1914-1918: The World at War Differing Viewpoints “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” Causes of the War 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Great Britain, France, Russia Germany, Austria, Italy Formation of Alliances Germany wanted to isolate from France so they could not regain Alsace Lorraine Austria and Russia quarreling over the Balkans Italy was angry at France for annexing Tunisia Germany and Russia agreed to remain neutral if attacked. Treaty was dropped 2 years later by the Germans. Russia and France signed treaty British join with the French Alliance System With the formation of both Alliances it became evident that any future conflict would lead to a world wide conflict. Series of Crisis In Africa a French takeover of Morocco angered the Germans. In Europe conflicts in the Balkans continued to escalate – Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina instead of allowing Serbians to rule independently – First and Second Balkan Wars (1912-1913) Ottoman Empire lost most European territories to European countries or to the newly created Albania – Armenian Genocide- over 1 million Armenian Christians killed by Muslim Ottomans • Ottomans believed Armenians were supporting Russia against the Ottomans Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers: The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H] Europe in 1914 2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73% 3. Imperial Rivalries 4. Nationalism Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe The “Spark” Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family The Assassination: Sarajevo The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Who’s To Blame? The Coming of War The Leader of Austria was assassinated by Serbian Independence Group “The Black Hand” Austria decides to crush Serbia Russia declares war on Austria Germany declares war on Russia, France Britain declares war on Germany Japan joined Triple Entente Ottoman empire joined Central Powers A Multi-Front War The Western Front The Western Front The Schlieffen Plan Schlieffen Plan Germans sweep through Belgium, knock out France b/f Russia mobilizes Held of by British- Trench Warfare begins Trench Warfare Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land” Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive. Each side had 500,000 casualties. The Somme – July, 1916 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. New Weapons During WWI Invention Description Use in WWI Automatic Machine Gun Rapid steady stream of bullets Few gunners can kill waves of soldiers Tank Armored vehicle, all terrain Protected advancing troops, slow, clumsy Submarine Underwater ship launch torpedos Destroyed allied ships, brought U.S into war Airplane Prop plane with machine gun First used for observation, later air combat Poison Gas Gas Masks Gasses cause choking, blindness severe pain; masks protect soldiers Lobbed into trenches Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun French Renault Tank British Tank at Ypres U-Boats The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917 The Zeppelin Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers Poison Gas Machine Gun German Atrocities in Belgium Recruitment Posters Recruits of the Central Powers A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother AustroHungarians New French Recruits A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier Soldiers Mobilized 14 12 Millions 10 8 6 4 2 0 France Germany Russia Britain Women and the War Effort Financing the War For Recruitment Munitions Workers French Women Factory Workers German Women Factory Workers Working in the Fields A Woman Ambulance Driver Red Cross Nurses Women in the Army Auxiliary Russian Women Soldiers Spies “Mata Hari” Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy! Posters: Wartime Propaganda Australian Poster American Poster Financing the War German Poster The Eastern Front Eastern Front Russian lost over 1 million casualties, drop out of war by 1917 Little gained or lost by either side The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915 Turkish Cavalry in Palestine T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18 T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19 The Tsar with General Brusilov The “Colonial” Fronts Sikh British Soldiers in India Fighting in Africa Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa] British Sikh Mountain Gunners Fighting in Africa 3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916 America Joins the Allies The Sinking of the Lusitania The Zimmerman Telegram The Yanks Are Coming! Americans in the Trenches Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats “Art” of World War I “A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918 “Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917 “Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914 “Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918 “Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917 German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 9,000,000 Dead The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died World War I Casualties 10,000,000 9,000,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 Russia Germany Austria-Hungary France Great Britain Italy Turkey US Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come! Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922 Erzerum 215,000 1,500 Van 197,000 500 Kharbert 204,000 35,000 Diarbekir 124,000 3,000 Bitlis 220,000 56,000 Sivas 225,000 16,800 Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000 European Turkey 194,000 163,000 73,390 15,000 2,133,190 387,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Trapizond District Total WWI Ends WWI ends 11th hour, of 11th day, of 11th month, of 1918 The Big Four – – – – Great Britain –Lloyd George Italy- Orlando Clemenceau- France Wilson- United States Treaty of Versailles – Germany lost Saar basin, Alsace and Lorraine-France over 27,000 - Germans paid war reparations-32 billion dollars - Germany forced to limit army and forbidden to maintain planes, tanks and naval ships Other Effects of World War I Formation of New Countries – Poland Recreated, Czechoslovakia created, Yugoslavia Created LEAGUE OF NATIONS Formation of an international organization to maintain peace and settle disputes Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points became basis – Point 1 renounced secret treaties; Point 2 dealt with freedom of the seas; Point 4 advocated arms reductions; Point 5 advocated solving colonial disputes internationally Weakness – No peace keeping force – Little to no power – Had to rely on boycotts Other Effects of WWI Woman’s Suffrage – Following Women’s involvement in the War many nations across Europe granted women over 21 the right to vote beginning in 1918
