APPROACHES TO
COURSE DESIGN
IN ESP
Rifqi Nasirun Nafis (210221830832)
Risma Ulaningrum (210221830808)
Overview
ESP
Course Design
Approaches to Course
Design in ESP
ESP Course Design
APPROACHES TO COURSE DESIGN IN ESP
Simplest and
more familiar
Language-centered Approach
Contextual
Skills-centered Approach
Objective
Learner-centered Approach
More dynmic
A Learning-centered Approach
Language-centered Approach
The simplest kind of course design process
is probably the one most familiar to English
teacher. This aims to draw as direct
connections as possible between the
analysis of the target situation and the
content of ESP course (Hutchinson &
Waters,1987).
Language-centered Approach
This approach aims to draw direct connection between
target situation and the content of ESP course.
The weaknesses
1.
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The learner is simply used as a means of identifying the
target situation.
It is a static and inflexible procedure, which can take little
account of the conflicts and contradictions that are inherent in
any human endeavor.
It appears to be systematic. The fact that knowledge has
been systematically analyzed and systematically presented
does not in any way imply that it will be systematically learnt.
It gives no acknowledgement to factors which must inevitably
play a part in the creation of any course. Data is not important
in itself.
The lg-centred analysis of target situation data is only at the
surface level. It reveals very little about the competence that
underlies the performance
Skills-centered Approach
It is reaction both to the idea of specific
registers of English as a basis for ESP and to
practical constraints on learning imposed by
limited time and resources. Its aims is not to
provide a specified corpus of linguistics
knowledge but to make learners into better
processors of information (Hutchinson &
Waters,1987).
Two Fundamental Principles of Skills-centered Approach
Theoritical
Underlying any language behavior are
certain skills and strategies that learner
uses in order to produce or comprehend
discourse
1
Pragmatics
The process oriented- at least realistic in
concentrating on strategies and process
of making student aware of their own
abilities and potential, and motivating
them to tackle of target by their own.
2
Skills-centered Approach
This approach aims at helping learners to develop skills
and strategies which will continue after the ESP course.
Learner-centered Approach
This approach is based on the basis that
learning is totally determined by the learners.
As teacher we can influence what we teach,
what learners learn is determined by learners
alone (Hutchinson & Waters,1987).
Learner-centered Approach
This approach aims at helping learners to develop the
based on student needs for objective course.
Learning-centered Approach
This approach is seen as a process in which
the learner use what knowledge or skills they
have to make sense of the flow of new
information (Hutchinson & Waters,1987).
Learning-centered Approach
This approach has two implications:
• Course design is a negotiated process. The ESP learning situation
and the target situation will both influence the nature of the
syllabus, materials, methodology and evaluation procedures.
• Course design is a dynamic process. It does not move in a linear
fashion. Needs and resources differ with time. The course design,
therefore, needs to have built-in feedback channels to enable the
course to respond to developments.
Several Question in Learning-centered Approach
a. What skills are necessary to be taught?
b. What are the implications for methodology of
having a mono-skill focus?
c. How will the students react to doing tasks
involving other skills?
d. Do the resources in the classroom allow the use
of other skills?
e. How will the learners react to discussing things
in the mother tongue?
f. How will the students’ attitudes vary through
the course? Will they feel motivated?
g. How do students feel about reading as an
activity?
Learning-centered Approach
In this learning-centered situation, students are ultimately
responsible for their own learning using different
strategies.
ESP Course Design Approach
Language-centered Approach
Performance
Learner-centered Approach
Needs/Objectives
Skill-centered Approach
Competence
Learning-centered Approach
How to get competence