PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1- Module 1:
Nature of Inquiry and Research
WEEK 1-2
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
Practical Research 1
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Nature of Inquiry and Research
INTRODUCTORY MESSAGE
It is our desire that this module on Practical Research 1: Qualitative Research
will provide you with a general understanding of how to conduct practical qualitative
research and possibly even encourage you to undertake a study that may have been
thinking about doing.
Research is a delightful way to discover valuable learning and skills. Through
this subject, you help develop your abilities in establishing connections, listening,
writing, and observing which the primary elements are needed in the qualitative
research process. You will find out how to conduct practical researches that you can
apply in your specific track. Often, when we find out that we are going to engage in
research, we immediately worry and put on a skeptical face. It is our goal to replace
that worry with excitement, skepticism with confidence. You will discover how much
fun it is to do research as we eagerly learn new things and develop a new and better
perspective about research.
The twenty-first century learning allows you to discover, to improvise, and to
interact, using research as a tool to expand your knowledge and skills. With this
module on Practical Research 1, we hope that you will be able to nurture yourself to
be active, creative, and collaborative researchers.
How to learn from this module
In order to achieve the objectives of this module, here’s a simple guide for you:
Read and follow instructions carefully.
Answer the pretest before going through the lessons.
Take note and record points for clarification.
Compare your answers against the key to answers found at the end of the
module.
6. Do the activities and fully understand each lesson.
7. Answer the self-check to monitor what you learned in each lesson.
8. Answer the posttest after you have gone over all the lessons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What I need to know
Every day you encountered various problems in any facets of life be it social, political,
environmental and personal. It may link between persons, groups or an organization. In this
case, there must be a solution not only to resolve it but can be a progress that everybody
benefited from it. As a learner how can you find a solution to these problems that is based on
knowledge not on ordinary beliefs, predictions or theories? You need to have this knowledge
through organized and well-planned procedures that are accurate and useful. Thus you need
to do research.
Research is asking what you know and think. It helps us to inquire on the right
information. It is of great importance to man in everyday life. The quality of man’s life is improved
through research making it easier and valuable from simple to modern. Research develops you
to an attitude to not believe everything easily available and seek for truth - Research sharpens
our mind to give a judicious vision to look. It is a catalyst in solving complex issues in different
sectors including health, communications, business and the environment.
This module will assist you in understanding the following lessons:
Lesson 1. The Importance of Research in Daily Life
Lesson 2. The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research
Lesson 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Research Lesson 4 .The
Kinds of Research across Fields of Inquiry
Learning Objectives
After going through this module, you are expected to be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
share research experiences and knowledge
explain the importance of research in daily life
describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of research
differentiate quantitative from qualitative research
provide examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities, sports, science,
business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication technology, and
social inquiry)
LESSON 1: The Importance of Research in Daily Life
What’s in?
In your junior high school, you learned that research is essential knowing that it is used
in your daily life. It will enable you for inquiry and research in finding solutions to problems
especially in real life situations. Sharing your experiences and knowledge on the importance of
research develops your skills to think critically and relate it in every decision you do.
What’s New?
I. What is Research?
1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes
collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individuals’
speculation with reality.
2. Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere beliefs, guesses or
theories.
3. In research a systematic and well-planned procedure is required to meet the need in
order that information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness.
4. It is a process of inquiring1.
II. Nature of Inquiry. (Lichman,G.,2013)
1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”. It is a problemsolving technique.
2. The information and data pursued through questioning begins with gathering by applying
the different human senses.
3. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death.
4. Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation.
III. Investigation and Immersion
Investigation has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”.
It is a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon.
Immersion is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in the data
gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or examined by him in detail.
Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of
“research” comes in.
IV. Differentiate Inquiry from Research
Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’. When you inquire or
investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth,
information, or knowledge.
Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a system or
method, the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge creation (a
creative process)
V. Purpose of Research
1. To inform action 2. To prove or generate a theory. 3. To augment knowledge in a field
or study.
VI. Importance of Research in Daily Life
1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further
investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results and
findings by proving lies and supporting the truth.
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues in life. It
helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology and environment.
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to others
as a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness.
ACTIVITY 1
Direction: What comes into your mind upon looking at the following pictures? What
makes these images a portrayal of what research is?
Write your ideas/reflection
in a clean sheet of paper.
1.
2.
3.
4.
LESSON 2: The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research
Research is a process of gathering, analysing and interpreting information to answer
questions. A good research follows processes that must have certain characteristic. It must be
systematic, controlled, rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical and critical. To avoid unethical
practices researchers had obligations to adhere professional standards in conducting research
.Thus to consider a research writing ethical it must be clear, accurate, just and authentic. .
What’s in?
In the previous lessons, you learned the meaning of research and its importance in your daily
life. Research is different from inquiry. When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask
questions to probe or examine something to request for truth, information, or knowledge. The
importance of research helps improved life as well as finding a solution to problems through
reliable and validated information.
What’s New?
I. Characteristics of Research 1
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical.Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results
II. The Seven Steps of the Research Process
Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).
❖ Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem
1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training
Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related
Literature).
Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).
Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research) and
closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative research)
(Data Gathering Activities).
Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and
statistical tools (for quantitative research).
Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for
quantitative research) and recommendations.
Step 7. Define new problem.
III. Ethics in Research
Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and
monitors researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the aim of research, such as
expanding knowledge and supports the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual
respect and fairness.
❖ What are these ethics in research1?
1. Informed Consent.This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the participants
in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as informants
and the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient time they are available.
Participation to the study will be completely voluntary.
2. Honesty.It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.
3. Objectivity.Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer
review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
4. Integrity.Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.
5. Carefulness.Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your
work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.
6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new
ideas.
7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets
and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods,
or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate
and falsify.
8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted
for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their
welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to
advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not
outsmart others.
12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social
harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of
sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and
integrity.
14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.
15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.
16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do
not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize
harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
IV. Rights of Research Participants
1. Human Rights. They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human
behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a set of
rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all human beings.
2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and a
commercial value.
3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material without
permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights accorded to
the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are breached
by a third party
Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips
4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be coerced into participating in research process.
Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be informed about the
procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate.
5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name or not
exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which informant’s name
is not given nor known.
6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret.
It is the ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.
V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing
Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include honest
error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and funding agencies,
which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and
results without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original
works, a violation of intellectual property rights.
Three different acts are considered plagiarism:
1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.
ACTIVITY 2 :
Explain comprehensively in your own words your understanding of the different
processes in research. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
LESSON 3: Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Research has two broad methodologies; qualitative research and quantitative research.
Quantitative and qualitative researches are complementary methods that you can combine in
your research studies to get results that are both wide-reaching and profound. To get the best
results from these methods in your research, it’s important that you understand the differences
between them which you will study in this lesson.
What’s in?
In the previous lessons, you learned that research should be systematic, objective, feasible,
empirical and clear. These characteristics guide you in realizing the real nature of research
following the processes as well as the factors in selecting your general problem or topic. As a
researcher you need to consider the ethics and unethical practices in conducting research
What’s New?
I. When to use Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
• Quantitative data can help you see the big picture.
• Qualitative data adds the details and can also give a human voice to your survey
results.
Concept Map showing the Designs of Research.1
II. Difference: Qualitative Research versus Quantitative Research 2
Qualitative
Quantitative
It aims to create new theory The purpose is to
based on the gathered data.
hypothesis or theory.
test
a
Objective
A fact-finding research used to
gain understanding of individual
differences in terms of feelings
and experiences.
Measures problem using rating
scale and other research
parameters of
group
similarities.
-natural setting
-measurement setting
-making stories out of a certain
phenomenon.
-performs measures out of a
certain phenomenon.
-Uses
pictures,
words,
sentences,
paragraphs,
compositions, narrations and
short stories
- Uses numbers, scales,
hypotheses, calculations,
computations and statistics
tools.
Sample (size)
Small judgment (by decision)
sampling
Large sample representatives of
population
Data Gathering
Unstructured or semi structured
(flexible processes)
Standardized /Structured
Data Description
Uses census, survey
Uses
interviews,
participant questionnaire, checklist,
observation, group discussions. paperpencil test and
Ex: Case Study, field research
experimentation.
Uses open ended questions.
It is a freeform survey questions
allow a participant to answer in
open-text format, responses are
unlimited to a set of options.
Uses closed ended questions.
This questions can only be
answered by selecting from a
limited number of options,
usually “multiple-choice”, “yes
or no”, or a rating scale
Example:
Guide
questions
interviews
Example:
Strongly agree to strongly
disagree
In quantitative research closed
ended questions are the basis
of all statistical analysis
techniques
applied
on
questionnaires and surveys.
for
the
1.
What
was
your
experiences during quarantine
period
on
the
COVID-19
pandemic? How did you handle
the situation caused by the
pandemic?
2.
Was the support of the
National and Local Government
enough for your basic needs?
Did they conduct evaluation for
those who were affected?
Sample Question:
Do you agree on online
modality class in transitioning
the new normal of education?
a. Strongly agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly disagree
Activities
Inductive
The researcher starts with the
observations, an open mind
without biases, gathering all
exact details of the topic and
generalization or new theory is
given towards the end of the
research process.
Deductive
Starts from a hypothesis or
already
created
theory
emphasizing the previously
researched phenomenon from
different views (tested against
observations).
Uses both inductive and deductive
They are not mutually exclusive with each other in research.
Data discussions
and Presentation
Inductive method or “bottom-up” is used if the researcher starts
discussions from the lowest and highest means then explains the
overall mean.
Deductive or “top-down “if discussion is from the overall mean going
to the lowest and highest means, deductive.
Opinions are based on
Opinions are based on laws,
experience or observation.
rules, or other recognized
There are no criteria used in
principles.
data discussions.
Synthesize
thematic.
data, interpret,
Statistical
Objective
Subjective
Data Analysis
Data analysis is influenced by The researcher employs
the personal experiences and standard criteria in analyzing
views.
data.
Cultivates understanding with Endorse a development.
high validity.
Has high output replicability.
Outcome
There are
no
conclusions formulated.
Conclusion is formulated
towards the end of the research
process.
III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research
1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.
2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in giving solutions
to our problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
5. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.
ACTIVITY 3
DIRECTIONS: ANSWER BRIEFLY THE FOLLOWING: Decide whether the following
topics or research questions is qualitative or quantitative. Explain why and what
is your basis. Write your answers on the spaces provided.
• 1. The Why and How of Social Networking Use
EXPLAIN: ___________________________
2. The Level of Social Media Addiction among the Youth
EXPLAIN: __________________________
• 3. Culinary Arts: Then and Now
EXPLAIN: __________________________
• 4. How do the TVL students feel about their chosen strand?
EXPLAIN: __________________________
• 5. What is the degree of satisfaction of students taking the different SHS
TRACKS?
EXPLAIN: __________________________
ACTIVITY 4
Direction: Determine whether each word or group of words indicates Qualitative Research or
Quantitative Research.
___________________1. Naturalistic
___________________2. To validate the already constructed theory
___________________3. Hypothesis
___________________4. Multiple Methods
___________________5. No criteria
___________________6. Pure words, phrases and sentences
compositions and stories are used in data analysis
___________________7. Open-Ended Questions
___________________8. Highly-structured Research
___________________9. Objective
___________________10. Subjective
LESSON 4:The Kinds of Research Across Fields
Developing an interest in different kinds of research will help you look into something
that affects your personality or your life in some important way. If you are interested on a topic
you are researching, you will enjoy reading and learning about it. To define clearly the types of
research in areas of interest you want to embark, focus your scientific skills, your passion and
ideas. It supports you to connect to your career path. The examples of research in areas of
interest will lead you to choose specific topic of your research study which you will be exploring
to create new knowledge.
What’s in?
Review
In the previous lessons, you learned about research methods to be used in your particular field
of study. Whatever methods are used, there are many resources to support research, and any
number of variations to the basic methods. Choosing a method of research that is adaptable in
your study as a learner guides you to start making a decision on what topic you want to pursue.
What’s New?
I. Kinds of Research across Fields
Areas of
Interest
Arts-Based
Research
Description
Example of Studies
Personal expression in various 1.The Role of Arts in Student
art forms is use as a primary Achievement in Reading
mode of inquiry
2.How
Classroom
Artistic
Structure Motivates Learning
Research in
Humanities
Deals with human culture such
as
philosophy,
religion, 1 Values Education in the Public
literature, linguistics and history Schools:
Practices
and
Challenges
It includes ancient and modern
languages, human geography, 2. Children In-Conflict with the
laws, politics and other social Law:
A
Resolution
and
sciences.
Intervention
Sports Research
Intended for athletes to endure 1. Student Involvement in
their health and wellness goals Athletics and their Academic
through proven high quality Performance
products.
2.Sports and Fitness Support on
It helps the coaches and Students in Public Schools
athletes to access information
and apply it to develop
programs and techniques in
sports.
Science
Research
Discover
laws,
postulates 1.Utilization of Garbage and
theories that can explain other Waste Resources as
natural or social phenomena.
Cleaning Materials
Applies
systematic
and 2.Making of COVID -19 Cure out
constructed scientific method to of Heat Transfer
obtain, analyze and interpret
data.
A
strong
and
testable
hypothesis is the fundamental
part of the scientific research.
Mathematics
Research
Provides mathematics mastery 1.Student Difficulties in General
topics and helps develops Mathematics: Remediation and
confidence and interest to solve Interventions
more mathematical problems.
It may also assist to find new
methods
to
simplify
calculations.
2.A Systemic Approach to
Changing Classroom Practices
for Enhancing Mathematics
Outcomes
Agriculture
Research
Improves
productivity
and
quality of crops irrigation,
storage methods, effective farm
management and marketing of
agricultural resources.
1.Green Space in School: Social
and Environment Perspective
2. Is Urban Gardening as a
Source of Well-Being?
Agriculture is the backbone of
the economic system providing
food,
raw
material
and
employment opportunities.
Fisheries
research
Increase the productivity and
management
of
fishery
resources to provide food:
protect and maintain different
bodies of water for sustainable
supply of aquatic resources.
1.Finding a Future: Sustaining
Inland Fishery
2.Fishing for Change: Fishery
Policy in the Philippines
Information and
Aim to adapt current technology 1.The Role of ICT in the New
advancement which enhances Normal Education
Communication
Technology (ICT) development of resources.
Research
2.Exploring the Interactive
Computer Simulation in Public
Schools
Business
Research
Social Science
Research
Acquire information in business
to maximize the sales and
profit.
It
aids
business
companies regulates which
product or service is most
profitable or in demand.
1.Developing a Framework for
Small Scale Business
2.Business Practices and
Strategies of Small Enterprises
at Limketkai Mall
Finds solutions for human 1.The Impact of COVID-19
behavior gathering information Pandemic on Employment
about people and societies.
Opportunities
2. Implementation of Enhanced
Community Quarantined in Low
Risk Area of Misamis.Oriental.
ACTIVITY 5
Think of your own topic for research which you would like to work on. Keep in
mind what you have learned from this lesson to justify the specific research type for
each chosen topic. Write your “top two” most interesting topics below. (10 POINTS
EACH)
1.) ____________________________________________________
2.) ____________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 6
Direction: For the following research titles, identify from which field it belongs to by choosing
your answers from the box below. Write only the letter as your answer on a clean sheet of
paper.
K. Science Research
L. Fisheries research
M. Information & Communication Technology Research
N. Arts Based Research
O. Business Research
P. Humanities Research
Q. Agriculture Research
R. Sports Research
S. Mathematics Research
T. Social Science Research
_______1. Effect of Classroom Environment through Classroom Structuring
_______2. Effect of Green Leaves as Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth of Selected
Vegetables
_______3. Parenting Needs, Goals and Strategies for Single Parents
_______4. Scouring: Habitat Destruction of Coral Reefs and other Marine Animals
_______5. The Role of Computers in Digital Health Indicators
_______6. Financial Attitude and Practices of Teachers
_______7. Psychosocial Stress Management of Senior High School Students
_______8. Students’ Misconceptions in Calculus
_______9. Making Bricks Out of Paper Strips
_______10. The Influence of Sports Activities on Learners Efficiency in Academics
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 1- Module 2:
WEEK -4
Qualitative Research and Its
Importance In Daily Life
Lesson The Value of Qualitative Research
5
Its Characteristics, Strengths,
Weaknesses and Kinds
The general purpose of qualitative research is to develop concepts which help you
to understand social phenomena in, wherever possible, natural rather than experimental
settings, to gain an understanding of the experiences, perceptions and/or behaviors of
individuals, and the meanings attached to them. The effective applications of qualitative
methods to other disciplines, including health and education research have expanded.
This module outlines the nature and potential value of qualitative research features its
various parameters.
What’s in?
In the previous module, you learned the nature of inquiry and research. Inquiry and
research encourage high levels of critical thinking in order to attain appropriate methods
and resources .As a researcher you have to follow the different processes in research
equipped with the etiquettes in conducting your study. Those samples of research in
areas of interest will help you guide to choose you topic or research problem.
What’s New?
I. Definition of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research is a scientific method of observation to gather non-numerical data.
It refers to the meanings, concepts, characteristics, metaphors, symbols and description
of phenomena, and not to their counts or measures.
II. Purpose of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research promotes a deep, holistic understanding of a particular
phenomenon.
III. Characteristics of Qualitative Research
1. Human understanding and interpretation in data analysis
2. Active, powerful and forceful in data gathering and rephrasing interview questions
3. Multiple research approaches and methods that allows you to plan your study and
being multi-method research
1
4. Specificity to generalization on specific ideas will lead to generalizations or
conclusions.
5. Contextualization - context or situation of individual’s life
6. Diversified data in real-life situations on collecting data in a natural setting
7. Abounds with words and visuals that presents people’s view in a picture, video,
drawing or graphs.
8. Internal analysis on examining the data yielded by the internal traits of the subject
persons.
IV. Strengths of Qualitative Research
1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter.
2. Promotes a full understanding of human behavior/personality traits in their natural
setting.
3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.
4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality.
5. it’s a way of understanding & interpreting social interactions.
6. Increases researcher’s interests in the study.
7. Offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge about something.
V. Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis.
2. It is hard to know the validity/reliability of the data.
3. It is open-ended questions yield “data overload” that requires long-time analysis.
4. It is time-consuming.
5. It involves several processes, whose results greatly depend on the researcher’s
views or interpretations.
VI. Kinds of Qualitative Research2
1. Case Study - Long time study of a person, group, organization or situation and an
empirical inquiry that investigates current phenomenon.
Example: “Teenage Pregnancy in the Public High Schools”
2
2. Ethnography- a study of a particular cultural group.
Example: “Cultural Awareness and Integration of Peace Education in the
Indigenous Peoples (IP) Communities”
3. Phenomenology- “live-experienced” of a phenomenon. Example: “Life without
Gadget”
4. Content and Discourse Analysis• Content Analysis- is a research technique that analyzes the modes of
communication such as letters, e-mails etc.
• Discourse Analysis- is the study of social life, understood through analysis
of language it includes face-to-face talk, non-verbal interaction, images
and symbols.
Materials for Discourse Analysis include books, newspapers, periodicals,
brochures and advertisements.
Example: “A Discourse Analysis on the Impact of Modern Technologies on
Communication”
5. Historical Analysis- is a qualitative method where there is an examining of past
events to draw conclusions and make predictions about the future.
Example: “The Impact of Ferdinand Marcos’ Speech”
6. Grounded Theory- takes place when there is a discovery of new theory which
underlies your study at the time of data collection and analysis.
Example: “The Story Behind the Migration of Christians from Visayas and Luzon
to Mindanao”
7. Narrative Report - designed to present things or events that have happened in
the past through a logical progression of the relevant information. The main
purpose of a narrative report is to present a factual depiction of what has occurred.
Example: “Vocabulary Building of Students through Proper Solid Waste
Management”
8. Biography- is the study of an individual’s life and struggles and how they reflect
cultural themes of the society. It deals with an interesting story found in documents
and archival materials. It is concerned with the reconstruction of life histories and
the constitution of meaning based on biographical narratives and documents.
❖ Five common types of biography are
(1) Scholarly Chronicles -focus on the historical portrayal of an individual life.
e.g. “Biography of Gloria M. Arroyo, the First Woman President of the
Philippines”
(2) Intellectual Biography- narrative of a life through the conceptual analysis of the
subject’s motives and beliefs within the world of ideas. e.g. “Life and Works
of Dr. Jose Rizal”
(3) Life History Writing- recording of life memories, experiences, whether one’s
or another’s.
e.g. “The Hardships of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW’s)”.
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(4) Memoir Biography- stylistic presentation of the biographer’s reflections and
insights in relation to the factual account of life.
e.g. “The Experiences of Stranded Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic” (5)
Narrative Biography-a nonfiction account of life experiences of a person.
9. Action Research- is a classroom-based or school-based research seeks
transformative change through the process of taking action and doing research,
which are linked together by critical reflection. This type of research is commonly
conducted by the teachers to give solutions to the existing problems to improve
students’ academic performance and positive attitudes.
ACTIVITY 7
Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. “A student really idolizes his English teacher who is very expert in grammar and
literature. The former wants to write a scholarly chronicle about the latter’s
experiences including his family background, how he achieved his success in life, his
likes and dislikes, his achievements and struggles in life.” What type of qualitative
research should a student employ?
a. Historical Research
b. Discourse Analysis
c. Biography
d. Narrative Report
2. It is a qualitative research in which data related to the past events are systematically
collected and evaluated to describe potential causes, effects, or trends related to
those events.
a. Historical Research
b. Discourse Analysis
c. Biography
d. Narrative Report
3. All of the following are strengths of qualitative research EXCEPT
a. Explores sensitive issues
b. Captures diversity of experiences and perceptions
c. Allows participants to freely exchange ideas
d. Proves a certain theory or principle
4. Which of the following is one of the weaknesses of a qualitative research?
a. Results are limited as they provide less elaboration of human perceptions.
b. Data created through qualitative research are always accepted.
c. Data analysis involving numerical data is difficult.
d. There is a limited review of related literature or in-depth information about the
topic.
5. Which of the following is EXCLUDED from the importance of qualitative research in
daily life?
a. Qualitative unveils individual’s perception, feelings and attitudes about a certain
phenomenon.
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b. Qualitative research allows the researcher to immerse in the community where
the participants live.
c. Qualitative research stimulates people’s interdependence or interpersonal
relationship.
d. Qualitative research lets the researcher to validate the previously constructed
theory or principle.
6. It is the most familiar and applicable type of qualitative research which refers to the
investigation of a culture through an in-depth study of the members of the cultural
society
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded Theory
d. Case Study
7. It is primarily used to generate theory through relevant information taken from very
reliable sources and its focus is theory development.
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded Theory
d. Case Study
8. Which of the following types of qualitative research is designed to focus on the
commonality of a “lived experience” with a particular group and its aim is to determine
what an experience means for the persons who have had the experience of living in
a certain community which is the subject of the research?
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded Theory
d. Case Study
9. It is an exploration of a “bounded system” over time through detailed, in-depth data
collection involving multiple sources of information rich in interesting stories.
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded Theory
d. Case Study
10.It is a qualitative research which analyzes the language “beyond the sentence”. It is
the study of the ways in which language is used by the people, both written and
spoken contexts.
a. Historical Research
b. Discourse Analysis
c. Biography
d. Narrative Report.
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Lesson
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The Importance of Qualitative Research
Across Fields of Inquiry
Qualitative research is an emerging area of inquiry that graces through
disciplines and subject matter. However, it's also essential to recognize that
qualitative research is a method generally used in the social sciences searching
social interactions, schemes and processes. It delivers a detailed appreciation of
the ways people come to understand and achieve their daily life in particular
situations.
What’s in?
In the previous lesson, you learned to describe the nature and characteristics of
qualitative research with its kinds, strength and weaknesses. Qualitative research is
capable to give rich information about the respondents, be it humans or animals.
Despite having such strength, its weakness is perceived on its approach being not
applicable to some research objectives. The kinds of qualitative research will help you
discover facts and information about the object of your interest and working with others.
The lessons you had learned will guide you to appreciate the importance of qualitative
research across fields of inquiry.
What’s New?
Research in Different Areas of Knowledge
Research studies happen in any field of knowledge:
Anthropology, Business, Communication, Education, Engineering, Law and Nursing.
A. Basic Research Approaches in a Specific Area of Discipline
1. Scientific or Positive Approach Deals with empirical data instead of personal
views, feelings or attitudes.
control of variables or factors affecting the study (Laursen 2010).
records findings quantitatively.
resents structured interviews, questionnaires and observational checklists.
2. Naturalistic Approach
• A people-oriented approach focusing on discovering the real concept or
meaning behind people’s lifestyles and social relations.
• Present things qualitatively through verbal language. Using words as unit
of analysis.
• Bases determining universal social values to define ethical and unethical
that society ought to know, not only for the benefit of individual and
community but also for the satisfaction of man’s quest for knowledge.”
(Sarandakos 2013; Ransome 2013)
Example: Talking to ethnic groups or people with other culture in a natural setting.
In this case, the researcher uses unstructured interviews and the participants’
answer/response is not scripted.
3. Triangulation/ Mixed Method
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•
Allows a combination or a mixture of research designs, data collection and
data analysis techniques.
• Enhance the validity and reliability of qualitative research design.
• Enhances accuracy of interpretation.
• Has an opportunity to view every angle of the research from different
perspectives.
(3) Main Methods of Data Collection
a. Interactive interviewing- people asked to verbally described their experiences
of phenomenon.
b. Written descriptions by participant- people asked to write descriptions of their
experiences of phenomenon.
c. Observation- descriptive observations of verbal and non-verbal behavior.
In the field of Humanities, researchers ought to focus not to man’s social life but
instead studies it’s meanings, significance and visualizations of man’s
experiences in the field of Fine Arts, Literature, Music, Drama, Dance and other
artistically inclined subjects.
Humanistic Categories
1. Literature and Art Criticism
Focus on language depends on interpretative and reflective thinking.
2. Philosophical Research
The focus of inquiry is on knowledge and principles of being and on the
manner human beings conduct themselves on Earth.
3. Historical Research
Investigation centers on events and ideas that took place in man’s life at a
particular period.
II. Hard Sciences versus Soft Sciences 4
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Hard Sciences
Soft Sciences
Studies
natural
data
Studies human behavior in
driven phenomenon.
scientific manner.
Objective
Subjective
Tests Theory
Develops Theory
Numbers
Words
Cause and Effect Relationship
Knowing meaning & discovery
Statistical
Analysis
and Researcher’s interpretation
Generalizations
Examples:
Examples:
a
Biology,
Chemistry,
Physics, Sociology, Psychology, Political
Astronomy, Earth Science
Science, Economics, Anthropology,
History
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•
•
•
Qualitative and Quantitative Research can go together in a research
approach.
There is a symbiotic relationship between these two research methods, in
which they reinforce or strengthen each other.
Moreover, any form of knowledge, factual or opinionated and any statistical
or verbal expression of this knowledge are deduced from human
experience that is subjective. (Hollway 2013; Letherby 2013)
ACTIVITY 8
Given the following Research topics, name the specific subject on each topic
and give the importance on researching such topic in a person’s day to day life. The
first one is done for you.
1. Nutrient Contents of Spices and Herbs
2. Juan dela Cruz: A Filipino Inventor
3. Parents Views About The New Normal Education
4. Medicinal Elements of Lemon Leaves
5. SHS Learners Study Habits
Topics
Subject
Importance of the Research
1
Spices and Herbs
To know its nutrient content use as medicine
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3
4
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ACTIVITY 9
Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement is true, FALSE if you think
it is not.
_________1.Research studies what happens in any field of knowledge.
__________2.Scientific approach expresses and records your findings qualitatively.
__________3.Triangulation or mixed method enhances accuracy and interpretation.
__________4.Naturalistic approach is people oriented.
__________5.A qualitative research is exclusive to both hard and soft sciences.
__________6.Soft science studies human behavior in a scientific manner.
__________7.The scientific approach gives stress to measurable and observable facts instead
of personal views, feelings, or attitudes.
__________8.All research types apply to all data collecting techniques. __________9.Reasons
happens in just one field of knowledge.
__________10.Past events in a person’s life are the focus of triangulation.
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