ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ www.onlinedoctranslator.com - ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ)ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ( ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞﻭﺗﺪﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ .ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺧﺴﺎﺉﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ.ﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ .ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ،ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ∆ ، tﺗﺘﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: ﺃﻧﺎO = ΔS - ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ -ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ = ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ. .ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ∆S: .ﺣﺠﻢﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ O:ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ،ﻭ I: ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ 15ﻛﻢ ،2ﺍﺣﺴﺐ: .1ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ )ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ( ﻓﻮﻕ ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ410 * 8ﻡ3ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ 410 * 6.5ﻡ.3 .2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻫﻮ 710ﻡ ،3ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ. ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ: ﻣﻊﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ∆ tﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: I + P + Rg - E - O - Og - S - R1 + R2 =0 6 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻦ: ﺃﻧﺎ= ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ. = Pﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ. .ﺍﻟﻀﺦ= Rg .ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ= E .ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ = R1 & R2 .ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ = . ΔSﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺗﺤﺖﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ = . Ogﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ= O ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎﺕ: ﺍﻷﻭﻝ:ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻱ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺁﺧﺮ. .ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻞ ،ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ،ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺉﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻱ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ )T( ،ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺢ )E( ،ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ O: (-) = ΔSﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭ ) (+ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ .ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ Sﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: S = S.ﺱ+ S.ﻡS. ﺃﻳﻦ +ﺯ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ Ss: :ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ .ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ.ﻳﺼﺒﺢ Sg:ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻛﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ،ﻭ Sm: ΔS = ΔSﺱ+ ΔSﻡΔS 7 +ﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻴﻬﺎ 103.2ﻣﺘﺮﺍً ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ .ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ، ﺗﻠﻘﺖﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻠﻎ 6ﺃﻣﺘﺎﺭ /3ﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ .ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ،ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺓ 6.5ﻣﺘﺮ/3ﺱ .ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ،ﺗﻠﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭ 145ﻣﻠﻢ ﻭﻗﺪُﺭّ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﺑـ 6.1ﺳﻢ .ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ .ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮﺓ 5000ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ. ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ. 8 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ 150ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭﺍ ًﻫﻄﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭ 10.5ﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ 90ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐﻋﺎﺻﻔﺔ .ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ،ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺰﻑ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻓﺎً ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻔﺔﻭﺷﻬﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﺎً ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ 10ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ 1.5ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ /ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ .ﺟﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺓﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ) .ﺃ( ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺢ؟ )ﺏ( ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﺒﺎﺕ؟ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ: ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔﺍﻟﻤﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ∆ tﻫﻲ R = P –L ﺣﻴﺚ :Lﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ( )ﺃ( = Pﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ 10ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ = 157500 = (100 / 10.5) * 100 * 100 * 150 ﺣﺠﻢﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ = ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ 10ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ = Rﻡ 3 R = 1.5 * 10 * 60 * 60 =54000 ﻭﻣﻦﺛﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺉﺮ L = 157500 –54000 = 103500ﻡ 3 )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ /ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ = ) 0.343 = 54000/157500ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ( 9 ﻡ3 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ:ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢﺑﺄﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ .ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻴﻦ (1 :ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ، ﺏ( ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻘﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﺪﺓ. ﻭﻣﻦﺛﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﺮ ،ﻭﺛﻠﺞ ،ﻭﺿﺒﺎﺏ ،ﻭﺻﻘﻴﻊ ، ﻭﺑﺮَﺩَ ،ﻭﺻﻘﻴﻊ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ .ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﺃﻭ ﺳﻨﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ. ﻧﻮﻉﺍﻟﻬﻄﻮﻝ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ -1 :ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ: ﺃ.ﺭﺫﺍﺫ :ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺵ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ 0.02ﺑﻮﺻﺔ )0.5 ﻣﻢ( ، ﻭﺩﺑﺖﺍﺩًﺝ ﺓﺭﻳﻐﺺ ﺗﺎﺭﻃﻘﻼ ﻧﻮﻛﺘﻮ .ﺓﻋﺎﺱ /ﻣﻠﻢ ﻧﻢ ﻟﻘﺎ ﺓﺩﺵ ﻭ ﻣﻠﻢ 5ﻧﻢ ﻟﻘﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﺠﺢ ﻧﺎﺟﺢ ﺗﺎﺭﻃﻖ ﻧﻢ ﻧﻮﻛﺘﻲ :ﺫﺍﺫﺭﻻ .ﻧﺎﻳﺤﻸﺍ ﺿﻌﺐ ﻳﻒ ﺍﻭﻓﻄﺖ ﺍﻫﻨﺄﻛﻮ ﺏ.ﺗﻤﻄﺮ :ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﺎء ﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺫﺍﺫ .ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ 0.5ﻣﻢ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ 6ﻣﻢ. ﺗﺎﺭﻃﻘﻞﺭﺑﻜﺄ ﻟﺼﻴﻮ ﻣﻠﻢ 0.5ﻧﻢ ﺭﺑﻜﺄ ءﺍﻡ ﺗﺎﺭﻃﻖ ﻟﻜﺸﺐ ﻓﺼﻴﻮ ﻃﻴﻘﺴﻼ ﻧﻢ ﻳﺴﻴﺉﺮﻻ ﻟﻜﺸﻼ ﻟﺜﻤﻲ :ﺭﻃﻤﻼ :ﯨﻺ ﺍﻫﺘﺪﺵ ﯨﻺ ﺍﺩﺍﻧﺘﺴﺎ ﺭﺍﻃﻤﻼﺍ ﻓﻨﺼﺘﻮ ﺍﺑﻴﺮﻗﺖ ﻣﻠﻢ 6ﯨﻺ ﺭﻃﻤﻼ ﻓﻨﺼﻼ ﺓﻳﺮﻃﻤﻼﺓﺩﺷﻼ ﺓﻋﺎﺱ /ﻣﻠﻢ 2.5ﻧﻢ ﻟﻘﺄ ﻓﻴﻔﺦﺭﻃﻢ ﺓﻋﺎﺱ /ﻣﻠﻢ 2.5 - 7.5 ﻃﺴﻮﺗﻢﺭﻃﻢ ﺓﻋﺎﺱ /ﻣﻠﻢ 7.5ﻧﻢ ﺭﺑﻜﺄ ﻓﻴﺜﻚﺭﻃﻢ 01 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺝ.ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ :ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺛﻠﺠﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﻲ )ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ( ﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ 0.1ﺟﻢ /ﺳﻢ.3 ﺩ.ﻭﺍﺑﻞ :ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ 0.2ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ) 50-5ﻣﻢ(. E.ﺳﻄﺢ ﺃﻣﻠﺲ :ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﺑﺄﺷﻴﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ. F.ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩ :ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺳﻘﻮﻃﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ. ﺗﺤﺖﺓﺭﺭﺍ ﺡ ﺗﺎﺟﺮﺩ ﺩﻧﻊ ءﺍﻭﻫﻼ ﻟﻼﻻﺥ ﺭﻃﻤﻼ ﻃﻮﻗﺲ ﺩﻧﻊ ﻧﻮﻛﺘﺖ ﺓﻓﺎﻓﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺒﺤﺐ ﺭﻃﻢ ﺗﺎﺧﺰ ﻳﻬﻮ :ﺩﺭﺑﻼ ﺩﺍﻣﺠﻨﻼﺍ -2ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ: ﺃ.ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ :ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻓﺉﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ؛ ﻳﺄﺗﻲﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻴﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻓﺉﺎً .ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﺧﺎﺕ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓﻭﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ. ﺏ.ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻋﺼﺎﺭ:ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺉﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﻳﻨﻀﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ .ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥﺃﻣﺎﻣﻴﺎً ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻲ .ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﺊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ،ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﺊ. ﺝ.ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﻏﺮﺍﻓﻲ :ﺇﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻡ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﻭﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ. ﺭﺳﻢﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ .1ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ .2ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﺮﺍﻓﻲ 00 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕﺍﻟﻬﻄﻮﻝ: ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺃﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻭﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ( .ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ،ﻳﻌﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﻄﻮﻝﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ .ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎًﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ. ﻳﺘﻢﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ )ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ( ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮﺍﺕ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢﻣﺴﺘﻮ ٍﺇﺫﺍ ﻇﻞ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﻘﻮﻃﻪ .ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﻄﻮﻝﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ( ﻭﺗﻌُﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ،ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ،ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻄﺮ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ. ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ-1 : ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ: ﺃﻱﻭﻋﺎء ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺑﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻋﺎء ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻼﺓ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ 12ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﻤﻖ 30ﺳﻢ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻘﺮﺍءﺓﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ،ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺛﻠﺞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻼﺓ. -2ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ :ﺃ- ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ،ﻣﻦ ﻗﻤﻊ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺄﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻣﺪﺭﺟﺔ ) ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ 2ﺳﻢ( ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ )ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ 20ﺳﻢ ﻭﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ 50ﺳﻢ( .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻳﺔﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺳﺘﻠﺘﻘﻄﻬﺎ .ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﻜﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺉﺾﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻣﺘﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﻱ ،ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻢ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺘﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ 250ﻣﻠﻢ ) 9.8ﺑﻮﺻﺎﺕ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ. ﻳﺒﻠﻎﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻂ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ 5ﺳﻢ ) 2.0ﺑﻮﺻﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﻱ ؛ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻣﺒﺮﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻂ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ 0.01ﺑﻮﺻﺔ .ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺃﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ 25ﻣﻢ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖﻣﻦ ﺛﻘﺐ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻪ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ .ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺗﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .3 01 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 3ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺏ-ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ .ﺗﻘﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﻗﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻤﺴﺠﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ .ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺪﻻء ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻬﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ،ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ .ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺃﻏﻠﻰ ﺛﻤﻨﺎ ًﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻠﺔ. ﺝ-ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﻟﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻳﻘﻊﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺩﻻء ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺘﻴﻦ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ .ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ 0.2ﻣﻢ ) 0.007ﺑﻮﺻﺔ( ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻞ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .2 01 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺩ-ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 4ﻣﺴﺠﻞّ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ-ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻓﺔ -ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥﻣﻦ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ،ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻗﻤﻌﺎً ﻭﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﺠﻮﻓﺔ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء. ﻫـ-ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﺳﺠﻼﺕ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻳﻮﻓﺮﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺳﺠﻼ ًﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻛﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺖ .ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻬﻄﻮﻝ -ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ) .ﺗﻴﻦ(3 . -1ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﻖﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ. ∆ ≈ ∆ ﺃﻧﺎ= :ﻫﺎﻧﺪﺍﻟًﻜﺸﻼ ﻳﻒ ﺍﻣﻚ ،ﻳﻨﻤﺰﻻ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﺘﻼ ﺑﺴﺢ ﻣﺴﺮﻳﻮ ﻧﻤﺰﻻ ﻟﺒﺎﻗﻢ ﻣﻜﺮ ﺍ ﺗﻤﻼ ﻃﻴﻘﺴﻼ ﻣﺴﺮ ﻧﻊ ﺓﺭﺍﺑﻊ 01 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣًﺎﻳﻸﺍﺑﺘﻤﺎﺍﻫﺪﺗﺴﺈ -(2-ﺓﻳﺮﻃﻤﻼ ﺓﺧﺰﻻ ﺭﺍﺩﻗﻢ) :1cmﻧﻊ ﺗﺎﻣﻮﻟﻌﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﺎﺭﺗﻼ ﺭﻃًﻤﻼ ﻳﻨﺤﻨﻤﻼ ﻳﻄﻌﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻖﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ 3- 2- Hyetograph:ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ .ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ hyetograph ﻃﻮﻃﺦﻟﻜﺶ ﯨﻠﻊ ﺿﺮﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻃًﻤﻠﻞ ﻳﻤًﻜﺎﺭﺗﻼ ﻳﻨﺤﻨﻤﻼ ﻧﻢ ﻗﺘﺸﻤﻔًﺎﺭﻏﻮﺗﻴﻬﻼﻭ :ﺓﺑﺴﺎﻧﻢ ﺓﻗﻴﺮﻁ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﻮﺗﻴﻬﻼ ﺩﻋﻲ(.ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﻲ )ﺓﻳﺪﻭﻣﻊ )ﺓﻋﺎﺱ /ﻣﺲ 10ﺓﻳﺮﻃﻤﻼ ﺗﺨﺰﻻ ﺻﺉﺎﺻﺦ ﺿﺮﻉ ﺓﻳﻼﻋﻼﺗﺎﻧﺎﺿﻴﻔﻼ ﻧﻊ ﺅﺑﻨﺘﻼ ﺓﺭﺗﻔﻼﻛﻠﺖ ﻳﻒ ﻳﻠﻜﻼ ﻃﻴﻘﺴﻼ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﻮﺗﻴﻬﻼ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺓﺣﺎﺳﻤﻼ ﻟﺜﻤﺖ 01 - ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ: ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ،ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺉﻲﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: )= (2 ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕ N: ∋ ∋:ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﻮﻳﺔ( mﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕ Cv: = −1 =√] 100ﺩﺭﺟﺔ− 1 ؟ ̅؟ ∑- ) 1؟ -1 ̅؟(2 [ ﻡ :1-ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ithﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ Pi:؟ ̅؟ =∑)1 1 ( ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ :ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻄﺮﺓ) .ﺧﺬ ﺧﻄﺄ= (٪10 ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻫﻄﻮﻝﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ )ﺳﻢ( ﺃ 82.6 ﺏ ﺝ ﺩ ﻩ F 102.9 180.3 110.3 98.8 136.7 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ: ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ،ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ 3ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ 06 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ: ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺧﻀﻌﺖ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﺴﺎﻕ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ .ﺳﻴﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ .ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺉﻌﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﻫﻲ: .1ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ. .2ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ. .3ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺉﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ. .4ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ. ﻳﺘﻢﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ .ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ. ﺃ.ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻄﺔ ) Xﺃﻱ(PxΣﺗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ .ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ )ﺃﻱΣﺑﺎﻑ(ﺑﺪءﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ. ﺏ.ﻗﻄﻌﺔPxΣﺿﺪΣ.ﺑﺎﻑ ﻳﺸﻴﺮﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻄﺔ .Xﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﻃﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ Xﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ: = ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ :ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺤﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ t1atﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ Px: X ﻫﻄﻮﻝﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ t1atﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ Xﻣﻮﻟﻮﺩﻳﺔ: ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪﺭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺤﺢ ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺩﻭﺝ ﺃﻣﺎﻩ:ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔﺍﻟﻤﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ 07 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ: ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻄﺔ Mﻭﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ.ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ .M 08 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ: ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ Pm = 19004ﻣﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ Pm = 633.5ﻣﻢ ﻳﺘﻢﻓﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻡ ،ﺑﺪءﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ .1979ﺗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ) (ΣPmﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ) (ΣPavﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ.ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: 09 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻳﺘﻀﺢﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﻛﺨﻄﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ .1968ﻣﻴﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ 1969-1979ﻫﻮMc = 1.0295 : ﺍﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ 1950-1968ﻫﻮ Ma = 0.8779 :ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﻲ: = 1.0295 0.8779 = 1.173 ﺗﻈﻬﺮﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ Mﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ 5ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ .ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟـ Pmﻟﻜﻞ 30 ﻋﺎﻣﺎًﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ .7 11 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻬﻄﻮﻝ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎًﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ )ﺃﻭ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ( ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺇﻣﺎﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﺳﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ. ﻋﻤﻖﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ. ﻋﻠﻰﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ( ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﻣﺎﺉﻲ ،ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: .1ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﺬﻩﻫﻲ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ )ﻗﻞ ،1Pﺹ ،2ﺹ ،3ﺹ ....4ﺹﻥ( ﺗﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕ n ..... ، 3 ، 2 ، 1ﻭﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ = 1 …………. . 3+ 2+ = 1 ∑ =1 ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ 500ﻛﻢ2ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ. .2ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺛﻴﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺗﺄﺧﺬﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ Theissen polygonﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻟﻜﻞﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻄﺮ .ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻲ .ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ؛ .ﺑﺨﻄﻮﻁﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ (ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ D ... )1.5ﻭ Cﻭ Bﻭ Aﺍﻧﻀﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ (i ﺏ( ﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ. ﺝ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﻀﻠﻊ ﺛﻴﺴﻴﻦ .ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﺮﺏﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ .ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻠﻌﺎﺕ. 10 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ 1.5ﺛﻴﺴﻦ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﺠﻮﻥ (4ﺍﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻀﻠﻊ Thiessenﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ. .ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺽ ( )Aﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ (v (6ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ = ∑= 1 ∑ =1 =+. . . 3+ 2+ 1 =1 ﻻﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻀﻠﻊ ﺛﻴﺴﻦ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻤﻪ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ .ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ 5000-500ﻛﻢ2ﺑﺤﺠﻢ .ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ. .3ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ Isohyetal ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻀﻠﻊ Thiessenﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺟﻪ .ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎً ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً ،ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ .ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ Isohyetalﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ ًﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ isohyet .ﻫﻮ ﺧﻂ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺽ ، 11 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻗﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ .ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻼﻣﺢ ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺽ .ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ؛ ﻁ( ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺻﻔﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ. ﺏ( ﻗﻢ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ. ﺝ( ﺍﺿﺮﺏ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ. (4ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ. = ∑ =1 + 1+ ×] ∑ 2 [ ﻧﻈﺮﺍًﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻬﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ،ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:1ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ .ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺳﻢ .ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ) (1ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻲ (2) ،ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺛﻴﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ،ﻭ ) (3ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ. 11 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ: )ﺃﻧﺎ(ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻲ: ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻝ. = = 1 11 1 …………. . 3+ 2+ = 1 ∑ =1 ]140.6 + 93.2 + 84.0 + 60.0 + 45.6 + 48.1 + 54.7 + 60.9 + 88.1 + 20.3 [154.0 + = 1 11 ]77.23 = [849.5 ) (2ﺗﻢ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻀﻠﻌﺎﺕ Theissenﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: 11 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ) (3ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ Isohyetal: Isohyetsﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ: ﺗﻈﻬﺮﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ: 11 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ: ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺠﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ.ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩ .ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩ: -1ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻲ: ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺱ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﺿﻤﻦ ،)Ni - Nx( / Nx >= 10٪[] ٪10ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ :Px ﺃﻳﻦ: ﺹ] =xﺹﺃ +ﺹﺏ + ............ +ﺹﻥ[ ﺹ=xﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩ. ﻥ=ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ. ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ=ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﺃ. =PBﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ .B 16 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ -2ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ: ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺱ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻊﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ،)Ni - Nx( / Nx< 10٪[] ٪10ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ :Px ﺹ[ ............ + + ] =x ﺃﻳﻦ: =Pxﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩ. ﻧﻜﺲ=ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩ .ﻥ=ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ. A، B، .........ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ = PA، B، ..... ﻥﺃﻭ ﺏ = .... ،ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ ...... ،A، B ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ: ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ)ﻁ( :ﺇﻧﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ. ﺃﻧﺎ= = ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ)ﺭ( :ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ) .ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ،ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ (.... ، ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ)ﻥ( :ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ،ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ًﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ .ﺃﻱ ﻛﻢ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ 10ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ. ﻓﺘﺮﺓﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ) :(Tﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ .ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺧﻼﻝﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ) 40ﺳﻨﺔ( ﻛﻢ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ؟ 17 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ )(DAD ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ )ﻋﻤﻖ( ﻫﻄﻮﻝﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ .ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻟﻬﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺻﻔﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ؛ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ .ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ. ﺗﻢﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: 1=Ṕ ∗ √ )- ﺃﻳﻦ: (. ∗ .ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ = Ṕ .ﻋﻤﻖﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ )ﻣﻢ( = P ﺭ*= ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ. 18 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ -ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﻧﺎ= ﺃﻧﺎ= + ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﺭ ≥ 2ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﺭ< 2ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﻴﺚﺗﻜﻮﻥ aﻭ bﻭ cﻭ nﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ xﻭ yﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ .ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ .ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ: +εﺃ+ﺏﺱ=ỳ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ= ỳ ، x ﺃ ،ﺏ = ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ. ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ aﻭ bﻭ cﻭ n 19 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ -1ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ: ﺹ= ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺱ +ﺏ -2ﺛﻢ y = A ∑x + NB +2∑XY = A ∑ Xﺏ ∑x -3ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺗﻴﻦ: ﺏ= - ỳﻓﺄﺱ ∑ = "x " ﺃ= ∑=ỳ ∑ ỳ′ − ∑ ′- ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ -ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ -ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ )(IDF ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ. ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺻﻒ ،ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ ،ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺉﻴﺎً ﺑﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ .ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ-ﻣﺪﺓ-ﺷﺪﺓ ) .(IDFﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ IDFﻫﻮ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺪﺓﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .ﺃﻗﻞ. ﺷﺪﺓﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ )ﻣﻢ /ﺳﺎﻋﺔ( 50ﺳﻨﺔ 25ﺳﻨﺔ 10ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺳﺎﻋﺔ( 11 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: ﺃﻧﺎ= ( ) + ﺣﻴﺚ = I:ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )ﻣﻢ /ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(. .ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ)ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ( = T ﺭ= ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ )ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ(. ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ aﻭ bﻭ mﻭ nﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ. ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞﺍﻟﺸﺎﺉﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺤﺬﻑ Tﻭ mﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺱ nﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ: ﺍﻭﺃﻧﺎ= ﻫﻨﺎﻙﺻﻴﻎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺑﻠﻬﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: ﻥ= = . ∗ ( ) + . . − ﺃﻳﻦ: .ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ 10ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ = N ﻓﺘﺮﺓﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ )ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺎﺉﻖ( = T .ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ)ﻣﻢ( = P ﺭ= ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ )ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(. )= ∗ . )P (( ^ . / ﺃﻧﺎ= ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ )ﻣﻢ /ﺳﺎﻋﺔ( 10 . - ﺃﻧﺎ= )ﻣﻢ /ﺳﺎﻋﺔ( ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎﺕ ،ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭﻏﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ. ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ( ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﺙ ) (Pﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ .Xﺗﻌُﺮﻑَّ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ Tﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: =1/ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ 20ﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ 24ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ 10ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ، Aﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ 20ﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ 10ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ، ﺃﻱﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ 100ﻋﺎﻡ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ 10ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ .ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ 10ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺗﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺿﻤﻨﻴﺎً .ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻘﻮﻁﺃﻣﻄﺎﺭ 20ﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ 24ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ Aﻫﻮ: =1/ 11 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ )ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ( ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ )(q = 1 –P =1- ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ rﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ nﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ: ، = ! ! !( ) - − ﻓﻤﺜﻼ : ﺃ.ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ Pﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ nﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ: =2 ، ! !) - 2(! 2 −2 2 ﺏ.ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ ﻓﻲ nﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ: 0، = ( = )1 - ﺝ.ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺱ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: 1 = 1 - )1 - ( = 1 - ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺤﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻖ 280ﻣﻠﻢ ﻭﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻋﻮﺩﺓ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ 50ﻋﺎﻣﺎً .ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺰﻳﺪﻋﻦ 280ﻣﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ )ﺃ( ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﻞ 20ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ،ﺏ( ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ 15ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭ )ﺝ( ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻛﻞ 20ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ. 11 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ:ﺩ .ﺳﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﻛﺖ ﺻﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ: 11 ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱﻣﺪﻧﻲ .ﻗﺴﻢ 3 /ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ