The Noun Note: ingliz tilida otning 5 xil turi mavjud. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Proper NounThe Common NounThe Abstract NounThe Compound NounThe Collective Noun- Note: Ingliz tilida ot oddiy va yasama bo’ladi. Quyidagi qo’shimchalar ot yasovchi qo’shimchalar hisoblanadi. -er teacher, worker… -shipfriendship, relationship -hoodchildhood, neighborhood… -mentgovernment, development… -domkingdom, freedom… -nessillness, kindness, happiness… -ion connection, collection… Otlarda s/es ko’plik qo’shimchasining qo’shilishi. Note: agar ot oxiri(a,e) va undosh harflar bilan tugasa unday otlarning ko’pligi (s) qo’shish b-n yasaladi. Example: banana(s), book(s) centre(s) girl(s) Note: agar ot oxiri (o,u,i,ch,sh,v,x,th)+es orqali ko’plik shakl hosil qiladi. Example: potato(es), watch(es), box(es), dish(es) Exceptions!!!!! Note:quyidagi otlar garchand oxiri(o) harfi bilan tugagan bo’lsada ko’plik shakli(+s) qo’shish orqali yasaladi. Video- videos solo-solos kilo-kilos hippo -hippos piano-pianos memo-memos zoo-zoos tobacco-tobaccos radio-radios kangaroo-kangaroos stereo-stereos soprano-sopranos photo–photos auto-autos studio-studios bamboo-bamboos ghetto-ghettos tattoo-tattoos But: Quyidagi otlarning ko’plik shakli ixtiyoriy ravish ham (s/es)orqali yasaladi. Momento-momentos/momentoes Mosquito-mosquitoes/mosquitos Tornado-tornados/tornadoes Volcano-volcanos/volcanoes Zero-zeros/zeroes Note: Agar ot oxiri(f/fe) harfi bilan tugasa unda(f/fe-->v+es) Half- halves Wolf- wolves Knife-knives Self-selves Leaf- leaves Thief- thieves Life-lives Shelf- shelves Calf-calves Loaf-loaves But: Quyidagi otlarning garchand oxiri(f/fe) bilan tugagan bo’lsada ko’pligi(+s) orqali yasaladi(ves) emas. Belief-beliefs Roof-roofs Chief-chiefs Handkerchief-handkerchiefs Puff-puffs Cliff-cliffs But: Quyidagi otlarning garchand oxiri(f/fe) bilantugaganbo’lsa ham ularning ko’plik shakli teng holda yo(ves) yoki oddiygina (+s) orqali yasaladi. Scarf- scarfs or scarves Hoof- hoofs or hooves Dwarf- dwarfs or dwarves Wharf- wharfs or wharves Note: Agar otoxiri (y)harfi bilan tugasa unda uning ko’pligi ham (s)hamda (es) yordami bilan yasaladi sharti bilan. Unliharf-y+s Key- keys Monkey- monkeys donkey -donkeys toy- toys boy-boys cowboy-cowboys day-days tray -trays runway-runways chimney-chimneys trolley-trolleys valley -valleys But: Undoshharf-y-i+es Baby- babies family -families story -stories teddy- teddies fairy- fairies puppy-puppies housefly-houseflies library-libraries city-cities lily-lilies party- parties dictionary-dictionaries Exception: penny-kichik pul, dirham, chaqa ma’nosida keladi va uning ko’plik shakli ham pence/pennies shaklida bo’ladi sharti bilan. Note: Agar penny-kichik pul ma’nosida savdo-sotiqga nisbatan qo’llanilsa unda uning ko’plik shakli pence bo’ladi, Ammo savdo- sotiqda emas shunchaki kichik pul ma’nosida kelsa unda uning ko’plik shakli pennies bo’ladi. Tests pence VS pennies ___are made from bronze. A kilo of potato costs 15___ I found 10____from street. She has sold her watch for 200 ___ Note: Quyidagi otlarning ko’plik shakli ot o’zagi o’zgarishi orqali yasaladi. Man- men Woman- women Child- children Person- people Mouse- mice Tooth- teeth Foot- feet Goose- geese Datum-data Addendum-addenda Erratum-errata Memorandum-memoranda Phenomenon-phenomena Basis-bases Criterion-criteria Cactus-cacti/cactuses Fungus-fungi Stimulus-stimuli Syllabus-syllabi/syllabuses Formula-formulae/formulas Vertebra-vertebrae Appendix-appendices/appendixes Index-indices/indexes Analysis-analyses Hypothesis-hypotheses Oasis-oases Parenthesis-parentheses Thesis-theses Bacterium-bacteria Medium-media Curriculum-curricula Crisis-crises The Common Noun Note: turdosh ot deb predmetlarning nomiga aytiladi va u ikkiga bo’linadi. Sanaladiganot (countable noun) Sanalmaydiganot (uncountable noun) Note: sanaladigan ot deb donalab sanab bo’ladigan otlarga deyiladi, va u otlar gapda hech qachon yolg’iz kelmaydi, gapda ega vazifasida kelsa kesim otga qarab qo'yiladi. Example: a book, a boy, a girl one book, one girl, many books, 2 girls. 10 girls are working in the garden. A girl is washing the windows. Note:Sanalmaydigan ot bu shunday otki qaysiki donalab sanab bo’lmaydi va ular gapda har doim birlik shaklda keladi ya’ni ularga s/es ko’plik qo’shimcha hamda a/an birlik artikllari qo’llanilmaydi. Gapda ega vazifasida kelsa kesim doimo birlikda bo’ladi. Example: Sugar is sweet. Life is good. Knowledge is power. Note: Quyidagi otlar garchand o’zbek tilida sanalsada ammo ingliz tilida sanalmaydigan ot hisoblanadi. Sand news measles food soap mumps information economics cash fruit physics air meat advertising mathematics politics homework money change clothing equipment rubbish work dust travel permission furniture chaos luggage behavior baggage traffic weather scenery lighting shopping postage makeup machinery accommodation music necklace blood decision electricity mail junk hard ware Umuman sanalmaydigan ot turkumiga kiruvchi otlar Fluids: water, coffee, tea, milk oil, soup, gasoline, blood, etc. Solids: ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold ,iron, silver, glass, wood, cotton, wool, paper. Gases: steam, air, oxygen ,nitrogen, smoke, smog, pollution…… Particles: rice, chalk, corn ,dirt, dust ,flour, grass, hair, pepper ,salt, sand, wheat… Absttraction: Beauty Happiness intelligence patience sleep Confidence Health justice peace truth Courage help knowledge pride violence Education honesty laughter progress wealth Enjoyment hospitality luck recreation Fun importance music significance advice, information, news, evidence, proof time, space, energy homework, work grammar, slang, vocabulary Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish Fields of study:chemistry, engineering, history, literature,psychology Recreation: baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, bridge ,poker Activities: driving, studying, swimming, walking, talking, travelling Natural Phenomena: weather, dew, fog ,hail, heat, humidity, sleet, gravity Note: Ingliz tilida ba’zi otlar ma’nosiga qarab sanaladiganvasanalmaydigan ot turiga kiradi. Much-ko’p (unc) VS Many-ko’p (cont) Tests Do you have ___money? I don’t have __friends. Does she have __homework to do? There are not __cars in outside now. Nobody has __news about it. This, that –bu, o’sha ma’nosida birlikdagi yoki sanalmaydigan ot oldida qo’llaniladi va kesim doimo birlik shaklda bo’ladi. This book is mine. This is a nice man. That money is not mine. This furniture is very old. These, those-bular, o’shalar ma’nosida doim ko’plikdagi ot bilan keladi va kesim ham doimo ko’plikda bo’ladi. These children are very noisy. Those books are not very interesting. (a)Little –kam (unc) VS (a)Few-kam(cont) We must be quick. There is __time. He has very __friends. Please, give me __money. There are __books on this subject. Tests I need __milk for my cooking. __books have been read by students. Experience- 1)sarguzasht (cont) 2)malaka, tajriba (unc) I had many __while I was in London. a) Experiences b)experience Doctors should have __experience to do the operation. a) An b)I had __bad experience with fireworks once. a) A b) – __is demanded to teach students. a)much experience b)many experiences. They offered me the job because I had a lot of experience/experiences. I had some interesting experiences/experience whileI wastravelling. Wood- 1)o’rmon 2) taxta, yog’och I need__ wood to build a house. a) A b)I like walking in __wood. a) A b) – Thereare only 4__in Uzbekistan. a) Woods b)wood Yesterday __was sold. a) Many woods b)much wood Potato- 1) kartoshka (butunxom) (cont) 2) kartoshka (pishgan,ovqat) (unc) I'm peeling the potatoes/potato. Would you like some potato/potatoes? I need 3 potato/potatoes to make omelet I ate 2 potatoes/potato in the morning. Apple, banana…-yaxlitmevasifatidakelsasanaladi ammo birorbirsalad yokiturlixilovqatlarda, shirinliklardanisbatanqo’llanilsaundaularsanalmaydi. Vicky was eating an/- apple. I eat a/- bananaevery day. Did you buy any apple/ apples? Did you buy any apple/applesjuice? Paper –qog’oz (unc) Gazeta (cont) I bought a/- paper to read.I need some paper/papers to write on. Noiseshovqinma’nosidaodatiybo’lsasanalmaydi,ammoto’satdanqandaydirbirsho vqinbo’lsaundasanaladi. Did you hear a noise/-noise just now? I can't work here. There is too much noise/many noises. Hair-umumansoch (unc) Birtolasoch,tuk(cont) There's a/- hair in my soup!His hair is black, but he has got -/a grey hair. You've got very long a/-hair. Sport- agar birorbirturibilankelsasanaladi, ammo umuman sport nazardatutilsa u holatdasanalmaydiganotturigakiradi. Rugby is a/- sport. Do you like sports/sport? Painting-rasm (cont) Rasmchizish (unc) That's a/- nice painting over there. Paul is good ata/-painting. Iron-temir (unc) Dazmol (cont) I gifted an/- iron for my mother’s birthday. An/-iron is a hard metal Have you got -/an iron? (for clothes) The bridge is made of-/aniron. Light-fanar,yoritgich (cont) Yorug’lik,nur (unc) I switched all the light/lights on. There's more light/lightsby the window. I opened the curtains to let some lights/light in. Stone/brick- tosh/g’ishtma’nosidaumumangapirilsasanalmaydi, ammo miqdorianiqbo’lsaundasanaladi. He carried a/- brick. The boy threw a/- stone into the water. Our house is built of a/- brick. The ground was as hard as a/- stone Ten thousand brick/bricks are required to build a kennel. Time-marta (cont) Vaqt (unc) I have watched this film 3 time/times. Come at any time/times you want. I can't wait. I don't have time/times. She has been late for class six time/times this semester. Exception: agar time so’zisifatbilankelsaunda u sanaladiganotturigakiradi. Enjoy your trip. Have a good time! Chicken, Turkey...-tovuq,kurka (pishganovqat) (unc) Tirik (cont) I like a/- grilled chicken. She ate 2 chickens/chicken in the morning. There are 45 chickens/chicken in the cage. a/- chicken which is running there, is our neighbour’s. Homework –uyishi (unc) Housework- uyishi (cont) I have much/many homework to do. I am a hard-working; there are little/few house works left. Work-ish (unc) Job-ish (cont) I am looking for a/- job. It is a/- hard work. Many/much work is done. Room- bo’sh joy (unc) Xona (cont) You can stay with us. There's a/-spareroom. (=a room in a house) You can't sit here. There isn't a/-room. Jump in the car, there is enough a/- room here. There is no a/- room to park my car. Advertising-reklamaqilish (unc) Advertisement-reklama (cont) There are too many advertising/advertisements during television shows. There is too much advertising/advertisements during television shows. Countable Uncountable 0 I'm looking for a job. C What a beautiful view! 0 it's a nice day today. C We had a lot of bags and cases. 0 These chairs are mine. 0 That's a good suggestion. C I'm looking for work. (nota work) "What beautiful scenery! C it'snice weather today. C We had a lot of baggage/luggage. C This furniture is mine. C That'sgoodadvice. Travel-sayohat (unc) But: voyage, trip, cruise, -sayohatma’nolaridasanaladi. They spend a lot of money on travel. We had a very good trip/journey. (nota good travel) Birds can find their nests after a long trip. Two trips were required to transport the goods. A long journey by sea requires much money. Work-ish, ishlar (unc) Works-asar,asarlar,zavod,zavodlar (cont) a/- new glass workshas been built near the village. There are two brick work/works outside the house. Means-vosita, vositalar (cont) He found a means of helping them. Are there any other means of helping them? This means of transport saves energy. Both means of transport saveenergy. Egg- tuxum ma’nosida butun holicha kelsa sanaladi, boshqa holatlarda esa sanalmaydi. There is an/- egg on your tie. I love a pie where there is an/- egg on it. a/- fried egg. a/- boiled egg. Note: Quyidagi holatlarda sanalmaydigan otlar sanaladigan ot turiga kiradi. Bizga ma’lumki (juice,tea,coffee,vine,gin,vodka..) kabi ichimliklar sanalmaydi shuning uchun ularning ko’plik va birlik shakli bir xil dir. Example: I have drunk 2 coffee. I love drinking tea. But:bu otlar buyruq, taklif, iltimos ohangida kelsa ya’ni gapda (please) so’zi qatnashsa yoki (cup,bottle,jug…) kabi idishlar bilan kelsa unda ular sanaladigan ot turkumiga kiradi. Two coffees, please.(= two cups of coffee). Would you like a beer? (= a glass/bottle/can of beer). Two coffees and an orange juice, please. Note: agar sanalmaydigan ot aniqlashtirilgan vaziyatda kelsa unda u sanaladigan ot turiga kiradi. He made a speech yesterday, it was very interesting. His speeches are always interesting. Animals do not possess the power of speech. Note: agar ot xomashyo ma’nosida kelsa unda u sanalmaydi, ammo xomashyoning biror bir mahsulotini nazarda tutsaunda u sanaladigan ot turiga kiradi. a/- glass is made from sand and lime. I broke a/- glass yesterday. Note: Quyidagi otlar ingliz tilida sanalmaydigan ot turiga kiradi ammo ular turlari bilan kelsa yoki nazarda tutilsa unda sanaladigan ot turiga kiradi. sheep aircraft fruit deer salmon meat fish food This collective farm has a great number of sheep. I caught two fish. In this lake there are fishes of many varieties. The various fishes of the Indian Ocean Fruit is cheap in summer. We ate a great deal of fruit. On the table there are apples, plums and other fruits. This is one of the foods/food that my doctor has forbidden me to eat. He studies meat/meats.(Forexample,beef,pork,lamb…) Doimko’plikshakldakeladiganotlar trousers glasses spectacles jeans goggles pants scissors tights pajamas pliers shoes chopsticks sandals gloves slippers clogs boots socks earnings customs tweezers tongs tools scales contents proceeds riches belongings congratulations surroundings premises stairs thanks savings goods overheads outskirts particulars tropics manners shirts t-shirts shorts binoculars But: Yuqoridagiotlar(a pair of….)birjuft tuzilmasida kelsa unda kesim birlikda bo’ladi, agar (several, 2, 3…,many, few pairs of…)bo’lsaundakesim ham doimoko’plikdakeladi. The pants are in the drawer. A pair of pants is in the drawer. The pliers were on the table. The pair of pliers was on the table. These scissors are dull. This pair of scissors is dull. Several pairs of pajamas are sold. A pair of boots cost/costs 200$ These goggles cost/costs 346$ Family Army Congress Society Committee Government Team Staff Organization The Collective Nouns Public Crew Crowd Class Jury The press Council Association Audience Club School College Lyceum Community Crew Department Electorate Opposition Generation Choir Band Orchestra Population Note:Yuqoridagibujamlovchiotlarningko’plikvabirlikshakllaribirxildir.Agar gapdaegavazifasidakelsa, kesim yobirlikyoko’plikshakldabo’ladishartibilan. Note: agar ularhaqidashunchakigapirilsaya’niharakatinazardatutilmasakesimbirlikdabo’ladi, ammo harakatibildirilsaundakesimko’plikdabo’ladi. Example: living with family is nice. The committee usually raise/raises their hands to say “yes”. The family is a very old and famous one. The family aredelighted with their presents. The orchestra consists of eighty-six musicians. The orchestra don'tknow what to play. The crowd was orderly. The crowd were clapping, yelling and cheering. But:police,cattle, vermin, military jamlovchiotihardoimko’plikkesimbilanqo’llaniladi. Example:The police have caught (not has caught) the thief. Vermin are dangerous. Cattle are domestic animals. Note: school, college, lyceum….kabio’quvmaskanlarigapdaegavazifasidakelsa, kesimyoko’plikyobirlikdabo’ladishartibilan. Quruqbinoningo’zinazardatutilsakesimbirlikdabo’ladi. Ichkaridagiodamlaribilannazardatutilsakesimko’plikdabo’ladi. Example: the school is/are situated by my house. The school is/are going to picnic. The university was/were built in 1987. The lyceum is/are being reconstructed now. The school is/are always number 1 in any competitions. Note: Quyidagiotlargarchanoxiriko’plikqo’shimchas/esbilantugaganbo’lsa ham kesimdoimbirlikdabo’ladi. Atoqliotlar Kasalliknomlari >s/es kesimdoimbirlik Sport nomlari Fan nomlari The United States is big. The Philippines consists of more than 7,000 islands. The United Nations has its headquarters in New York City. Sears is a department store. Mathematics is easy for her. Physics is easy for her too. Diabetes is an illness. (measles,mumps,rabies,rickets,shingles). Note: Son arifmetikamallardakelsa, kesimdoimbirlikdabo’ladi. Two and twois four. Two and two equals four. five times five is twenty-five. Exception: Pulbirligi Vaqt Masofa s/es------kesimdoimbirlik. Og’irlik Kun/hafta/oy/yil/asr Eight hours of sleep is enough. Ten dollars is too much to pay. Five thousand miles is too far to travel. 10 kilos of potato costs 29$. But: Ushbuyuqoridagituzilmalardanoldinthereso’zikelsabundakesimpulbirligi… danoldinqo’yiladivakesimqoidabo’yichaqo’yiladi. Example: there are 10 dollars in my pocket. There are 5 minutes left. There is one mile left to the station. Note: agar sifatdanoldinTheartiklikelsa, bundasifatko’plikdagiotgao’zgaradivakesim ham o’znavbatidadoimko’plikdabo’ladi. The young The poor The injured The rich The disabled The homeless The sick The elderly The dead The old The unemployed Do you think the rich should pay more taxes to help the poor? The homeless need more help from the government. The injured were taken to hospital. Note: millatnomioldidatheartiklkelsako’plikotgaaylanadi. The Spanish The British The Irish The Dutch The Iranian The Uzbek Example: The Uzbek are very hospitable. The Jewish are very clever. Note: OilanomioldidaThekelsa, kesimfaqatko’plikdabo’ladi. The Simpsons are going to the picnic. The Tolibovs are dancing at the party. Note: Quyidagiotlaringliztilidadoimshaklanko’plikshakldakeladi, vakesimkonteksgaqarabqo’yiladi. Kennels Headquarters Series/speciesKesim(context) Crossroads This crossroadsare/is very dangerous. A headquartersis/are the main place to survive. 200 species of birds is/are flying in the sky. The youth of today/whereabouts the publickesim (ko’plik=birlik) The youth of today knows=know everything. I am going to London, but my whereabouts is=are unknown. Structures The majority of the students are being examined now. The minority of the children know the French language. But: The majority is waiting for me. The minority knows English. A number of the students are studying hard. The number of the students is studying hard. A number of the children want to go there. The number of the children wants to go there. Note: agar son otbilanbirgaaniqlovchivazifasidakelsa, undaularquyidagichayasaladi. A girl of 25 years. A 25 year old girl. A flat of 3 rooms A 3 room flat. Percent/per cent 2 percent are one percent is The compound Noun Note:Qo’shmaotlar deb 2 otningbirikibyokichiziqchabilankelibbirtama’noanglashigaaytiladi. a) Son-in-law, passer-by, in-take…. b) Classmate, boyfriend, football, schoolboy… Qo’shmaotlardako’plikqo’shimchasiningqo’shimchasi Note: Agar qo’shmaotchiziqchabilanyozilsaunda s/esko’plikqoshimchasishaxsnibildiruvchiotgaqo’shiladi. House-keeper house-keepers Car-washer car-washers Passer-bypassers-by But: Son-in-law son-in-lawsor sons-in-law Mother-in-lawmothers-in-law or mother-in-laws Note: agar chiziqchaorqaliyasalganottarkibidako’plikshakliistisnoorqaliyasaladiga notbo’lsa,bundayqo’shmaotlarningko’plikshakliquyidagichabo’ladi: Man-doctormen-doctors Woman-servantwomen-servants Note: agar chiziqchaorqaliyasalganotsanalmasa, undauningko’plikqo’shimchasis/esqo’shilmaydi. Fresh-soup fresh- soup Note: agar chiziqchaorqaliyasalganqo’shmaotV+ predlogorqaliyasalganbo’lsaundas/esko’plikqo’shimchafaqatpredloggaq o’shiladi. Read-outs push-upshand-outs But: lookers-on runners-up hangers-on Note: Agar qo’shmaotlarbirikibyozilsaundas/esko’plikqo’shimchasihardoimotoxirid aqo’shiladi. Toothbrushes cupboards doorbells Otlardabirikmalar A group/crowd of people A pride of lions, tigers A pack of dogs, foxes, wolves A flock of sheep, birds, geesekesim( birlik) A swarm of ants A colony of ants A bunch/bouquet of flowers, roses A herd of cattle, camels A troop of monkeys A troop of monkeys is playing on the tree. A pack of dogs is chasing a cat. A bunch of roses costs 25$. But: Yuqoridagituzilmalarda( a) o’rnida many, few, several two,some…so’zlarikelsaundakesimdoimoko’plikdabo’ladi. Some troops of monkeys are playing on the tree. Few groups of people are not working. Note: agar gapdasanalmaydiganotbirtabo’lsakesimbirlikda, undanortiqbo’lsakesimko’plikdabo’ladi. Cola and Pepsi are my favorite drinks. But: Sanalmaydigaotlarketma-ketkelib 1 ta narsatayyorlashuchunkelsa, bundakesimdoimbirlikdabo’ladi. Director and vice-director is George himself. Ketchup, mayo and bread is sandwich. Tests 1 Each team wear/wears a different colour. 2 Let me give you an advice/a piece of advice. 3 We had to take our luggage through customs/a customs. 4The house is built of stone/a stone. 5 The band is/are proud of their success. 6 I haven't got many/much friends. 7 Three hours is/are long enough to look round the museum. 8 I wear this glass/these glasses when I go out. 9 My father had a job at the steelwork/steelworks. 10 Do you eat meat/a meat? 11 please, two cups of tea/teas! 12 The contents of the box was/were thrown away. 13 Noise/A noise woke me up in the middle of the night. 14 Cattle was/were driven hundreds of miles by the cowboys. 15 One of the windows is/are open. 16 What would it be like to travel at the speed of light/a light? 17 Is there a sport club/sports club near here? 18 E-mail is a relatively new mean/means of communication. 19 We make furniture out of many different wood/woods. 20 I used an/- iron to press my wrinkled shirt. 21 Someone has/have kidnapped the President! These trousers (►) is/are a bit tight. They (1) doesn't/don't feel very comfortable. And I think theblue ones (2) goes/go better with the jacket. Laura: That jacket (3) is/are too long. Trevor: Well, the jeans(4) fits/fit all right. Perhaps I'll buy the jeans instead. Laura: Yes, the jeans(5) looks/look good on you. I like the style. I think they (6) suits/suit you. Now youget changed while I look for (7) a/some shorts. And I might get (8) a/some skirt.
