PART 1: OVERVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL
TITLE
SAFETY, HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT.
Prepared by:
 1.1 Historical Perspective
Early Recognition Of Occupational
He recognized the dangers of
Diseases
metal fumes and described
symptoms and preventive
measures.

In 1473 a German physician, Ellenborg, published the
first known pamphlets on occupational disease from
gold miners.
Company should
provide a ventilation
for miners.

In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola, described the
diseases of miners.

In 1713 Ramazzini, who is regarded as the father of
occupational medicine, suggested that in diagnosis
doctors should ask patients about their occupations.
A book, “The Diseases of Workmen”
described the symptoms of mercury and
lead poisoning and issues with silica.
Emergency Of Industrial Accident

Industrial accidents arose out of the Factory System
during the Industrial Revolution in Britain in 18th Century
(1700s).

Women and children worked as heavy labourers under
unsafe and unhealthy workplaces.
Industrial accidents arose out of the Factory System during the
Industrial Revolution in Britain in 18th Century (1700s).
Industrial Safety Legislation

In 1833 English Factory Act was the first effective
industrial safety law.

It provide compensation for accidents rather than to
control their causes.

Insurance companies inspected work places and
suggested prevention methods

Problem: Safety became injury and insurance
oriented.
Emergency Of Safety Management

Role of Herbert W.
Heinrich (1930’s),


Developed Domino
Theory and promoted
control of workers
behaviour.


Problem:


Focused on worker
behaviour and not
management
Caused people to think
that safety is about
policing worker

Frank Bird (1970)
developed Loss Control
Theory.
Suggested that underlying
cause of accidents are
lack of management
controls and poor
management decisions.
Problem:

Not so popular: blames
management
(responsibility and control).
Safety Management
Systems

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In 1980’s, Behavioural Based Safety (BBS) was introduced;
Based on Heinrich’s findings.
Work by recognizing safe work habits and offering rewards
and punishment.
Problem:


Focuses on workers and not on hazard or management
Reward and punishment system have flaws
A Self-Regulation Legislation

Lord Robens, Chairman of a Royal Safety Commission
Report noted that:



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
there was too many OSH legislation,
was fragmented,
limited in coverage (specific hazards & workplace),
out of date and difficult to update,
inflexible,
people thought that safety was what government inspectors
enforced.
Lord Robens recommended : Self regulation
A Self-Regulation Legislation

In principle, self-regulation offers greater speed, flexibility,
sensitivity to market circumstances and efficiency than
government regulation.

Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992 Bright
Sparkler accident in Sungai Buloh
Bright Sparklers Fireworks 1991



Factory caught fire in
Sg. Buloh
Huge explosion
26 died and over 100
injured
BRIGHT SPARKLER, SG BULOH 7th MAY 1991
A Self-Regulation Legislation
Legislation follow major accidents and reinforce need for
management system
ACCIDENT
REGULATION/PROGRAMME
Flixborough (1974)
CIMAH regulations 1996
Bhopal (1984)
“Responsible Care” /
Process safety
Piper Alpha (1988)
Risk Assessment /
Management system
PART 1: OVERVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL
TITLE
SAFETY, HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT.
Prepared by:
 1.2 OSH Programme
Creating OSH Policy, Organisation &
Arrangements

OSHA 1994 requires to have written policy, organisation
and arrangements.

Purpose of OSH programme is to ensure:




Implementing the goals of OSH policy
Minimum compliance with national laws and regulations
Good operation of the organisation’s OSH management system
Continual improvement in OSH performance
Planning An OSH Programme

Begin with:
1. Goals of the organisation written in the policy
2. Legal and other requirements
3. Identified hazard and risks

Prioritise the needs of these requirements and set
objectives and target for the organisation to achieve.

Set objectives and targets.

Create action plans with datelines and
responsibilities for completion.
Responsibilities For The Implementation
of OSH Programmes

General responsibility
A
A.Top
Management


C Employee
C.
Overall responsibility
Provide resources to
implement the policy



B
B. Line
Management and
Supervisors



To cooperate
Obey rules and
regulations
Reporting
Involvement in
consultations
Day-to-day programme
tasks and responsibilities
Ensuring that OSH is
managed within their area
of operations.
A
B
C
OSH Programmes

Information, instruction, training:



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OSH promotion
Awareness programme
Training / induction and other training
Signs and labels
Tool box meeting
Communicating and consultation
Safe System of Work

A formal procedure to
minimise remaining risks:

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Cleaning and maintenance
operations.
Working alone.
Breakdowns.
Emergencies.
Should have safe working
procedures @ S.O.P for
all jobs.
IMPLEMENT !!
Safe System of Work Permit-To-Work
Required

Electrical work, especially at higher
voltages.

Entry into confined spaces e.g. vessels.

Excavation work or demolition activities.

Presence or possible release of


Radiation or flammable gases, liquid or dusts
(possible risk of ignition by hot work, electrical
or electrostatic sources).
Lone working in hazardous environments.
Safe System of Work – Lone Working

May include the “Buddy System”:
(a) Challenge-check system. (e.g. aircraft checklists)
(b) Lifeguard system. (e.g. jobs requiring lifelines and special
protective gear)
(c) Two-person system. (e.g. in electrical substation
operations)
The Importance Of Human Factors


Human factors can lead to accidents:

General health and fitness.

Complacency (satisfied).

Fatigue, Boredom.

Rushing (cutting corners).

Panic in emergencies.

Over eagerness (not following procedures).
Build in fail-safe mechanism or remove the risk
Assignment:
1. Divide into 6 groups
2. Choose your topic of interest:
a) Love Canal – booked
b) Itai-Itai Disease -booked
c) Minamata Disease -booked
d) Triangle ShirtWaist -booked
e) Agent Orange -booked
f) Chernobyl Tragedy – booked
g) Hiroshima & nagasaki atomic bom
3. Present on 09/7/2014 (9.00am – 10.30 am) by using
PowerPoint
4. 10 minutes presentation +5 minutes Q&A Session