Reading in the Philippine History 1
INTRODUCTION
History is the study and the documentation of the past. Events before the invention
of writing systems are considered prehistory. Historians often debate which narrative best
explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. The history
gives us the tools to analyze and explain problems in the past, it positions us to see
patterns that might otherwise be invisible in the present, thus providing a crucial
perspective for understanding and solving current and future problems. In many ways,
history interprets the events and causes that contributed to our current world.
In this case, they may be able to identify and understand the history in the field of
Diplomatic History and it's types/kinds. Discuss and find out what are the 5 Theories of
History and identify the Different Concepts of History. Determine the Historical
Research using 6 Generic Questions and the Basic Historical Information of the
following dialects: Ilonggo, Bisaya and Magindanaon. Differentiate the Hanuoo and
Mangyan alphabet and Alibata alphabet.
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A. DIPLOMATIC HISTORY
Diplomacy the established method of influencing the decisions and behavior of
foreign governments and people's through dialogue, negotiations and other measures
short of war or violence. This field of history is concerned with diplomats, diplomatic
actions and institution and relationships among two or more states. This area includes the
subject of war, security, agreements, international alliance and institution.
TYPES OF DIPLOMATIC HISTORY
1. People's diplomacy.
People's diplomacy in a broad sense of the word means a historically continuous
process of communication, mutual knowledge, influence and enrichment of cultures and
people.
2. Economic diplomacy.
Economic diplomacy is a specific area of modern diplomatic activity connected with
the use of economic problems as an object, means of struggle, cooperation in
international relations. It presupposes diplomatic service activities focused on increasing
exports, attracting foreign investment and participation in work of international economic
organizations, that is, actions focused on reaffirming a country's economic interest at
international level.
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3. Digital (electronic) diplomacy.
It is the use of the Internet, information and communication technologies for
solving diplomatic problems. In the framework of digital diplomacy, new media, social
networks, blogs and similar global media platforms are used. The main goals of digital
diplomacy are the promotion of foreign policy interests and information propaganda via
the Internet.
4. Intermediary diplomacy.
Intermediary diplomacy is one of the means for peaceful settlement of disputes
between states through a series of negotiations with the participation of a third state, on
the basis of conditions advanced by it.
5. Public diplomacy.
Public diplomacy differs from traditional diplomacy, which is carried out by people
with a special profession (diplomats, politicians). Public diplomacy is a means by which
the government of one country tries to influence the society of another country. It is the
ability to achieve goals through attractive offers, rather than bribery and coercion.
Source:https://www.legit.ng/1131145-types-diplomacy-international-relations.html
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B. 5 THEORIES OF HISTORY
1. The Great God Theory.
The most primitive attempts to explain the origin and development of the world and
man are the creation myths to be found among preliterate peoples. We are best
acquainted with the one in Genesis which ascribes the making of heaven and earth with
all its features and creatures to a Lord God who worked on a six-day schedule. These
fanciful stories do not have any scientific validity. The raw materials for genuine historywriting were first collected in the annals of the reigns and chronicles of kings in the river
valley civilisations of the Near East, India and China. The first synthetic conception of
history arose from the fusion of elements taken over from the old creation myths with a
review of these records. This was the Great God, or theological version of history which
asserted that divine beings directed human affairs together with the rest of the cosmos.
2. The Great Man Theory.
The straightforward theological view of history is too crude and naive, too close to
primitive animism, too much in conflict with civilised enlightenment to persist without
criticism or change except among the most ignorant and devout. It has been supplanted
by more refined versions of the same type of thinking. The Great Man theory emerged
from a dissociation of the dual components of the
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Great God theory. The immense powers attributed to the gods become transferred to and
concentrated in some figure at the head of the state, the church or other key institution or
movement. This exceptionally placed personage was supposedly endowed with the
capacity for moulding events as he willed. This is the pristine source of the tenacious
belief that unusually influential and able individuals determine the main direction of
history.
3. The Great Mind Theory.
The Great Mind Theory easily slides into the notion that some set of brilliant
intellects, or even one mental genius, supplies the mainspring of human advancement.
Plato taught that there are “some natures who ought to study philosophy and to be leaders
in the state; and others who are not born to be philosophers, and are meant to be followers
rather than leaders”. Greek Anaxagoras said: “Reason (Nous ) governs the world.”
Aristotle held that the prime mover of the universe and thereby the ultimate animator of
everything within it was God, who was defined as pure mind engaged in thinking about
itself.
Hegel was the foremost modern exponent of this theory that the progress of mankind
consisted in the working out and consummation of an idea. He wrote: “Spirit, or Mind, is
the only motive principle of history.” The underlying goal of the World Spirit and the
outcome of its laborious development was the realisation of the idea of freedom.
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4. The Best People Theory.
All such interpretations contain infusions of the prejudice that some elite, the Best
Race, the favoured nation, the ruling class alone make history. The Old Testament
assumed that the Israelites were God’s chosen people. The Greeks regarded themselves
as the acme of culture, better in all respects than the barbarians. Plato and Aristotle
looked upon the slave-holding aristocracy as naturally superior to the lower orders.
5. The Human Nature Theory.
Most persistent is the view that history in the last analysis has been determined by
the qualities of human nature, good or bad. Human nature, like nature itself, was regarded
as rigid and unchanging from one generation to another. The historian’s task was to
demonstrate what these invariant traits of the human constitution and character were, how
the course of history exemplified them, and how the social structure was moulded or had
to be remodelled in accordance with them. Such a definition of essential human nature
was the starting point for the social theorising of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle and other
great idealists.
But it will also be found at the bottom of the social and political philosophy of the
most diverse schools. Thus the empiricist David Hume flatly asserts in An Enquiry
Concerning Human Understanding : “Mankind are so much the same, in all times and
places, that history informs us of nothing new or strange in this particular. Its chief use is
only to discover the constant and universal principles of human nature.”
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C. DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF HISTORY
CONCEPTS
DEFINITION
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
PRIMARY
A primary source provides
A primary source is a first-hand or
SOURCE
direct or firsthand evidence
contemporary account of an event or
EVIDENCE
about an event, object,
topic. They are the most direct
person, or work of art.
evidence of a time or event because
they were created by people or things
that were there at the time or event.
These sources have not been modified
by interpretation and offer original
thought or new information.
HISTORICAL
Historical significance is a
The concept of historical significance
SIGNIFICANCE
decision that modern people
is the importance that is assigned to
make about what is
particular aspects of the past. We can
important from our past.
choose specific events, people,
locations and ideas as being
particularly important to us.
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CAUSE AND
The cause and consequences
CONSEQUENCES of historical events are of
The cause and consequences is used
to examine the relationship between
primary interest for
historical events or actions, where one
historians, and this
event or action occurs as a result of
relationship is an important
the other. Historians use cause and
part of the History
effect to identify chains of events and
curriculum.
developments over the short term and
long term.
CONTINUITY
The question of change and
The concept of continuity and change
AND CHANGE
continuity is considered a
refers to aspects of life or society that
classic discussion in the
have remained the same or changed
study of historical
over a period of time. The causes of
developments. The
change, or reasons why change has
dichotomy is used to discuss
been resisted, can be investigated.
and evaluate the extent to
Continuity and change are evident in
which a historical
any given period of time and concepts
development or event
such as progress and decline may be
represents a decisive
used to evaluate continuity and
historical change or whether
change.
a situation remains largely
unchanged.
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HISTORICAL
Historical perspective is the
The concept of historical perspective
PERSPECTIVES
study of a subject in. light of
is a person’s point of view, the
its earliest phases and
position from which they see and
subsequent evolution.
understand events going on around
Historical perspective
them.
differs from history in that
the. object of historical
perspective is to sharpen
one's. vision of the present,
not the past.
ETHICAL
Ethical Dimensions is a
The ethical dimension encourages a
DIMENSIONS
competency embedded
need for meaningful historical
throughout the curriculum
accounts that can help students make
so that students will identify
either an implicit or explicit ethical
ethical principles that guide
judgement.
individual and collective
actions and apply those
principles to the analysis of
contemporary social and
political problems.
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D. HISTORICAL RESEARCH USING 6 GENERIC QUESTIONS
Pearl Harbor Attack (December 7, 1941),
Pearl Harbor attack, surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on
Oahu Island, Hawaii, by the Japanese that precipitated the entry of the United States into
World War II. The strike climaxed a decade of worsening relations between the United
States and Japan.Pearl Harbor is a U.S. Navy base on the Hawaiian island of Oahu and
the headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Adjacent to the harbour is Hickam Air Force
Base, and the two installations were merged in 2010 to become Joint Base Pearl Harbor–
Hickam. The USS Arizona remains where it sank on December 7, 1941, and it is
preserved as a national cemetery. The USS Arizona Memorial is one of the most visited
tourist attractions in Hawaii.
1. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor crippled or destroyed nearly 20 American ships
and more than 300 airplanes. Dry docks and airfields were likewise destroyed. Most
important, 2,403 sailors, soldiers and civilians were killed and about 1,000 people were
wounded.
2. Japan was seeking to expand their control of the Pacific. They had seriously damaged
the United States at Pearl Harbor, and were looking to permanently cripple the US in the
Pacific with a decisive win at Midway.
3. Three Key Players of Pearl Harbor
•Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.
•President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
•Admiral Husband E. Kimmel.
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4. The bombing of Pearl Harbor was a pivotal moment in U.S. and world history. The
attack thrust the U.S. into World War II and set in motion a series of events that would
transform the country into a global superpower and guardian of international order.
Seventy-six years later, this legacy of Pearl Harbor now faces perhaps its biggest
challenge.
5. American civilians in general were unaware of their government's embargo of
Japanese assets. Therefore, they were more likely to view the actions of Pearl Harbor as
an unprovoked sneak attack. For Americans, Pearl Harbor also had the effect of unifying
the populace around a national identity.
6. The American people were shocked, bewildered, surprised, and angered by the attack.
On December 8, President Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress in the Capitol,
his words broadcast on radio to the nation: “Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which
will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked
by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”
E. BASIC HISTORICAL INFORMATION OF DIALECT
1. Ilonggo dialect.
Hiligaynon,
also
often
referred
to
as
Ilonggo
or
Binisaya
nga
Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo. It is the second-most widely spoken language in the Visayas and
belongs to the Bisayan languages, and is more distantly related to other Philippine
languages.The Hiligaynon language is the
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language of Iloilo province, which has come to be spoken throughout the Western
Visayas region.
2. Bisaya dialect
Cebuano also referred to by most of its speakers simply and generically as Binisaya
(translated into English as Visayan, though this should not be confused with other
Bisayan languages), is an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippines. It is
spoken by the Visayan ethnolinguistic groups native to the islands of Cebu, Bohol,
Siquijor, the eastern half of Negros, the western half of Leyte, and the northern coastal
areas of Northern Mindanao and the Zamboanga Peninsula. In modern times, it has also
spread to the Davao Region, Cotabato, Camiguin, parts of the Dinagat Islands, and the
lowland regions of Caraga; often displacing native languages in those areas (most of
which are closely related to Cebuano).
3. Magindanaon dialect
Maguindanao or Maguindanaon is an Austronesian language spoken by a majority
of the population of Maguindanao province in the Philippines. It is also spoken by sizable
minorities in different parts of Mindanao such as the cities of Zamboanga, Davao, and
General Santos, and the provinces of North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato,
Sarangani, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, as well as Metro Manila. This was
the language of the historic Sultanate of Maguindanao, which existed before and during
the Spanish colonial period from 1500 to 1888.
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F-G. HANUNOO AND MANGYAN ALPHABET AND ALIBATA ALPHABET
Hanunoo alphabet
Hanunoo also rendered Hanunó'o, is one of the scripts indigenous to the Philippines
and is used by the Mangyan peoples of southern Mindoro to write the Hanunó'o language.
Nowadays Hanunó'o is written mainly with a version of the Latin alphabet. There is also
a Hanunó'o, which has been used since the 14th century AD and is thought to have
developed from the Kawi script of Java, Bali and Sumatra.
Alibata alphabet
The alibata composed of seventeen letters, the fourteen letter is consonant and the
three letter is vowel. The writing of the old alibata transferred to the word of the romans
started in 1600 and the linguistic history written in the time of Romanization. The alibata
change and called ABAKADA.
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REFERENCES
https://www.legit.ng/1131145-types-diplomacy-international-relations.html
https://www.marxists.org/archive/novack/works/history/ch04.htm
https://mxcc.edu/catalog/general-education/ethical-dimensions-of-humankind/
https://www.everyculture.com/wc/Norway-to-Russia/Hiligaynon.html#ixzz7Mwy2c2i9
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language
https://dbpedia.org/page/Maguindanao_language
http://thenhier.ca/en/content/blog-contest-ethicaldimension.html#:~:text=Peter%20Sexias%20defines%20the%20ethical,%E2%80%9D%
20(Clark%2C%20142).
https://steemit.com/writing/@lapilipinas/philippines-old-alphabet-alibata-abakada-andalphabet
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/uswwii/a/pearl-harbor