Urbanisation – GLOBAL Paper 1
What I need to know Examples/ evidence/ detail
3.1 A World of
growing cities
How does
urbanisation vary
between different
regions?
How has the growth
of megacities
changed since 1975?
EQ: Explain two
reasons why the
world is increasingly
urbanised. Fig2 (4)
Pictures and explanations
Urbanisation =moving of people from rural areas to urban areas
In Asia- The urban population is expected to grow to about 60% in 2050
In Africa- Urban population will grow to 58% by 2050, but it will be the World’s lowest
urban percentage
The causes of this growth are migration to cities and more babies than deaths.
URBANISATION – GLOBAL
Definitions and explanations
3.1 The world’s
megacities
What is a megacity?
A metropolitan
area? A world city?
What is urban
primacy? Why does
London have urban
primacy in the UK?
EQ: Explain two
ways in which world
cities influence
decision-making.
Fig3 (4)
3.3 Urban process
and change
What is internal
migration?
What is rural-urban
migration?
What is the
‘knowledge
economy’?
What is deindustrialisation?
Megacity- A city with a population of 10 million or over
or it’s a very powerful economic city in a country
Metropolitan area- a region consisting of a densely
populated urban core and its less-populated
surrounding territories under the same administrative
division, sharing industry, infrastructure and housing
e.g.Paris metropolitan area (Paris),
World city-A World City is a city that is a major center
for finance, trade, business, politics, culture, science
information gathering and mass media. It is one that
serves the whole world and can be considered an
important multinational city. E.g. Newyork,London
London’s urban primacy is because…
.
London is one of the worlds biggest financial
centers. Half the Worlds money -7 trillion
dollars- comes through London each year. By
adding all of London’s airports, it is the largest
world international airport city (120 million).
Government decision in the UK can affect
people globally e.g., about where to invest, or
trying to resolve conflicts.
Urban primacy- urban primacy can be defined as the
central place in an urban or city network that has
acquired or obtained a great level of dominance.
What happened to Detroit, USA?
Why did this happen?
EQ: Suggest one
reason for the
population change
shown in Fig3. (4)
EQ: Explain two
reasons why the
economies of
developed and
developing world
cities differ. Figs
1&2 (4)
3.3 & 3.4 Urban
process and change
– how are
economies of
Megacities
different?
Describe growth –
rate, speed etc
Detroit, USA is home to general Motors,
the world’s largest company. It created
thousands of jobs so by 1950 Detroit’s
population was 1.85 million but in 2013,
Detroit went bankrupt. Also, between
2000-2010 the General motors halved.
Then unemployment became high -15%.
In 2015 and between 2000-2010
Detroit’s population fell by 25%. Many
could not afford the mortgages and in
2015 62,000 homes in Detroit were sold
because of debts
Kampala, Uganda – Developing Country
compared to New York, USA – Developed Country
Kampala population-1.8 million,
Capital of Uganda
Growth is driven by internal
migration and natural increase of
more births than deaths
Most people come rural areas (rural
– urban migration)
Reasons for growth
– migration (push/
pull factors), sector
of economy, makeup of pop. etc
Economic Profile - %
of GDP from
Informal economy
Economic Profile –
Value of economy in
US $
Economic Profile –
Main jobs
Detroit went to bankrupt as the wealthier
population left to live in the suburbs outside the
city. This left a poorer population and the income
received by local tax was reduced so Detroit was
unable to provide enough services. The General
Motor sales halved as many other companies were
becoming good competition. People became
unemployed as the cars were then created by
robots and needed fewer people. Also, the company
started buying parts from overseas which put local
supply companies out of work and people couldn’t
afford houses.
Kampala’s informal economy is
larger and is estimated at half of its
GDP from informal work and 80% of
people work in it. Meanwhile, the
formal economy is growing slowly
because most Ugandans are rural
subsistence farmers.
Manufacturing is small, only
employing 5% of Uganda’s
population)
Most high-income countries population
has slowed, New York’s growth is
speeding up. Population reached 8.5
million in 2015. New York also grew by
316000 people between 20120 and
2014. A major cause is that It is a
knowledge economy. This means it
needs professionally qualified people
with university degrees and specialized
training. It must “import” experts from
overseas as there are not enough in the
USA. 37% of its population is foreign
born and has the world’s largest urban
immigrant population
EQ: Using examples,
assess the effects of
suburbanisation
upon cities. Fig1 (8)
Land use models in Developed
3.6 & 3.7 Land use
models in cities –
Draw a diagram of
each model
What is the CBD?
What is the inner
city? What are
suburbs?
What is the ruralurban fringe?
How are these
different in
countries at
different levels of
development?
How is the cost of
land different in
each model?
EQ: For a named
megacity in a
developing or
emerging
country, explain
two ways land use
changes across
the city. Fig3&4
(8)
Hoyt model
Countries
CBD- (central business district)The CBD in the city center is where most
business and commerce is located. A CBD’s accessibility makes it prime for
different types of land use and big competition for buyers which makes it
valuable and puts up the price. The buyers of this land are usually shops,
banks or offices. High-rise buildings are a good choose for shops and offices
because they are cheaper than other options.
INNERRCITY-This is the area where the main industrial output is based and
where low-cost industrial areas have been built so usually poorer people live
here. It is also known as the twilight zone and It is typically found next to
the CBD. It is mainly terraced houses in a grid like pattern and was originally
built for house factory workers who worked in the inner-city factories. Many of
these factories have now closed.
SUBURBS- consists of semi-detached or detached houses which are larger than
the inner-city terraces and contains gardens. Usually has schools, places of
worships, parks and sometimes supermarkets.
RURAL URBAN FRINGE- It is where the towns or cities meet the countryside.
There are many different land uses for this type of area such as housing, golf
courses, allotments, business parks and airports.
Land use models in Emerging and Developing Countries
3.12 Sustainability –
how is sustainability
measured?
How can
sustainability be
measured?
Explain the ‘stool’ and ‘quadrant’ methods for measuring sustainability – Pictures and
explanations
Stool method- The three-legged stool model tells us the 3 factors that are required for
us to enjoy a high quality of life with good health care, education,
money and etc – and suggests that society is
unstable if one of them is weak. This model
suggests that all 3 goals need to be achieved for
the country or area to flourish: economic
profitability, social responsibility, and
environmental conservation.
Quadrant method- This method consists of 4 questions, which should ideally be
answered as yes. The questions are about equality(Does it benefit everyone?), the
future(Will it last?), public participation(Is it bottom up?) and the enviroment(Is it eco
friendly?)
3.5 – 3.10 Changing
land use in
Megacities
What is
suburbanisation?
What is co unterurbanisation?
What is reurbanisation?
Why is
infrastructure
(subway, rail, road
bridges, freeways)
important?
What are brownfield
sites?
What is informal
housing?
What are ‘chawls’?
What is spatial
growth?
Why is spatial
growth rapid in
these megacities?
EQ: For a named
megacity, explain
Mumbai, India – Emerging Country 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10
Site and situation
Mumbai is located on peninsular on the Western coast of Maharashtra state in
western India, bordering the Arabian sea. It lies 19.N of the equator so its tropical
with a monsoon between June and September. In 2015, its estimated population of
Mumbai was 16 million, but its metropolitan area is bigger. Metropolitan area=Navi
Mumbai, Thane, Bhiwandi and Kalyan. Metropolitan population 2015 = 25 million
Changing population – 1. rural-urban migration 3.9 Changing population – 2. natural increase 3.9
Rural-urban migrations= the
migration of people from the
countryside area to the city.
Many push factors such as poor
health and education services, lack of
sanitation, unemployment, lower
wages are known as push factors that
push people from rural to urban
areas. Factors that are pull factors
such as more jobs, better education
facilities-Mumbai has 12 universities;
literacy rate=95%,(13% above
national average), entertainment
options and higher incomes for the
working population but the living cost
is also higher
Natural increase is the difference
between the birth rate and the death
rate of a country or place. In Mumbai
there are many young people between
20-30 who stay for work and then settle.
After they are married, they have
families. Mumbai’s natural increase is
1.4% which is responsible for half of
Mumbai’s annual growth
two reasons for its
rapid spatial
growth. Fig2 p97 (4)
Rural immigrants in India tend to
head for states with the 3 big citiesMumbai, Delhi, Kolkata,
Maharashtra receives the most
migrants because tis the wealthiest
and has the most employment
EQ: For a named
megacity, assess the
social and
environmental
impacts of its rapid
population growth.
Fig2 p101 (12)
EQ: For a named
megacity, assess the
Structure of Mumbai – can you relate this to a land use model
reasons for
Quality of life in Mumbai – spatial differences/ patters? 3.10
variations in quality
How does quality of life vary in Mumbai?
of life for its people.
Fig4 p103 (12)
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Wealthy suburbs are all-in inner-city areas along harbour or coastal
waterfronts, close to the CBD
Middle-low-income areas are in older parts of the city on the island, further
from the CBD
Low-income groups live in “Chawl’s”-these are low quality multi-storey
buildings. 80% of homes are single rooms
The poorest 60% of people live in informal housing. Most squatter shacks on
the outskirts, far from work in the centre
There are also thousands of people living in Mumbai streets
3.11 – 3.13
Challenges facing
Mumbai and
sustainability
What does
employment
conditions mean?
What issues are
there with waste
disposal and water
supply?
What is a housing
shortage?
Why is air and traffic
pollution a problem?
What does
sustainable mean?
What is ‘top down’
development?
What is ‘bottom-up’
development?
How are these
options different?
How is sustainability
judged
EQ: Explain the
impact on people of
two urban
environment
problems in
developing or
emerging
megacities. Figs2-4
103-4 (4)
EQ: For a named
megacity, assess the
success of a topdown project
Mumbai, India – Emerging Country
What problems are there? Mind map for list:
Over flooding slums, Overcrowded trains and roads, pollution,
poor sanitation, and overpopulation in slums are also common urban problems in Mumbai.
Top-down developments – ‘Vision
Mumbai’
What is it and how does it work?
Bottom-up developments – LSS health
charity working to control leprosy
What is it and how does it work?
Vision Mumbai is a top-down project that
needs 40 billion dollars, which is used to
better Mumbai. The money comes from the
government, big companies and investors and
is predicted to be completed by 2050. It
consists of 1 million low-cost homes and
reduction of slums, improvement of transport
(road and railway) infrastructure and better
air and water by reducing pollution
LSS health charity is a bottom-up project that
works to control leprosy and TB cases and was
set up in 1976 in Chunabhatti slum and has
expanded its work to a nearby slum of
Baiganwadi. LSS surveys and detects cases of TB
and leprosy, educates people about symptoms so
they can recognize these and teaches people
about health and sanitation to stop the spreading
of these diseases
How sustainable is this method? How
will you measure this?
How sustainable is this method? How
will you measure this?
Even though this project has many more
improvements such as piped water and
sewage systems for the new flats and 72 new
trains on Mumbai’s railways, it has many
negatives. 45,000 houses have been destroyed
and 200,000 people were moved, the new
flats have split communities, rent became
higher, many businesses would go out of
business. Many people believe that this
project only benefits the rich and the powerful
and does not help the lower class at all.
This method has many benefits such as stopping
people from being shamed in the community for
having leprosy, educating people about
symptoms and overall health, detects TB and
stops any outbreaks, set up kindergartens and
pharmacies and education to women about
vermiculture (worms composting waste, as
worms reduce the number of bacteria in the
house and then the compost can be sold). Also,
LSS treated 28000 people of leprosy which of
75% were cured and in 1980 the slums had 4000
cases of leprosy and now has 219 but is lowly
funded and doesn’t fix all of Mumbai’s many
problems
Overall conclusions – assessment/ comparison between the two sustainable
approaches for Mumbai’s future...
Both projects have their benefits and flaws. I believe that Vision Mumbai has more
flaws than benefits. This is because it does not help those who need help (lower
class people) and only help those who are already rich and fortunate. On the other
hand, LSS helps the poor by stopping the spread of disease and educating them
about health and sanitation. I think the government need to create more projects
that help the poor, like LSS, with sufficient funding.
designed to improve
quality of life. Figs13 106-7 (12)
EQ: For a named
megacity, assess the
success of a bottomup development
project designed to
improve quality of
life. Fig1-3 LSS
health charity 108-9
(12)