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BIO 101: Hoja de Ejercicios de Biología Fundamental
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I NSTI TUTEOFBASI CANDBI OMEDI CALSCI ENCES BI O101:FOUNDATI ONBI OLOGY TUTORI ALSHEET 2019. 1 Tut or i alsheet1:Wat er 1.Expl ai nt hest r uct ur eofawat ermol ecul eandt hechar gesar oundawat er mol ecul e. 2.What i st he r el at i onshi p bet ween hy dr ogen bondi ng and t he char ge di st r i but i onar oundawat ermol ecul e? 3.Expl ai nwhy ( a)Al otofener gyi sneededt ot ur nl i qui dwat eri nt owat erv apour ( b)Sugarandsal tdi ssol v ei nwat er , butoi l doesnot . ( c)Di f f er ent i at ebet weencohesi onandadhesi on, andgi v eabr i efexpl anat i on ofhowi tcanbedemonst r at edi nt hel abor at or y . 4.Di scusst hechemi calandphy si calpr oper t i esofwat erandt hei rbenef i tt o l i v i ngor gani sms. 5.Thebodycont ai ns60%ofwat er , di scussi t si mpor t ancei nt her mor egul at i on. 6.Di scusst hebondsi nv ol v edi nt hef or mat i onofwat er . 7.Wat erexi st si nt hr eest at es,di scusst hebenef i tofeachst at et ot hel i v i ng or gani sms. 8.Whatpr oper t yofwat erpr ev ent sdenat ur at i onofenzy mesandexpl ai n,how t hi shappens. 9.Whi chbi ol ogi cal pr ocessusest hel at entheatofv apor i sat i onofwat er ? 10. Di scusst hebenef i toft hepol ar i t yofwat ert ol i f e. 11. Dr awawat ermol ecul eandexpl ai nwhati smeantby‘ di pol ar ’ . 12. Howar et hepr oper t i esofwat erl i nkedt oi t spol ar i t y ? 13. Descr i bet hephy si cal andchemi cal pr oper t i esofwat er . 2 Tut or i alsheet2:Bi ol ogi calmol ecul es( Car bohy dr at es) 1.Whati smeantbybi ol ogi cal mol ecul e? 2.Def i net hef ol l owi ngt er ms: monomer , pol y mer , gl y cosi di cbond. 3( a)Namef ourmonomer s. ( b)Gi v et hr eeexampl esofapol y mer . 4.Howdoesacondensat i onr eact i ondi f f erf r om ahy dr ol y si sr eact i on? 5.Expl ai nt hedi f f er encebet weenat r i oseandahexosesugar . 6.Howdoesar i bosesugardi f f erf r om adeoxy r i bosesugar ? 7.Descr i bet her eact i v egr oupsofal l sugarmol ecul es. 8.Di scusst hest r uct ur aldi f f er encebet weenamonosacchar i deandadi sacchar i de sugar . 3 9.Expl ai nt hedi f f er encebet weenanal phagl ucoseandabet agl ucose. 11.Whatbondsar ef or medwhenSt ar chi smade? 12.( a)Def i net hewor di somer i sm. ( b)Nameandexpl ai nt hr eei somer s. 13.Whatmonomer smakeupsucr ose, mal t oseandl act ose? 14.Ex pl ai nhow y ouwoul dt estf ort hepr esenceofst ar ch,nonr educi ngsugarand r educi ngsugari naf oodsampl e. 15.Li stdownf ourdi f f er encesbet weencel l ul oseandgl y cogen. 16.Whatar et hef unct i onsofcar bohy dr at es? Tut or i alsheet3:Li pi ds 1.Descr i bet hedi f f er entt y pesofl i pi dsandgi v eaf unct i onofeacht y pe. 2.Expl ai nhowf at t yaci dsandgl y cer olar ej oi nedt oget hert omakemol ecul esof f at sandoi l s. 3.Wi t ht heai dofadi agr am, descr i behowat r i gl y cer i dei sf or med. 4.Howdoesasat ur at edf at t yaci ddi f f erf r om anunsat ur at edf at t yaci d? 5.St at et woway si nwhi chaphosphol i pi ddi f f er sf r om at r i gl y cer i de. 6.Woul dy ouexpectat r i gl y cer i det obesol ubl ei nwat er ? 7.Woul dy ouexpectaphosphol i pi dt obesol ubl ei nwat er ?Expl ai ny ouranswer . 8.Whydophosphol i pi dsf or m abi l ay eri nt hepr esenceofwat er ? 9.Descr i besomef unct i onsofl i pi dsi nl i v i ngor gani sms. 4 10. Expl ai nt het er mshy dr ophi l i c, amphi pat hi candhy dr ophobi c. 11. Descr i bet hecommonchemi cal t est sf ort hei dent i f i cat i onl i pi ds. Tut or i alsheet4:pr ot ei ns 1.Whati sazwi t t er i on? 2.Expl ai nhowapept i debond. 3.Expl ai nhowaf unct i onal pr ot ei nmaycont ai noneormor epol y pept i des. 4.Usi ngexampl es, expl ai nt hef ol l owi ngconcept s: ( a)Pr i mar ypr ot ei n ( b)Secondar ypr ot ei n 5 ( c)Ter t i ar ypr ot ei n ( d)Quat er nar ypr ot ei n 5.Expl ai nt hef unct i onofpr ot ei nsi nl i v i ngor gani sms. 6.St at et hr eedi f f er encesbet weenf i br ouspr ot ei nsandgl obul arpr ot ei ns. 7.Expl ai nt hev ar i oust y pesofbondst hatar ef oundi npr ot ei ns. 8.Howwoul dy out estf ort hepr esenceofpr ot ei nsi nal i qui df oodsampl e? 9.Whatar et her eact i v egr oupsf oundi npr ot ei ns? 10. Whatdoest hewor damphot er i cmean? 11. Expl ai ni somer i sm i npr ot ei ns. 12. Howdoami noaci dsactasbuf f er s? Tut or i alsheet5:cel l s 6 1.Nameandexpl ai nt hef unct i onsoft hev ar i ouspar t sofaneukar y ot i ccel l 2.Usi ngexampl es, expl ai nt hef ol l owi ngt er ms: ( a)Ti ssue ( b) Or gan ( c)Sy st em 3.( a)Whatst at ement sconst i t ut et hecel l t heor y ? ( b)Whatar esomeoft hel i mi t at i onsoft hecel l t heor y ? 4.Expl ai nt hest r uct ur eoft hecel l membr ane. 5.Expl ai nt hef l ui dmosai ct heor yofcel lmembr anes.Whatt heor i espr ecededt hi s model ? Whatev i dencesuppor t st het heor i est hatwer epost ul at edbef or et hef l ui dmosai c model ? 6.Howdopot assi um i onsmov eacr osst hepl asmamembr ane? 7.Thesur f acear eat ov ol umer at i ol i mi t scel l si ze.Expl ai nwhyt hi si sso. 8.Whyar ev i r usessomet i mesdescr i bedasor gani smst hatar eont hebor der l i neof l i v i ngand nonl i v i ngt hi ngs? 9.Howdoeukar y ot i ccel l sdi f f erf r om pr okar y ot i ccel l s? 10.Expl ai nt hef ol l owi ngt er ms: ( a)Mesosome ( b)Pept i dogl y can ( c)Pl asmi ds 11.Expl ai nt hr eedi f f er encesbet weenapl antcel l andanani mal cel l . 7 11.Expl ai nt hedet ai l edst r uct ur eofat y pi cal mi t ochondr i on Tut or i alsheet6:Enzy mes 1.Whati sanenzy me?Expl ai nsomechar act er i st i csofenzy mes. 2.Whatf act or saf f ectenzy meact i v i t y ? 3.Whati st her el at i onshi pbet weenr eact i onr at e, enzy mesandact i v at i onener gy ? 4.Expl ai n, wi t ht heai dofexampl es: ( a)Compet i t i v ei nhi bi t or s ( b)Noncompet i t i v ei nhi bi t or s 5.Li stt hr eeadv ant agesandt wodi sadv ant agesofusi ngenzy mesr at hert han i nor gani ccat al y st si ni ndust r i al pr ocesses. 6.Expl ai nhowenzy mesar eusedi nmedi ci ne. 7.Expl ai n: ( a)Subt i l i si n. ( b)I nducedf i tmodel ( c)Denat ur at i on ( d)Deact i v at i on ( e)Opt i mum t emper at ur e ( f )Opt i mum pH 8.Why i st he r at e ofan enzy mecont r ol l ed r eact i on v er y sl ow atbey ond opt i mum t emper at ur eandbel owopt i mum t emper at ur e. 9.Wi t hr ef er encet ot hel ockandkeyhy pot hesi sandt hei nducedf i thy pot hesi s, ( a)Expl ai nt hesi mi l ar i t i esi nt heset heor i es 8 ( b)Howdot hesemodel sdi f f erf r om eachot her ? 10. Namet wokeyr ol esofenzy mesi nl i v i ngor gani sms. 11. Dr awgr aphst odepi ct : ( a)The r el at i onshi p bet ween an enzy me cont r ol l ed r eact i on r at e and t emper at ur e ( b)Ther el at i onshi pbet weenanenzy mecont r ol l edr eact i onr at eandpH 12. Gr aphi cal l yexpl ai nt heef f ectof : ( a)Subst r at econcent r at i onandenzy mecont r ol l edr eact i onr at e. ( b)Enzy meconcent r at i onandenzy mecont r ol l edr eact i onr at e. 13. Di st i ngui shbet weenacof act orandacoenzy me. Tut or i alsheet7:Nucl ei caci ds 1.Dr awandl abel t hest r uct ur eofanucl eot i de 2.Howdomonomer sofDNAdi f f erf r om t hoseofRNA? 3.Expl ai nt hebasepai r i ngr ul es. 4.Whatar et hesi mi l ar i t i esanddi f f er encesbet weent hest r uct ur eofDNAand RNAMol ecul es? 5.Nameandexpl ai nt hev ar i oust y pesofRNA. 6.Descr i bet hev ar i ousf or msofDNAr epl i cat i on. 7.Whatenzy me ( a)Separ at est het wost r andsofDNA? ( b)Cl osest hegapsf or meddur i ngDNAr epl i cat i on? 9 ( c)Addsnucl eot i dest of or m anewDNAst r and? 8.Whatar et hev ar i ousbasest hatf or m nucl eot i des? 9.Whatr ol edonucl eot i despl ayi nachr omosome? 10. Di f f er ent i at et het er msnucl eosi deandnucl eot i de. 11. ( a)Whati st hedi f f er encebet weenapur i neandapy r i mi di ne? ( b) Namet hebasest hatar ecl assi f i edaspur i nesandt hoset hatcl assi f i edas py r i mi di nes. Tut or i alsheet8:Pr ot ei nsy nt hesi s 1.Whati st henamegi v ent ot her esul tofaddi ngoneort wonucl eot i debases t oaDNAsequence? 2.Di st i ngui shbet weent r anscr i pt i onandt r ansl at i on. 3.A t r anscr i bi ng DNA st r and cont ai nst hebasesequenceCGGAATCGT. Whatwi l l bet hebasesequencei nt hemRNAt r anscr i bedf r om i t ? 10 4.Expl ai nt her ol esoft RNA, r RNAandmRNA? 5.Expl ai nt her ol esoft hepr omot erandt r anscr i pt i onf act ori nt r anscr i pt i on. 6. ( a)Whatt y peofbondat t achesanewami noaci dt oapol y pept i dechai n? ( b) Bywhatpr ocessdoesat RNA mol ecul eat t achont o mRNA dur i ng t r ansl at i on? 7.ThemRNAcodef ort heami noaci dser i nei sUCA. ( a)Gi v et heDNAcodef orser i ne ( b)Gi v et het RNAcodef orser i ne 8. The f i r st codon bi nds t he ami noacy l t RNA mol ecul e hav i ng t he compl ement ar yant i Codonwhi chi susual l ymet hi oni ne.St at et hebasesequenceoft hi sami no aci d. 9.HowdoesDNAr epl i cat i ondi f f erf r om t r anscr i pt i on? 10.Wi t hr ef er encet ot hecodons: UAA, UAGandUGA ( a)Expl ai nwhateachcodoncodesf or . ( b)Expl ai nt her ol epl ay edbyt hesecodonsdur i ngpr ot ei nsy nt hesi s. 11.Def i net het er msi nt r onandex on.I nwhi cht y peofRNAar et heyf ound? 12.Dur i ngt r ansl at i on,anmRNAmol ecul ehasacodonwi t ht het r i pl etsequence5’ AUC3’ . ( a)Wr i t et heant i codonsequencei nat RNAmol ecul et hatwoul dpai rwi t ht hi s codon. ( b)Namet heami noaci dcar r i edbyt hi sRNA. ( c)Wr i t et hecor r espondi ngsequenceont heDNA f r om whi cht hemRNA was t r anscr i bed. 11 Tut or i alsheet9:Gener egul at i on 1Di f f er ent i at egener egul at i oni npr okar y ot esandeukar y ot es. 2.Expl ai nhow pr okar y ot i ccel l sswi t chof fmRNAsy nt hesi swhenenzy mesar enot needed. 3.( a)Def i net het er m oper on ( b)Descr i bet hest r uct ur eoft hel acoper on ( c)Descr i bet hest r uct ur eoft het r poper on 4.Wi t hr ef er encet ot hel acoper on, expl ai nt hef unct i onsoft hef ol l owi ng: ( a)l acA ( b)l acY ( c)l acZ 5.Whati st hef unct i onoft hepr omot erandr egul at oront hel acoper on? 6.Whyi st hel acoper ondescr i bedasani nduci bl emodel ? 7.Wi t hr ef er encet ot het r poper on, expl ai n: ( a)t r y pt ophansy nt hesi s ( b)oper at orcont r ol ( c)at t enuat or cont r ol l edt r poper on 8.Expl ai ngener egul at i onatt hef ol l owi ngl ev el s: ( a)t r anscr i pt i on ( b)mRNApr ocessi ng ( c)mRNAt ur nov er ( d)t r ansl at i on ( e)enzy mef unct i on 9.Di scusst hef ol l owi ngt er mswi t hr egar dst ogener egul at i on ( a)Epi genet i cl ev el ofgener egul at i on ( b)post t r anscr i pt i onal l ev el ofgener egul at i on 12 ( c)post t r ansl at i onal l ev el ofgener egul at i on Tut or i alsheet10:Cel ldi v i si on 1.( a)Expl ai nt hev ar i ouspr ocessest hatar ei nv ol v edi nmi t osi s. ( b)Expl ai nt hev ar i ousst agest hatt akepl acei nmei osi s. 2.Dr aw a homol ogous chr omosome and expl ai n:sy napsi s,cent r omer e, chi asmat a, si st erchr omat i dandcr ossi ngov er . 3.Whyi si tt hatmei osi sr esul t si nt hef or mat i onoff ourhapl oi ddaught ercel l s t hatar egenet i cal l ydi f f er entf r om eachot her ? 4.Expl ai nt hesi mi l ar i t i esanddi f f er encesbet weency t oki nesi si npl antcel l sand ani mal cel l s. 5.Whatar et hesi mi l ar i t i esanddi f f er encesbet weenmi t osi sandmei osi s? 6.Expl ai nt hef ol l owi ngt er ms: equat or , chr omat i dandspi ndl ef i br e. 7.Howdov i r usesandpr okar y ot esdi v i de? 8.Suggestwhy mi t osi si n pl ant si sr est r i ct ed t o speci alr egi ons cal l ed mer i st ems, wher easi nani mal st her ei snosuchr est r i ct i on. 9.Bywhatt wo pr ocesses does mei osi s pr omot e genet i cv ar i at i on among or gani smsoft hesamespeci es? 10. Nameoneev entt hatoccur si nmei osi sI I , butnoti nmei osi sI . 11. Expl ai nt hei mpor t anceof : ( a)Mei osi s ( b)Mi t osi s 12. Cy ani de i sa met abol i cpoi son t hatpr ev ent sATP pr oduct i on i n cel l s.I f cy ani dei sappl i edt ocel l sbef or ecel ldi v i si onst ar t s,t henucl eusdoesnot di v i de.Howev er ,i fcy ani de i s appl i ed dur i ng oraf t erpr ophase,t he cel l 13 cont i nuest odi v i de.Suggestanexpl anat i onf ort hi s. Tut or i alsheet11:Genet i cs( I nt r oduct or yconcept s) 1.( a)Gi v eanaccountoft hegr owt hofgenet i csdur i ngt heper i od1900t o1944. ( b) Di st i ngui shbet weenchr omat i n, chr omat i dandchr omosome. 2.Nameandexpl ai nt het hr eemai nbr anchesofgenet i cs 3.I ndi cat ewhi choft heal l el esi nt hef ol l owi ngexampl ear edomi nant , codomi nantor i ncompl et el ydomi nant : ( a)A chi ckenwi t ht heal l el ef orbl ackf eat her sandt heal l el ef orwhi t ef eat her s possessesbl uef eat her s. ( b)Acatwi t ht heal l el ef orbl ackcoatandt heal l el ef oer edcoatshowsapat ched coatofbl ackandr ed. ( c)A chi ckenwi t ht heal l el ef orst r ai ghtf eat her sandandt heal l el ef orf i zzl ed f eat her shasmi l dl yf r i zzl edf eat her s. ( d)Aper sonwi t ht heal l el ef orbl oodgr oupM andt heal l el ef orbl oodgr oupNshows bl oodgr oupMN. 4.( a)St at eMendel ’ sl awofi ndependentassor t menti nman.Br owney ecol our( B)i s Domi nantov erbl ueey ecol our( b) .Abr owney edman, whosemot herwasbl ue ey ed, Mar r i edabr owney edwomanwhosef at herwasbl ueey ed.Whatar et he genot y pes 14 Oft hemanandwoman? ( b)Descr i bet hel awofi ndependentassor t mentandst at er easonswhyt hi sl aw i snot Uni v er sal l yappl i cabl e. 5.Expl ai nt hesi gni f i canceofat estcr ossandabackcr oss. 6.Coi nonewor df ort hef ol l owi ng: ( a)Agr oupofi ndi v i dual swhi chpr oduceof f spr i ngf orsev er algener at i onshav i ng t he Samespeci f i cchar act er ( b)Ast udyofr esembl ancesanddi f f er encesbet weenpar ent sandt hei rof f spr i ng ( c)Ani ndi v i dual t hatdoesnotbr eedt r uef ori t schar act er ( d)Agr oupofpl ant shav i ngt hesamegenesf orachar act er ( e)Acr ossofF1i ndi v i dual wi t ht hehomozy gousr ecessi v epar ent . 7.I npeas,t heal l el ef ori nf l at edpodi sdomi nantov ert heal l el ef orconst r i ct ed f l ower s.I fapl anthomozy gousf ori nf l at edi scr ossedwi t honehomozy gousf or const r i ct ed, st at et heappear anceoft he( a)F1, ( b)F2, ( c)cr ossbet weenoneoft heF1 wi t hi t si nf l at edpar ent ,and ( d)cr ossbet weenoneoft heF1 wi t hi t sconst r i ct ed par ent . 8.Whatgamet eswi l lbef or medbyanor gani sm t hathast hef ol l owi nggenot y pes bel ow: ( a)Tt ( b)Tt Rr ( c)Dd 15 Tut or i alsheet12:Post Mendel i angenet i cs 1.I ncat s,oneoft hegenesf orcoatcol ouri spr esentonl yont heXchr omosomes. B Thi sgenehast woal l el es.Theal l el ef orgi nger ,X,i sdomi nantt ot hatf orbl ackf ur , b X ( a)Al lt hecel l si nt hebodyofaf emal emammalcar r yt woXchr omosomes.Dur i ng anear l yst ageofdev el opmentoneoft hesebecomesi nact i v eandi snotexpr essed. Ther ef or e,f emal e mammal s hav e pat ches ofcel l s ofcel l s wi t ht he ot herX chr omosomeexpr essed.Tor t oi seshel lcat shav ecoat swi t hpat chesofgi ngerand pat chesofgi ngerandpat chesofbl ackf ur . ( i )Whati st hegenot y peoft or t oi secat ? ( i i )Expl ai nwhyt her ear enomal et or t oi seshel l cat s. ( b) Acatbr eederwhowi shedt opr oducet or t oi seshel lcat scr ossedabl ackf emal e catwi t hagi ngermal e.Copyandcompl et et hegenet i cdi agr am andpr edi ctt he per cent ageoft or t oi seki t t ensexpect edf r om t hi scr oss. Par ent al phenot y pe: bl ackf emal e gi ngermal e 16 Par ent al genot y pes: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Gamet egenot y pes: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Of f spr i nggenot y pe: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Per cent ageoft or t oi seshel l ki t t ens: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2.( a)Whyar emal eshet er ogamet i c? ( b)Expl ai nwhyanembr y owi t hXYgenot y pemaydev el opf emal esexual or gans. ( c)Usi ngexampl es, di st i ngui shbet weensexl i nkageandsexl i mi t at i on. 3.Somet i mes,t hedomi nantal l el esofonegenel ocus( A)i nhomozy gous( AA)and het er ozy gous( Aa)condi t i onandt hehomozy gousr ecessi v eal l el es( bb)ofanot her genel ocus( B)pr oducet hesamephenot y pe,t heF2 phenot y pi cr at i obecomes13: 3 duet oepi st asi sandhy post asi s( Tabl e1) . Tabl e1:Modeofi nt er act i onbet weendomi nantandr ecessi v eal l el esi sgi v eni nt he t abl ebel ow. s/ n Epi st at i c o al l el e Hy post at i c al l el e Phenot y pecexpr essi onofal l el es 1 AA, Aa BB, Bb, bb Ai nhi bi t sBorb( Nophenot y peofBorb) 2 aa BB, Bb, bb Adoesnoti nhi bi tBorb( phenot y peofB orb) I nLeghor nt y peoff owlt hewhi t ecol ouroff eat heri scausedbyt hedomi nant genot y peCC I I ,si mi l ar l yt hewhi t ecol ouroff eat her sofPl y mout hRockbr eedi s causedbyt her ecessi v egenot y pecci i( Tabl e2) .Whenbot hwhi t ev ar i et i esoff owl s ar ecr ossed,i nF1 whi t ecol our edhy br i dsappear .TheF1 hy br i dsi nF2 pr oducet he whi t ecol our edof f spr i ngsi nt her at i oof13: 3.Per f or m agenet i ccr osst opr ov et hi s. Tabl e2: Modeofi nt er act i onbet weendomi nantandr ecessi v eal l el es Epi st at i c al l el es Hy post at i c al l el es Phenot y pi c expr essi on of F2 phenot y pi c al l el e r at i o I I CC, Cc, cc I( domi nanti nhi bi t or ) I i CC, Cc C( Duet or ecessi v ei nhi bi t or Col our ed=3 i ) i i cc C( duet ocandi ) 17 Whi t e=12 Whi t e=1 4.Whenapur el i nev ar i et yofwhi t ef l ower edsweetpea( Lat hyr usodor at us)was cr ossedwi t hanot herpur el i nev ar i et yofwhi t ef l ower edsweatpea, i nF1pur pl eorr ed f l ower edpl ant swer epr oduced( Tabl e3) .TheF1pl ant swhensel f pol l i nat edor cr ossedamongt hemsel v es,pr oducedt heF2 gener at i onwi t ht hephenot y pi cr at i oof 9col our edandwhi t ef l ower edpl ant s. Tabl e3:Modeofact i onofcompl ement ar yal l el esi nt hepr oduct i onofcol our ed f l ower si nsweatpea. Epi st at i c al l el es Hy post at i c al l el es Phenot y pi c expr essi on of F2 phenot y pi c al l el e r at i o Cc EE, Ee, ee Nei t hercnorEore CC, Cc Ee Nei t herCorcnore CC, Cc EE, Ee Bot hC+E Useagenet i cdi agr am t oexpl ai nt heser esul t s. Tut or i alsheet13:Genei nt er act i on 1.Descr i bet hef ol l owi ngconcept s ( a)Epi st asi s 18 Whi t e=7 Col our ed=9 ( b)I nt er act i onofgenes ( c)I nt r aal l el i candi nt er al l el i ci nt er act i on ( d)Compl ement ar ygenes 2.Di f f er ent i at ecompl ement ar ygenesf r om suppl ement ar ygenes 3.Namet het y peofgenet i ci nt er act i oni nwhi chact i onofonenonal l el i cgenei s compl ement edbyt heot her . 4.Whatphenot y pi cr at i oi sf oundi nt heF2 i nacr ossbet weent wov ar i et i eshav i ng dupl i cat edgenesf orasi ngl et r ai t ? 5.Whati st her esul tofacr ossbet weent wowhi t ef l ower edv ar i et i esofLat hyr us odor at uswhosegenot y pesar eCCppandCcPp 6.Fi l l i nt hebl ankspacesbel ow ( a)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _occur swhent hedomi nantal l el eofonel ocusmaskst heef f ect sof ei t heral l el eoft hesecondgene.I t sF2phenot y pi cr at i oi s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( b)Recessi v eepi st asi si swhen_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .I t sF2phenot y pi cr at i oi s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( c)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _hasaphenot y pi cr at i oof9: 7.I toccur swhenr ecessi v eal l el esat ei t heroft het wol oci canmaskt heexpr essi onofdomi nantal l el esatt het wol oci . ( d)Dupl i cat i v edomi nantepi st asi shasaphenot y pi cr at i oof_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .I ti sdef i ned as_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7.Descr i bepl ei ot r opi sm wi t hsui t abl eexampl es. 8.( a)Def i net het er mspenet r anceandexpr essi v i t y ( b)Expl ai nt hemaj ordi f f er encesbet weenpenet r anceandexpr essi v i t y . Tut or i alsheet14:Sexl i nkage 1.Gi v eanaccountoft hechr omosomal basi sofsexl i nkagei nhumanbei ngs. 2.Whati ssexl i nkedi nher i t ance?Expl ai nt hei nher i t ancepat t er nofhaemophi l i aand 19 r edgr eencol ourbl i ndness 3.Col ourbl i ndnessi smor eof t eni nmal est hani nf emal es.Gi v er easons. 4.Awomanofnor malv i si onmar r i esamanofnor malv i si on.Fat her sofbot ht he manandwomanar ecol ourbl i nd.Whatt y peofv i si onwoul dy ouexpecti nt hei r of f spr i ng? 5.Di scusst hei nher i t anceofYl i nkedgenes. 6.Whatar ehol andr i cgenes?Howdoest hei ri nher i t ancedi f f erf r om t hei nher i t ance ofdi geni cgenes?Descr i bewi t hsui t abl eexampl es,t hei nher i t anceofhol ogeni c genesi nman. 7.Di f f er ent i at ebet weenXl i nkedandsex l i mi t edchar act er s. 8.Compl et et hef ol l owi ngsent ences ( a)TheXl i nkedorsex l i nkedgenesar e_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _genest hatexhi bi t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pat t er nofi nher i t ance ( b)ThenumberofBar rbodyi nXXYmeni s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( c)I npr ot anopi a, aper soncannotdi st i ngui sh_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( d)Col ourbl i ndness, i nwhi chal l col our sar eper cei v edasgr ey , i st er med_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( e)Moust achesandbear edi nhumanmal esar eexampl esof_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( f )Deut er onopi ai sadi seasewhent her ei snoper cept i onof _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 9.Whati sl i nkage?Descr i becompl et eandi ncompl et el i nkage. 10.( a)Descr i bet hemechani sm ofl i nkagewi t ht hehel pofanexampl e ( b)St at et hesi gni f i canceofl i nkage. ( c)Howi st hel awofi ndependentassor t mentaf f ect edbyl i nkage? Tut or i alsheet15:Mut at i ons 1.( a)Whati sabaseanal ogue? 20 ( b)usi ngexampl es, expl ai nhowbaseanal oguesi nducemut at i onsi nDNA. 2.Ther ear ev ar i oust y pesofmi spai r i ngst hatcausegenemut at i ons.Expl ai nspeci f i c exampl es. 3.Descr i bet hemechani sm usedbyal kay l at i ngagent st oi nducemut at i ons. 4.( a)Namesomemut ageni cv i r uses. ( b)Howdoesamut ageni cv i r usi nducemut at i onsi ni t shost ? 5.( a)Whati st heef f ectofsi ckl ecel l anaemi aonr edbl oodcel l s? ( b)Namet het y peofpoi ntmut at i onwhi chcausessi ckl ecel l anaemi a. 5.Expl ai nt hef ol l owi ngt y pesofmut at i ons: ( a) si l entmut at i ons ( b)nonsensemut at i on, ( c)Neut r al mut at i ons, ( d)mi ssensemut at i ons. 6.Di f f er ent i at ef r ameshi f tmut at i onf r om domi nantnegat i v eMut at i on. 7.( a)Di scusst het hr eet y pesofmut agens. ( b)Gi v eexampl esof ( i ) Phy si cal mut agens ( i i ) Chemi cal mut agens ( i i i ) Bi ol ogi cal mut agens 8.Whati st her el at i onshi pbet weenmut agensandcar ci nogens? 9.Howdospont aneousmut at i onsdi f f erf r om i nducedmut at i ons? Tut or i alsheet16:Sel ect i on 21 1.Def i net hef ol l owi ngt er m:het er ozy gousadv ant age, genet i cdr i f t , nat ur alsel ect i on andgenepool . 2.Descr i bet hedi f f er encesbet weencont i nuousanddi scont i nuousv ar i at i ons 3.Expl ai n,wi t hexampl es,howt heenv i r onmentmayaf f ectt hephenot y peofpl ant s andani mal s. 4.Expl ai n,wi t h exampl es,how env i r onment alf act or s can actas st abi l i si ng, di sr upt i v eanddi r ect i onal f or cesf ornat ur al sel ect i on. 5.Expl ai nhow sel ect i on,t hef ounderef f ectandgenet i cdr i f tmayaf f ectal l el e f r equenci esi npopul at i ons. 6.( a)St at et heHar dy Wei nber gpr i nci pl eandi ndi cat ei t susef ul nessi npopul at i on Genet i cs. ( b)Out l i net hecondi t i onst hatneedt obemetf ort heHar dy Wei nber gequi l i br i um Tobef ul f i l l ed. 7.( a)I foneper soni n10, 000i shaemophi l i ac, det er mi ne: ( i )t hehomozy gousdomi nantf r equency . ( i i )t hef r equencyofhet er ozy got es. ( i i i )t hehomozy gousr ecessi v ef r equency ( b)Whatper cent ageofnewbor nbabi eswoul dbehaemophi l i acs? 8.Whatar ei sol at i ngmechani sms?Expl ai nv ar i oust y pesofi sol at i ngmechani sms t hatcan Leadt ospeci at i on. 22 23
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