent role in one’s platform to success, educational attainment is also an important
N
I
O
R
basis for a learner’s academic growth and development (Cepada & Grepon, 2020). It
H
includes thinking and social skills improvement with the enrichment of existing
I
knowledge. Education is also important for any individual to acquire a good sense of
G
H
motivation, self-respect, and character. Therefore, student attendance carries significance S
in a learner’s academic and social competence, for it brings new noteworthy task
interactions and engagements (Bañez et al., 2018). This immediate transition from
conventional face-to-face arrangements to online learning, however, is bound to
different obstacles and challenges at this time (Crawford et al., 2020). Student
absenteeism is a continuous problem for all academic institutions. Thereafter, this study
is about exploring the relationship between student absenteeism and academic
performance in the Humanities and Social Sciences strand of Grade 12 students in Lagro
High School using a correlational research method. Since the purpose of education is
evident in human society, this prompts the researchers to conduct the study. The extent
C
H
O
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
of the importance of the findings is to develop instruments necessary to cultivate a
cooperative teaching-learning process and generate an improved learning intervention
important for students’ education. This study is to pose parents, teachers, and local
government to determine what improved learning intervention is to propose for students.
In addition, this will help certain beneficiaries, namely students, parents, teachers, local
government, and future researchers planning to explore the same topic.
S
E
N
I
O
R
H
I
G
H
S
C
H
O
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
II. Background of the Study
All students, for one reason or another, desire to miss a day of school at some
point. When a student repeatedly fails to show up at school, this is known as absenteeism.
It is usually unintentional and for no good reason. It is a difficult situation for everyone
involved. Whether a student is absent for a day or a week, their absence has reper-
S
cussions for their performance, their peers, and the institution.
E
N
I
O
Many factors influence student achievement at the secondary school level, both
R
directly and indirectly. As a result, research has been conducted in a variety of areas,
H
including teaching approaches, learning styles, curriculum, and teacher training, to
I
improve secondary education quality. One learning that has a substantial impact on
student achievement is student attendance (Demir, 2016). Some students are missing
G
H
S
classes, school activities, and lessons for no apparent reason. One of the personal reasons C
why students may not want to attend their lessons regularly is a lack of enthusiasm for
H
O
learning. They may not develop their emotional and social skills, reading competence, or O
academic confidence (Newman, 2019). Also, issues such as low self-esteem, social
isolation, and discontent are involved. Furthermore, student absence has an impact on a
teacher's capacity to present classwork in a logical and orderly manner. It has the
potential to hinder the advancement of all students in the class.
Student absenteeism is one of the alarming problems and drops in online class
attendance are rampant in most of the schools in today’s society. Students are having
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
difficulties adapting to the new normal. These projections give more insight into the
possible learning and social-emotional consequences if students continue to miss school
for significant periods in 2021–2022 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic’s tough
circumstances (Santibañez, Guarino, 2021). They are unable to form friendships since
other students are dealing with difficulties with their study methods. In addition to that,
S
the pressure and stress that come with working online. Most of the students need a
E
support system, such as a person in school, to help them stay on track with their
N
assignments. For learners to acquire knowledge, teachings to be productive, and progress
I
O
to transpire, students need to be in school regularly (Balfanz, 2016). This prompts the
R
researchers to conduct a correlational study by exploring the relationship between
H
absenteeism and academic performance of the Grade 12 students in the Humanities and
I
G
Social Sciences strand of Lagro High School. The importance of this research is to
determine the extent of absenteeism as one strategy to address this issue. The findings
will eventually lead to improved results for students, teachers, and the school as a whole.
H
S
C
H
In addition, the extent of the importance of the findings is to develop instruments
O
necessary to cultivate a cooperative teaching-learning process and generate an improved O
learning intervention important for students’ education. This study is to pose parents,
teachers, and local government to determine what improved learning intervention is to
propose for students.
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
III. Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored on Dr. Herbert J. Walberg’s (1980) theory of Educational
Productivity to explore the relationship between the factors of student absenteeism and
academic performance in the Humanities and Social Sciences strand of Grade 12
students in Lagro High School. The theoretical component has nine fundamental domains of variables that are used as the explanation behind this analysis. Walberg’s
S
E
N
research recognized these variables that influence educational outcomes namely student
I
ability, motivation, age, the quantity and quality of instruction, classroom atmosphere,
O
R
the environment at home, peer group, and the learner’s susceptibility to mass media
H
outside of the academic institution (Walberg et al., 1986).
I
G
H
Walberg’s theory of educational attainment posits that the psychological characteristics of individual students and their unexpected psychological environments affect
S
C
H
O
academic outcomes, for instance, the cognitive, behavioral, and attitudinal (Reynolds &
Walberg, 1992). These psychosocial characteristics such as self-concept, attitudes,
manners, intrinsic motivation, and overall student engagement in learning are useful in
curriculum evaluation researches and can present teachers with valuable information to
organize and establish more optimally functioning classrooms. Additionally, it is important to consider students’ attendance in online learning as it plays a major role in
students’ scholastic success.
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
The variables are examined with various representations (Rugutt et al., 2005).
The first three variables (ability, motivation, and age) exhibits the characteristics of the
student. The fourth and fifth variables demonstrate instruction (quantity and quality),
and the last four variables (classroom atmosphere, the environment at home, peer group,
S
and susceptibility to media) depict the aspects of the psychological environment.
Walberg explained that these variables have distinct effects that might inflict problems
E
N
I
with the academic performance of students if they will not be appropriately guided. The
act of giving importance to a certain variable can create a big impact on the student’s
academic performance. Therefore, the educational productivity theory is related to this
O
R
H
I
study for the principal factors influencing the cohort of student absentees are the major
variable in exploring its relationship to the academic performance of students.
G
H
S
C
H
O
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
IV. Statement of the Problem
This study aims to explore the relationship between absenteeism and academic
performance in the new normal learning system of Grade 12 students in the Humanities
and Social Sciences strand of Lagro Senior High School.
Specifically, it seeks answers to the following questions:
S
E
1.
How extensive is the student absenteeism in the following factors:
N
1.1 Personal Attitude
I
1.2 The Quantity and Quality of Instruction
O
1.3 Online Classroom Environment
R
1.4 Peer Group
H
1.5 The Learner’s Susceptibility to Mass Media After Class Hours
I
1.6 Family Problems
G
2.
How often do students miss classes every month?
H
3.
What is the significant difference in the absenteeism of students by subject
C
areas?
4.
What is the significant difference between the absenteeism of male and female
students?
5.
S
What is the relationship between the factors of absenteeism and the academic
performance of students?
H
O
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
V. Conceptual Framework
Education can be understood as a learning process of acquiring knowledge, cultivating skills, and understanding (Jarvis, 2018). Student absenteeism is a puzzle composes of multiple pieces that have a validated sign of threat in education including
graduation and the probability of dropping out. It also has a significant influence on
S
E
academic outcomes as students who miss school is less likely to fulfill key educational
milestones (Raja, 2017). Thus, guaranteeing that students succeed in the educational
N
I
O
sphere exhibits positive, long-term effects on an array of life is a high priority. One of
R
the main determinants of educational attainment is the extent to which individuals should H
I
remain in school and are not absentees.
G
H
S
Additionally, absenteeism in online class settings has the potential to heightens
C
H
the achievement gap. This study is of great potential to make progress in closing that
gap, improving graduation rates, and formulating a higher-quality intervention for all
O
O
L
students. This study aims to be a tool to develop an improved learning intervention for
Grade 12 students in the Humanities and Social Sciences strand of Lagro Senior High
School by exploring the relationship of student absenteeism and academic performance.
The research paradigm of this study is described as follows.
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
Factors of
Absenteeism
Analysis of data
is through a
structured survey
questionnaire
The extent of
the factors
influencing
student
absenteeism are
identified
a. Personal
Attitude
b. The Quantity
a. Google
Forms
Collected
information will
highly be treated
confidentially
d. Peer Group
The relationship
between
absenteeism and
academic
performance are
determined
Academic
Performance
I
O
R
H
I
e. Mass Media
f. Family Problems
E
N
and Quality of
Instruction
c. Online
Classroom
Environment
S
Gathers data
from the few
respondents
Improved
interventions are
proposed
G
H
S
C
H
Figure 1: Research Paradigm
O
O
The box on the left is the variables relevant to the problem of this research study.
One course of action to determine the relationship between absenteeism and academic
performance is to recognize the student’s academic excellence. Considering the new
normal setting in the context of education, acknowledging the factors including the
characteristics of students, demonstration of instruction, and psychological environment
are allowing to increase the desired outcome for the target participants.
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
The box in the middle is the methods by which the variables are collected and
analyzed. The researchers choose to get the information to the participants through a
structured survey questionnaire using Google Forms. The data is gathered from the large
sample sizes to maintain the validity. The research ethics to protect the anonymity and
confidentiality of research subjects in the process of collecting information and
S
presenting findings are highly treated.
E
N
I
O
Meanwhile, the box on the right shows the outcome of the processed variables.
R
After analyzing the collected data the aims of this study and the statement of the problem H
I
are answered. The extent of the factors that contribute to the absence of selected participants are determined. The relationship between student absenteeism and academic
G
H
S
performance is identified. Further, the result of the findings also indicated if there is a
significant difference in the academic performance of students by sex and subject areas.
C
H
O
The box also exhibits the improved learning interventions posed by parents, teachers,
and the local government to propose for students. Hence the applied interventions may
also cultivate teaching-learning processes and cooperative learning that can address the
problem of absenteeism in today’s learning amidst the Covid-19 pandemic
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
VI. Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of this study will be limited in determining the relationship between
student absenteeism and academic performance in the subject areas Discipline and Ideas
in the Applied Social Sciences, 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the
World, Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Region, and English for Academic and
S
Professional Purposes. The researchers will use a correlational research design for data
E
collection. This study will be conducted in Lagro Senior High School. One of the public
N
I
secondary schools in Quezon City duly recognized by the Department of Education. The O
researchers selected the place of the study that will be implemented on Grade 12 students R
of the Humanities and Social Sciences strand for the first semester of the academic year
2021-2022. The researchers will use Slovin’s formula of probability sampling technique
to identify the sample size of respondents in the study. Limitations in the study are
expected as the researchers will not further explore student absenteeism for there is time
H
I
G
H
S
C
constraint difficulty on the part of the researchers.
H
O
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
VII. Significance of the Study
This study will be undertaken to benefit the various sectors as follows:
The Students. The direct recipient of the output of this research is the students.
S
Any improvement in learning intervention can acquire more knowledge and discipline
important for their education to perform well in society.
E
N
I
The Parents. This research will be beneficial for the parents to ensure that their
children are guided and provided enough with adequate education to be functional
individuals in society.
O
R
H
I
The Teachers. This study will benefit the teachers to purposefully learn the
G
factors of absenteeism and its relationship to the academic performance of students. This H
S
research can be a tool to generate an improved learning intervention after the results will
be concluded.
C
H
O
The Local Governments. This research will benefit the local governments to
develop instruments to cultivate teaching-learning processes.
The Future Researchers. This study will be beneficial to future researchers for
it can serve as a reference for related literature and studies for their future research.
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
VIII. Definition of Terms
For a better understanding of this study, the following terms are further defined
either operationally or conceptually:
S
Correlational Research. Research designed used to discover relationships
among variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge
(Stangor and Walinga, 2019).
E
N
I
O
Learning Intervention. An action is taken to improve a situation. It is referred to R
as an effective teaching tool for plugging specific gaps in learning (Laurie, 2021).
H
I
Flexible Learning. The ability of students to customize one’s pace, place, and
mode of learning.
G
H
S
Radical Changes. Refers to change that occurs relatively fast and modifies the
essence of social structures or organizational practices (IGI Global, 2021).
C
H
O
Repercussion. An unintended consequence occurring some time after an event
O
L
or action, especially an unwelcome one (Oxford Dictionary, 2020).
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the related literature and
studies, including both foreign and local.
S
E
I. Foreign Literature
N
I
Students’ class attendance has an important role in contemporary higher education (Fadelelmoula 2018). According to Latif Khan et al., (2019), it is a critical
O
R
H
determinant of academic outcomes in education. Attendance is important not only
I
because it allows students to transfer content knowledge within a specific course or
G
student activity, but it also provides students with access to noncontent-specific
H
contextual information, resources, and relationships that can positively impact their
S
C
knowledge and sense of belonging (Bergin et. al., 2019). Moreover, lectures are an
H
integral part of the curriculum that engages the audience in real-time for learning and
O
assessment.
O
L
Students who attend classes more frequently appear to be more successful in their
studies than those who are frequently absent (Latif Khan et. al., 2019). Furthermore, they
are more likely to retain the information and be more professional in their lives than
others. Students who miss their lectures, on the other hand, will miss out on the
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
opportunity to foster a positive learning environment, and their grades will often reflect
this.
This literature review is related to the current study for it tackles the importance
of attendance in students’ learning retention and overall knowledge. It also discusses the
S
E
specific advantages of students who are frequently in school. This is important for the
N
study of the researchers to provide additional evidence in the further achievement of the
I
researcher’s objective.
O
R
H
I
G
H
S
C
H
O
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
II. Local Literature
Regular class attendance is critical to a student’s academic advancement. The
presence of students in the classroom provides meaningful interactions and various
opportunities for task engagements that can support the enhancement of a student’s
thinking and social skills (Bañez et al., 2018). However, some students show incapability S
to fully engage in online learning because of multiple life course factors influencing their E
absences. This includes family, health, financial, school atmosphere, alcohol abuse, and
N
I
community perceptions toward learning. Additionally, Garcia (2017) discusses that when O
education and technology are joined, they may create dynamic teaching and learning
experiences that are specifically designed to grow and change the educators and learners
R
H
I
needed to fuel the digital economy. Yet for various reasons, there are still a significant
G
number of individuals, particularly students, who are not yet ready to accept
H
technological advancements in the field of education.
S
C
H
O
This review of literature is related to the present study for it discussed the
O
significance of attending school regularly and its benefits on students’ social and
L
academic skills. It also assessed some of the contributing factors in student absenteeism.
Moreover, additional knowledge in regards to learning in a digital arena is also
mentioned to further understand the existing research. However, it does not particularly
state the analysis on the extent of these factors which is the concern of the researchers.
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
III. Foreign Studies
Persistent absenteeism is defined as missing more than 10% of the school year
(Barneveld et al., 2019). It implies an unfavorable decrease in the academic success and
well-being of the student. They are likely to engage in risky behaviors, which can harm
their prospects of overall success in school and subsequently in life (Gottfried, 2016).
S
While there is evidence of a link between student attendance and academic achievement, E
numerous researches have focused on the type of absence when researching the effects
of chronic absenteeism, wondering whether excused and unexcused absences have the
same outcome on student accomplishment (Romero & Lee, 2017).
N
I
O
R
H
I
G
Student engagement is inversely associated with student absenteeism. The more
involved a student is at school, the lower their absenteeism rate. According to Harris
H
S
C
(2019), regular attendance is related to the improved achievement and happiness of the
H
students. Additionally, students who attend school because they are interested tend to
O
have a stronger sense of well-being than those who attended because they were required
O
to do so (Van Petegem et al., 2017).
This is relevant to the present study for it does not only cite the influence of
continuous absence in the student’s academic performance, yet it also mentioned the
effect it can bring to their well-being. It involves the potential increase in students’
interest to attend school if they feel a sense of belonging. Moreover, the possibility of
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
students being engaged in risky behavior is also stated. This can add to the existing body
of knowledge to provide researchers with a wider range of information in performing the
current study.
S
E
N
I
O
R
H
I
G
H
S
C
H
O
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
IV. Local Studies
The COVID-19 pandemic is a major threat to public health in every country.
Each nation is presently executing plans and protocols to contain the virus. In the
Republic of the Philippines, the education sector is one of the most seriously affected by
the emergence of the high rate of infections. In one’s success, a fundamental determinant S
E
is an educational attainment (Cepada and Grepon, 2020). To provide help in guarantee-
N
ing students’ and faculty’s health alongside following the social distancing measures, the I
new normal policy in the educational context of the school setting is implemented (Tria,
2020). As school is commonly known as a public place where the crowd is unavoidable
O
R
H
and children are unprotected and vulnerable, a need for the introduction of distance
I
learning in terms of delivering sources of knowledge is materialized (Bhardwaj, 2016).
G
The occurrence of online classes is presented in different administrations of schools,
H
S
colleges, and universities in all academic fields. However, it is not as effective as an
C
established form of learning (Adnan & Anwar, 2020, p. 49). One of the major and
H
leading crises encountered in almost all public schools is absenteeism among youths. It
O
O
exposes to danger the chances of students in accomplishing and obtaining their academic
objectives. The student’s attendance is crucial to the learner’s academic growth and
development, to attain an understanding and good analysis of the lessons to be more
proficient and profitable in the class (Elis, 2016).
The studies reviewed are of great significance in the current study for they
evaluated the important role of education in the learner’s scholastic growth and
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
development. They also stated the use of online classes in the continuation of learning in
the new normal. It is recognized as not entirely effective, resulting in the absence of
students in schools. However, they do not specifically study the statistical analysis on the
relationship between absenteeism and the academic performance of students which is the
concern of the researchers.
S
E
N
I
O
R
H
I
G
H
S
C
H
O
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the different methods approaches and strategies employed
in gathering the data, as well as the processes done in analyzing and interpreting them.
The procedures are discussed in detail and the previous research works that inspired the
chosen methodological framework were also cited.
S
E
N
I
O
I. Research Method and Design
R
H
This study will use a correlational research design to explore the relationship
between student absenteeism and academic performance as a basis for an improved
I
G
H
learning intervention. This study will make use of a researcher-made survey
S
questionnaire method for the data collection. In social research, one of the most
C
widespread approaches particularly among the youngest generation of scholars is
H
quantitative research. According to Creswell (2009), cited in Goertzen (2017), defines
quantitative research as the method concerned with the use of numbers and figures in
collecting and analyzing data. This means that quantitative researchers study a
phenomenon to quantify the result by utilizing statistical treatment. It involves the use of
materials such as correlational studies. As determined by Leedy and Ormrod (2010),
mentioned in Apuke (2017), a correlational study focused on establishing relationships
between two or more variables within the population. This research will study a
O
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
particular social situation and quantitative research encompasses the ability to study
significant problems. A correlational study fits to determine whether, or to what degree,
the relationship exists between the research variables. The explanatory correlational
design will also emphasize the intent of the researchers to explore the extent to where
changes in one variable are reflected in changes in the other and will arrive at a tentative
solution, and eventually, a final one, after a more thorough investigation.
S
E
N
I
This study will be conducted in Lagro Senior High School. One of the public
secondary schools in Quezon City duly recognized by the Department of Education. The
O
R
H
researchers selected the place of the study that will be implemented on the Humanities
I
and Social Sciences strand of Grade 12 students for the first semester of the academic
G
year 2021-2022. Thus, Lagro Senior High School will be the chosen setting because it
H
S
will be able to provide the researchers with significant information from the actual
C
experiences of the online class students that are required for the study. The participants
H
will also answer the researcher-made survey questionnaire in their houses or any
O
O
convenient place that the participant will choose to.
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
II. Population and Sample Size
The population of the study refers to the total quantity of the subjects in research
and the sample size is a portion of a population. A sample frame is the listing of the units
from which a sample will be selected (Martinez-Mesa et al., 2016).
S
E
The Grade 12 students in the Humanities and Social Sciences strand of Lagro
N
Senior High School will represent the whole population of the study. The sample frame is I
O
the enrollment list consists of 327 temporarily enrolled online class students in the first
R
semester for the school year 2021-2022. There will be one type of participant in this
H
study. Students who will be recognized to have an overall absence of greater than or
I
equal to 10% in the first and second grading period will be automatically included as the
G
H
main respondents of the study. These students will be identified by their class advisers.
S
There will be a total sample size of 180 participants of the study. The sample size is
C
computed using Slovin’s Formula and to obtain the desired sample size for males and
H
O
females, Proportional Allocation Formula will be used. In total, there will be 67 males
O
and 113 females as the respondents of the study.
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
III. Research Instruments
The researchers will use one research instrument to collect the data in the study.
A structured researcher-made survey questionnaire will be employed electronically
through unrestricted Google Forms. Furthermore, the researchers will use Microsoft
Excel Spreadsheet Software to record in detail the responses of the participants. The
researcher’s readings, previous studies, and professional literature relevant to the study
S
E
N
will be used to create a draft of the questionnaire. The prerequisites for creating a good
I
data collection device will be examined during the development of the instrument. To
O
accommodate precisely formatted views on the issue, close-ended questions will be
provided. The researcher’s structured survey questionnaire will also be consulted to the
R
H
I
adviser for its content and face validity. According to Taherdoost (2016), face validity is G
a subjective judgment to evaluate the appearance of the interview questionnaire in terms
of feasibility, readability, consistency of style and formatting, and the clarity of the
language used. Further, content validity ensures that all the items included are essential
to a particular instrument. The document analysis of the record of attendance and the
grading sheets to identify the final grades of the students will also be examined by the
adviser. The researcher’s self-made survey questionnaire of absenteeism will also be
modified by pilot testing to Grade 12 students of Humanities and Social Sciences strand
in Lagro High School to describe the material’s internal consistency. The students who
will be used for the reliability test of the structured survey questionnaire will be a part of
the final participants of the study.
H
S
C
H
O
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
IV. Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will follow the procedures in gathering the data of this study. A
request letter will be sent to the adviser in Practical Research to seek permission to
conduct the study to the respondents. A consent form will also be delivered online to the
students and signatures of their respective parents will be needed if below the legal age,
S
to ask for authorization to be a part of this study. In the letter of agreement, the
E
participants and researchers will abide by the guidelines and ethics of the research with
N
I
strict compliance. The researchers will be using a structured survey questionnaire that
O
will be content and face validated by the adviser. A consultation to pilot test the
R
researcher-made material to the same participants will also be performed. The
H
I
instruments that will be obtained include gathering information about the demographic
G
profile of the respondents, the list of factors on absenteeism ranked by the students, and
H
their academic excellence. The gathered data will be analyzed by the researchers using
S
C
statistical tools.
H
O
O
L
LAGRO HIGH SCHOOL
V. Statistical Treatment of Data
The researchers will analyze the gathered data to answer the statement of the
problem of this study. The statistical instruments will be used as follows:
S
Problem 1. To determine the extent of student absenteeism, a Weighted Mean
will be used.
E
N
I
Problem 2. To determine the frequency of how often the students miss classes
every month, ANOVA will be employed.
O
R
H
Problem 3. To determine if there is a significant difference in the absenteeism of
students by subject areas, ANOVA will also be applied.
I
G
H
Problem 4. To determine if there is a significant difference in the absenteeism of
males and females, a T-Test will be employed.
S
C
H
Problem 5. To determine the relationship between the factors of absenteeism and
the academic performance of students, Pearson R will be used.
O
O
L