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1, Introduction – What problem was studied and why is it relevant?
Framing the research question
 Short introduction: briefly
introduce background
 Long introduction: include
extensive literature review
Identifying a problem/ a gap
Formulating the aim of the paper
Indicating the structure of the paper
Studies in … have greatly multiplied in recent years.
Substantial research has been devoted to that
question.
Recent development in jurisprudence at Community
level have demonstrated that …
A central issue in … is … has been extensively
studied in recent years.
Sociologists content that … can be characterised as
… is often portrayed as …
However, there has been relatively little analysis of
…
Even if it is generally agreed that …, … needs to be
studied further.
In this context, the question arises whether …
The aim of this article is to show that …
The aim of the present paper is therefore to briefly
explore this key research question.
This study investigates these issues, with specific
attention to …
This paper argues that/ presents a method for …
In this paper, I investigate the relationship between
…/ suggest that …
The first section surveys result from …
Subsequently sections describe …
First, the paper highlights that … Second, and more
importantly, it will be shown …
2, Method – How was the problem investigated?
Participants/ Sample/ Subjects
Materials/ Instruments
All data were analysed using a random
coefficients model.
Responses were made using a five-point
scale ranging from “strongly agree” to
“strongly disagree”
Procedure
3, Results – What were the findings?
4, Discussion – What do these findings mean? What are the implications?