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Evaluation Of Standards Of Some Selected Shampoo Preparation
Article in WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES · September 2013
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WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Krunali et al.
World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Volume 2, Issue 5, 3622-3630.
Research Article
ISSN 2278 – 4357
EVALUATION OF STANDARDS OF SOME SELECTED
SHAMPPOO PREPARATION
Thakkar Krunali1*, Patel Dhara1, D.B Meshram1, Patel Mitesh2
1
Department of Quality Assurance, Pioneer Pharmacy Degree College, Vadodara-390019,
Gujarat, India
2
Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy Degree College, Vadodara-390019, Gujarat, India.
Article Received on
05 August 2013,
Revised on 25 August 2013,
Accepted on 28 September
2013
ABSTRACT
Hairs are the integral part of human beauty. Shampoos are primarily
been products aimed at cleansing the hair and scalp. People are using
herbs for cleaning, beautifying and managing hair since the ancient era.
Shampoo is a hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin
*Correspondence for
particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant
Author:
particles that gradually build up in hair. The goal is to remove the
* Thakkar Krunali .M.
unwanted build-up without stripping out so much sebum as to make
Pioneer Pharmacy Degree
hair unmanageable. Five different formulations of various brands are
College Vadodara-19
evaluated. Various parameters like physical parameters, Foaming
Gujarat, India
krunali_1708@yahoo.com,
studies, cleaning action, wetting time etc are evaluated.
KEYWORDS: Formulations, Evaluation, Shampoos.
INTRODUCTION [1-8]
Cosmetics are defined as "articles with mild action on the human body, which are intended to
be applied to the human body through rubbing, sprinkling or other methods, aiming to clean,
beautify and increase the attractiveness, alter the appearance or to keep the skin or hair in
good condition hence a modern face powder is a blend of several constituents.[1-2] Cosmetics
are products that are created for application on the body for the purpose of cleansing,
beautifying or altering appearance and enhancing attractive features. Cosmetics are
substances used to enhance the appearance or odour of the human body. [3]
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Depending on the composition, a vehicle is used to exert mainly five types of effects on the
skin cleansing, decoration, care, hydration and protection. Delivering active substance to the
targeted site requires the right concentration of actives in the formulation to achieve the
optimal release rate and desired distribution of active substances between the vehicle and
target site. A cosmetic care product has to be developed and whenever this is the case,
various issues and aspects have to be considered such as site and area of application, sensory
and optical properties, state of matter, actives and final product storage stability and
packaging. [4]
The evaluation of cosmetics is very important to know their performance, quality and
effectiveness. It is also necessary to check whether the products have any sensitivity toxic
effects on human body. The work was done keeping the ideas of Bureau of Indian Standards
to analyze the cosmetic products. So if the marketed product does not maintain the standards
formed by the Bureau of Indian Standards various side effects like skin irritation, eye
inflammation, hair falling, protein precipitation and heavy metal poisoning may occur. [5-6]
A shampoo is a preparation of a surfactant (i.e. surface active material) in a suitable form –
liquid, solid or powder – which when used under the specified conditions will remove surface
grease, dirt, and skin debris from the hair shaft and scalp without adversely affecting the user.
[7]
Evaluation of shampoos comprises the quality control tests including visual assessment and
physiochemical controls such as pH, density and viscosity. Sodium lauryl sulfate
based detergents are the most common but the concentration will vary considerably from
brand to brand and even within a manufacturer's product range. Cheap shampoos may
contain a high detergent concentration while expensive shampoos may contain very little of a
cheap detergent. [8]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Shampoos (various different brand shampoos were were procured from local market)
To evaluate the formulations, quality control tests including visual assessment and
physicochemical controls such as pH, density etc were performed. Also, to assure the quality
of products, specific tests for shampoo formulations including the determination of dry
residue and wetting property, total surfactant activity, surface tension, and detergency tests
were carried out.
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EVALUATION OF SHAMPOO
1. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE/VISUAL INSPECTION [9]
The formulations were evaluated in terms of their clarity, color, odor and texture.
2. DETERMINATION OF PH [10]
PH of your 10% shampoo solution. Dip one strip of pH paper in the solution and compare the
color of the strip to key. pH meter can also be used after calibration.
Most shampoos are neutral or slightly acidic. Acidic solutions cause the cuticle
(outer
layer) of the hair to shrink and lay flatter on the shaft of the hair. Basic solutions cause the
cuticle to swell and open up. Acidic solutions make the hair seem smoother. Basic solutions
make hair seem frizzier.
Neutral pH = 7 Acidic pH < 7 Basic pH >7
3. DIRT DISPERSION [11]
Two drops of shampoo were added in a large test tube contain 10 ml of distilled water. 1
drop of India ink was added; the test tube was stoppered and shakes it ten times. The amount
of ink in the foam was estimated as None, Light, Moderate, or Heavy.
Shampoos that cause the ink to concentrate in the foam are considered poor quality. The dirt
should vstay in the water portion. Dirt that stays in the foam will be difficult to rinse away. It
will redeposit on the hair.
4. DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE SOLID CONTENT [12]
A clean dry evaporating dish was weighed and added 4 grams of shampoo to the evaporating
dish. The dish and shampoo was weighed. The exact weight of the shampoo was calculated
only and put the evaporating dish with shampoo was placed on the hot plate until the liquid
portion was evaporated. The weight of the shampoo only (solids) after drying was calculated.
If a shampoo has too many solids it will be hard to work into the hair or too hard to wash out.
If it doesn’t have enough it will be too watery and wash away quickly. A good shampoo will
be between 20% – 30% solids.
5. SURFACE TENSION MEASUREMENT [13]
Measurements were carried out with a 10% shampoo dilution in distilled water at room
temperature. Thoroughly clean the stalagmometer using chronic acid and purified water.
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Because surface tension is highly affected with grease or other lubricants. The data calculated
by following equation given bellow:
R2 = (w3-w2) n1 R2
(W2-w2)n2
where W1 is weight of empty beaker.
W2 is weight of beaker with distilled water.
W3 is Weight of beaker with shampoo solution.
n1 is no. of drops of distilled water.
n2 is no. of drops of shampoo solution.
R1 is surface tension of distilled water at room
temperature.
R2 is surface tension of shampoo solution
6. CLEANING ACTION[14]
5 grams of wool yarn were placed in grease, after that it was placed in 200 ml. of water
containing 1 gram of shampoo in a flask. Temperature of water was maintained at 350C. The
flask was shaked for 4 minutes at the rate of 50 times a minute.
The solution was removed and sample was taken out, dried and weighed. The amount of
grease removed was calculated by using the following equation:
DP = 100 (1-T/C)
In which, DP is the percentage of detergency power, C is the weight of sebum in the control
sample and T is the weight of sebum in the test sample.
7. WETTING TIME [15]
The canvas was cut into 1 inch diameter discs having an average weight of 0.44 g. The disc
was floated on the surface of shampoo solution of 1% w/v and the stopwatch started. The
time required for the disc to begin to sink was measured acutely and noted as the wetting
time.
8. FOAMING ABILITY AND FOAM STABILITY [16]
Cylinder shakemethod was most widely used for determining foaming ability. 50
ml of the 1% shampoo solution was put into a 250 ml graduated cylinder and covered the
cylinder with hand and shaken for 10 times. The total volumes of the foam contents after 1
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minute shaking were recorded. The foam volume was calculated only. Immediately after
shaking the volume of foam at 1 minute intervals for 4 minutes were recorded
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Table 1: Evaluation of Formulation for physical appearance, pH
Sr.No
Formulation
Physical Appearance
PH
1
F1
White, Shiny
5.53 + 0.03
2
F2
Black, Shiny
5.61 + 0.02
3
F3
Sky-blue, opaque
5.51 + 0.07
4
F4
Complete transparent
5.89 + 0.01
5
F5
White, Opaque
5.91 + 0.03
Table 2: Evaluation of Formulation for Surface tension and % solid contents
Surface
%
Tension
contents
F1
32.43 + 0.031
17.75 + 0.02
2
F2
31.33 + 0.04
20.75 + 0.02
3
F3
32.12 + 0.12
22.25 + 0.02
4
F4
33.18 + 0.62
17.25 + 0.02
5
F5
32.66 + 0.34
24.00 + 0.02
Sr. No
Formulation
1
solid
Table 3: Evaluation of Formulation for wetting time, cleaning, and Detergency
Sr. No
Formulation
1
F1
2
Wetting time
% cleaning
% detergency
176 + 0.03
23.22 + 0.60
60.09 + 0.08
F2
179 + 0.77
21.67 + 0.56
61.98 + 0.98
3
F3
185 + 0.23
29.08 + 0.31
61.90 + 0.62
4
F4
172 + 0.34
21.35 + 0.08
64.56 + 0.12
5
F5
186 + 0.12
26.78 + 0.87
62.45 + 0.65
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Table 4: Foam stability of shampoos
Time
Foam volume
(mins)
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
1
55
56
52
56
51
2
52
54
50
53
49
3
49
50
47
50
45
4
44
47
44
44
42
5
41
43
42
41
40
Foam volume
60
50
F1
Time
40
F2
30
F3
F4
20
F5
10
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Volume
Fig 1: Foam retention profiles of shampoos
EVALUATION OF SHAMPOO
1. PHYSICAL TEST
The results of visual inspection of series of formulations are listed in table 1. As can be
seen, all formulations had the good characteristics with respect to foaming.
2. PH
The pH of shampoos are found to important for improving and enhancing the qualities of
hair, minimizing irritation to the eyes and stabilizing the ecological balance of the scalp. Mild
acidity prevents swelling and promotes tightening of the scales, there by inducing shine. Thus
the current trend is to promote shampoos of lower pH is one of the ways to minimize damage
to the hair. All the three shampoo powders were acid balanced and were ranged 5.5 to 5.9,
which is near to the skin pH.
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3. DIRT DISPERSION
Shampoo that cause the ink to concentrate in the foam is considered poor quality, the dirt
should stay in water. Dirt that stays in the foam will be difficult to rinse away. It will
redeposit on the hair. All five shampoos showed similar results. These results indicate that no
dirt retained in the foam; so prepared and marketed formulations are satisfactory.
4. SOLID CONTENTS
If the shampoo has too many solids it will be hard to work into the hair or too hard to wash
out. The result of percent of solids contents is tabulated in table 2.
5. SURFACE TENSION
It has been mentioned that a proper shampoo should be able to decrease the surface tension of
pure water to about 40 dynes/cm [17] . Surface tension reduction is one of the
mechanisms implicated in detergency. The results are shown in Table 2.
6. CLEANING ACTION
Cleaning action was tested on wool yarn in grease. Although cleaning or soil/sebum
removal is the primary aim of a shampoo, experimental detergency evaluation has been
difficult to standardize, as there is no real agreement on a standard soil, a reproducible
soiling process or the amount of soil a shampoo should ideally remove. The results are
presented in table 3.
7. WETTING TIME
Wetting time of a substance is a function of its concentration. Drave’s test is the official test
but generally canvas disc method is used as it is easy and time saving. Comparision
results are shown in table 3.
8. FOAMING ABILITY AND FOAM STABILITY
Although foam generation has little to do with the cleansing ability of shampoos, it is of
paramount importance to the consumer and is therefore an important criterion in evaluating
shampoos. All the five shampoos showed similar foaming characteristics in distilled water.
The foam retention ability of five samples is given in figure 1. All five shampoos showed
comparable foaming properties. The foam stability of herbal shampoos is listed in table 4
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