Power Sector and Economic
Development
Submitted By: Neeta Baranwal
Abstract
1.
2.
3.
Relationship between economic growth and power sector.
4.
Coal crunch in power plants due to Greenflation
India is second biggest producer of coal and in availability wise it secured fifth rank, in spite of
this why India cannot fulfill its demand?
5.
The Nato pull out of Afghanistan: Implication for energy security in India
Draft bill Electricity Amendment Bill, 2021 on Discoms
IEA report-India will be third largest energy consumer by 2030 and Energy consumption has
more than doubled since 2000 in India doubled 2020 and after that doubled in next 20 years.
Does it mean our growth also doubled?
Energy Sector
For a nation, there is some core or important sector play a key role on growth of economy and for their
economic activities they highly dependent on these core sectors. Energy sector is one of the prime
infrastructure parameter, play a pivot role to improve quality of life and economic development of a
nation. We need an affordable and easily accessible energy for all to run and expand our industries, in
modern agriculture to increase productivity, to increase trade and transportation domestic and
internationally both. The energy sectors are building block which helps in uplifting of life style, improve
economic conditions and escape from poverty. It attracts foreign investment and has potential to boost
economy of any nation. In fact there is a very strong relationship between energy sector and technical
innovation and we can’t even imagine today’s world without these innovation.
Out of energy sector the most critical technical innovation is power sector. We can say that invention of
electricity sector or power sectors was just beginning of second industralisation. Although in early era of
first industralisation, steam power was dominated factor, however after invention of electricity led to
world towards second industralisation as industrial and manufacturing production increase in a large
scale. The big bulky steam power engine replaced by comparatively smaller ones and manufacturing
industries which was earlier concentrated on few cities was expanded in other places also even overseas
also. This led to develop an entire new industry of electricity sector to generate electricity for other
industries and public and this minimized the risk of fire hazard caused by steam power and pollution by
gas lighting earlier used earlier in industries or manufacturing units and improved the working
conditions. One of the most great achievement for engineering sector in twenties era was definitely
electrification which placed a foundation stone for modern civilization. However, the electrification of
common household of middle and lower classes was rapidly started only after world war-1; it led to
another economic boom in 1920, as it increased the demand of electrical appliances, and industrial
sales.
The relation between power sector and other core industries of country is mutual and complimentary,
i.e. if electricity consumption per capita increases then growth of core industries and economy of
country are also achieved and vice-versa, as power is fundamental input for any sector. Electricity is
essential tool and foundation stone for modern civilization. We cannot even imagine modern society
without electricity and it gives a shape to modern world.
Power Sector of India
The demand of energy in India is increasing very fast, due to its rapid growth in population and
especially after 1991 when India opens its economy for rest of world. India has introduced new
industrial policy on 24th July 1991 attract private and foreign investors towards its emerging economy to
promote efficiency of industrial productions. On the introduction of LPG (Liberalisation, Privatisation
and Globalisation) model, it not only attracts private investors but also foreign multinational companies
to invest in India and start a new era of industralisation and urbanization for India. Due to urbanization
and industralisation more and more people migrates from villages to urban areas for a better earning
and life style. In 1995, India becomes one of the founding members of WTO (World Trade Organisation),
which accelerates its integration in global economy w
which
hich led to increase the rate of urbanization and
industralisation and it increases the income and GDP per capita. If people have higher disposable
income then their purchasing power increased and demand for electrical gadgets and other consumable
commodities is increased which led to expansion in the industrial sector and if electric . The electricity is
the basic building block and very essential tool for economic development, therefore GDP per capita and
ciated and shows complimentary relation.
electricity consumption per capita is closely asso
associated
Structure of power sector of India
There are three no’s primary segment or component of power sector in India
1. Generation
2. Transmission
3. Distribution
Figure-1 Source:: Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
1. Generation: Power generation is the process of producing
producing electricity from primary energy resources
and carried out in generation stations and generally (except solar energy) by electromagnetic generators
solar. These primary energy resources include coal, natural gas, hydro, nuclear, and renewable (includes
solar, wind, small hydro, biomass).In
biomass).In the installed capacity of generation of India coal alone dominate
(coal, natural gas, diesel, lignite) of
and its contribution to generation of electricity is 52.6% in 60.90%
60.90%(coal,
non-renewable sources. Renewable energy accounts
accounts for around 21% of the total generation capacity
39.6% of total generation capacity and nuclear for 1.7% only in India.Figure-1
India.Figure 1 shows the contribution of
installed generation capacity(fuel wise as 0n 31.08.2021). In the last two decades, India’s generation
genera
capacity has increased approximately 71.57% and one of the reasons may be due several reforms in
power sector, which enabled unrestricted participation of private sector companies. Due to which
contribution of private sector in generation is reached to 48.1% % of the power in the country, followed
by state utilities (26.8%), and central generating utilities (25.2%).
Installed Generation capacity(Fuelwise) as on
31.08.2021
1.7%
Coal-52.6%
Lignite-1.7%
25.09%
Gas-6.5%
52.6%
12%
0.1%
Diesel-0.1%
Hydro-12%
6.5%
1.7%
Figure-2 Source: Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
Figure-3 Source: Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
Wind,Solar and other RE25.09%
Total Installed Capacity (As on 31.08.2021)
Central Sector
Private Sector
Central Sector-25.2%
State sector
State Sector-26.8%
Private Sector-48.1%
Figure-4 Source: Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
Renewable energy
The energy resources which are renewable i.e. restore themselves in a human time scale called
Renewable energy. Sometimes it also refers as clean energy resources as they are carbon neutral
sources like sunlight, wind, Ocean, tides, geothermal, Hydro power (added in this list in 2019 by GOI).
These clean energy resources are used as fuel especially for power sector to produce electricity. Out of
all renewable energy resources the solar and wind energy provide electricity are cleanest one as they
give power without any raise in carbon dioxide emissions.
One of the most difficult tasks is harness these sources according to real time demand and supply, as
these resources output highly fluctuated. However by investing and inventing more advance technology
like forecasting weather in advance or with increment in storage capacity, we can harness these
resources in cost effective and reliable and efficient manner.
Renewable energy resources either connected or be off the utility grid. On-grid system works with the
collaboration of power grid and sends excess power to the grid and in the case if there is not enough sun
light then we received from it, however in the off-grid case it is not connected to grid and we have to
keep battery for power back up for ourselves.
Figure-5 Image-Sources: paradise solar energy
The total electricity generation capacity from Renewable energy sources raised by 250% in 2014 - 2021
and country come under top five countries in Renewable energy.
As of 31 June 2021, the total installed capacity of India for Renewables is 101.532 GW and Government
of India project to 450GW by 2030. The world’s largest renewable energy park of 30 GW capacity solarwind hybrid project is under installation in Gujarat.
The following is the break up of total installed capacity for Renewables, as of 30 Sep 2021




Wind power: 51.0175 GW
Solar Power: 46.275 GW
Bio Power: 10.577 GW
Small Hydro Power: 4.79 GW
Installed capacity for Renewables, as of
30 Sep 2021
Wind Power
Solar Power
10%
Bio Power
4%
45%
41%
Figure-6 data source: npp.gov.in
Small hydro Power
Some schemes on Renewable Energy resources
1. Rooftop solar scheme (Phase II)
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is introduced Grid-connected small roof top SPV power
generating plant aims to generate solar power by installing solar panels plants among the
residential, community, and institutional, industrial and commercial establishments. It
mitigate the dependency on fossil fuel based electricity generation and encourage environmentfriendly Solar electricity generation. This scheme is being implemented in the state by distribution
companies (DISCOMs).
2. Atal Jyoti Yojana
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) launched the Atal Jyoti Yojana (AJAY) to illuminate
dark regions through establishment of solar street lights. It is a sub scheme under off –grid and
decentralized solar application scheme of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Govt. of
India.
3. Suryamitra Skill Development Programme: To provide skill training to rural youth in handling
solar installations.
4. National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy
This policy will help in reducing the variability in renewable power generation and achieving better
grid stability and wind energy, solar energy, infrastructure and land used in optimized and efficient
manner wind and solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land. At the same time it also
encourages new technologies, methods and way-outs involving combined operation of wind and solar
PV plants.
5. Steps to enhance domestic manufacturing of solar PV cells and modules
Recently, Government of India has introduced Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for solar energy
sector under “Make in India “to boost domestic manufacturing and attract foreign investor to set
manufacturing unit in India. Government of India has also announced to discontinue Customs Duty
Concession benefits on the imported items of solar PV cells and modules. Due this our import bill will
lower down and at the same time it also increases employment. This scheme also aims to encourage
local companies to set up or expand existing manufacturing units.
6.Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM)
The Government of India has launched a new scheme named KUSUM (Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Uhaan
Mahaabhiyan) to subsidise the farmers with solar irrigation pumps (SIPs) in their farms. Under this
scheme, the government will provide a 60% subsidy to a farmer for setting up of pump sets and tube
wells on their land.
Farmers will able to sell extra power generated to government and received additional income. Every
farmer will be getting 90% subsidy on the solar powered pumps and they have to expand only 10% of
total cost initially. Out of 90% central government provide 60% and remaining 30% as credit by bank.
The increased use of solar power and electricity from solar plants will lower the pollution level in the
farm.
2. Transmission:
Electric power has been transmitted from generating plant to distribution companies usually via
overhead lines at a very high voltages (66 KV or higher).The transmission lines are kept at high voltages
to reduce transmission losses From 1989 onwards, Power grid is set up for the planning,
implementation, operation and maintenance of inter-state transmission system, and the operation of
national and regional power grids.
The Electricity Act, 2003 allows for open access which enables consumers to buy power from any power
generating plant through non-discriminatory access to transmission and distribution lines, in a manner
specified by the respective state/state regulator. The National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) manages
the scheduling and dispatch of electricity over inter-regional links in accordance with grid standards, and
monitors the national transmission grid. It is also the nodal agency providing transmission access to the
power exchanges. The Regional Load Despatch Centers (RLDCs) manage the operation of the power
system grid in the respective regions.
The transmission sector plays a key role in the era of Renewable energy sector as it transmit power from
renewable-rich regions to the rest of the nation. Further by advancement of technology like
digitalization of the grid which enable bidirectional flow of information and power and enhancing the
flexibility of the system and enable this segment to play a greater role in under Green energy Corridor.
Figure 7- Source Central Electricity Authority
3. Distribution
Distribution is the most important segment in the power sector as connect link between utilities and
consumer. It is the retail segment of power segment which supplies to, billing, and collecting charges of
electricity from consumers. It is cash register of the entire power sector. As power is a concurrent
subject of 7th schedule hence mostly carried out by state-owned distribution companies (Discoms).
However, in cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmadabad, and Kolkata, private entities own the distribution
business. Discoms (or distribution licensees) purchase power from generation companies through power
purchase agreements (PPAs), and supply it to their consumers (in the area of distribution).
Thirty years ago, when centre opened up the power sector under Electricity act 2003,thermal
generation getting delicensed, however earlier it was integrated part of generation and transmission
and issue like tariff, AT& C losses, cross subsidy, electricity theft all bears equally .
Currently, State Discoms are in very poor financial situation due to
a. Cross subsidy
b. High AT&C losses due Poor infrastructure
c. Tariff
At the end of June 2021, the Discoms owns Rupees 90000 crore of power producer and 36 out of 56
Discoms reported aggregated losses of Rupees 32900 crore as on March 2020.
Figure-7 Source Central Electricity Authority
Figure-8 Source IEA
We have reduced our AT& C losses to 20.66%, however far behind the world average of 8.64%.
To minimize losses and reduce the debt of Discoms Government of India draft a bill Electricity
Amendment Bill, 2021 and important features of bill is


The bill will allow deregulate electricity distribution sector and allow private companies to
compete with state-owned distribution companies (DISCOMS).
There is option for consumer to choose the distribution company they want without relying on
inefficient state owned ones.
However some states are opposing the bill as they feared that private players will cherry pick supply
targets in form of industrial and consumer players who pay high tariffs and may not supply domestic and
agricultural consumers due to low profit margin or increase tariff which may unaffordable consumers.
Recently government has started to privatize the state owned companies in the restructure process;
however reform of the power sector will not succeed until sector and way of regulation is restructured
in place of deregulation.
Power sector: A journey of Progress
There was only 1362 MW power generation capacity constituted of coal and Hydro power available at
the time of independence of India in 1947. At that time generally private entities were in generation and
distribution operation and availability of power only up to few urban nearby areas only. After the
independence, under the Electricity supply act 1948, State Electricity Boards (SEBs) formed and take full
control over generation, transmission and distribution of electricity and set tariff in their respective
state.
Timeline of Power sector in India
Before Independence of India
1879: Calcutta saw first demonstration of electric light.
1897:- On 7 January 1897, the very first electric lighting license for Calcutta had been given to Kilburn &
Co which was a London registered company and it renamed as Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation after
a month later. This license was given for 21 years for area of 5.64 square miles and the first unit of
Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation was commissioned on Apr 1899.
1882:- First demonstration of electric light in Mumbai
1887:- Indian Electricity Act 1887 was first regulating act to protect person and property from any injury
or losses, who use electrical energy.
1897:- First hydroelectric power plant installed in Darjeeling, India
1903:- Indian Electricity Act 1903 was the first attempt to regulate the electricity sector broadly in the
country.
1905:- The first electric street light in Asia was lit in 1905 in Bangalore.
1910:- Indian Electricity Act 1910 gave the power of licensing to local governments and moreover,
issuing of license for bulk supply was introduced.
After Independence of India
1948:- Mandate to create State Electricity Boards (SEBs) formed and take full control over generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity and set tariff in their respective state.
1964: - Five Regional Electricity Boards (REBs) were formed to ensure integrated grid operation and
regional cooperation on power.
1969:- Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) was established
1975: - Central Generating Companies NTPC, NHPC, and NEEPCO established
1986:- A dedicated financial institution for the power sector. Power Finance Corporation (PFC) was
formed.
1989:-An electrical power transmission company, Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) was
set up.
Power Sector Reforms
1991:- 1948 Act amended and 100% FDI allowed power generation plants and open generation for
Private sector. Regional Load Dispatch Centers (RLDCs) established
1992 :- To fix the tariff for sale electricity, First Gazette Notifications
1998:- Open transmission sector for private investments subject to approval of PGCIL, CERC (Central
Electricity Regulatory Commission) and SERC(State Electricity Regulatory Commissions) for tariff
regulation.
1999 :- Distribution company in Orissa is privatized
2000 - Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC).
2002 - Privatization of distribution in Delhi and Bureau of Energy Efficiency established.
2002 – Introduction of ABT (Availability Based Tariff)
2003 - Electricity Act 2003 enacted by the Parliament. This Act repeals the Indian Electricity Act 1910,
Electricity supply Act 1948, Electricity Regulatory Commission Act 1998.This act try to provide a
transparent, accountable and market driven framework for power sector.
2010:- CERC (Terms and Conditions for recognition and issuance of Renewable Energy Certificate for
Renewable Energy Generation) Regulations.
2014: Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2014 to provide consumer an option to choose service operator in
their area by providing multiple licensees.
2015: National Renewable Energy Act 2015, to increase proportion of renewable energy resources and
reduce the dependence on fossil fuel in accordance with climate change
2016:- CERC (Terms and Conditions for Dealing in Energy Savings Certificates) Regulations.
2017: Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Grant of Connectivity, Long-term Access and Mediumterm Open Access in inter-State Transmission and related matters) and Terms and Conditions for Tariff
determination from Renewable Energy Sources
2018: Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Deviation Settlement Mechanism and related matters)
2019: Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Grant of Connectivity, Long-term Access and Mediumterm Open Access in inter-State Transmission and related matters),Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (Sharing of inter-State Transmission Charges and Losses) and Power System Development
Fund
2020: Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Procedure, Terms and Conditions for grant of trading
license and other related matters) and Sharing of Inter-State Transmission Charges and Losses
2021: Draft bill to give open access in distribution areas not pass yet
Institutional structure of Power sector in India
The power sector of India is perhaps one of the most complex and diversified structures as comes under
concurrent list and state subject of seventh schedule in Indian constitution. Both union and state
governments play a significant and decision making role for development in power sector and regulate
the electricity market. Power ministry along with different State-level bodies, there are other four
separate ministries Petroleum and natural gas, coal, renewable energy and nuclear energy along with
their various regulators governs the power sector of India. Further Petroleum and natural gas has two
regulatory bodies, one for upstream other one for downstream and also Environment ministry play
decision making role for clearance of project. On the consumption side, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency,
a statutory body regulate the energy efficiency, however no any regulating body present on side of
supply. Generally, it is very challenging to establish coordination and utilization of recourses in
optimized way among various ministries and bodies. There is always gap between energy related data
collected by different ministries, as not a single agency collect it in integrated manner. In fact
consumption side data is hardly available and for supply side different ministries collected only data
available in their span only not the wholesome and also in different interval of time frame. It becomes
very challenging task for ministry Statistics and Programme to put data together and provide a reliable,
wholesome and integrated data. Due to absence of integrated and reliable data it also becomes very
difficult for policy-maker integrated and quicker energy policy and utilize our limited resources in
optimize and sustainable manner in fast changing energy sector. Due to availability of multiple
regulatory bodies, most of the time the energy sector files takes longer time for clearing or decision
making, which delayed the project and infrastructure cost and cost of electricity generation raised. In
the most of developed countries like USA, France, Germany, UK, their energy sector is regulated by
single ministry or regulating body which helps them for quick decision in energy related issues.
The Kelkar committee has submitted their report on to decrease import oil and gas dependency in the
name of “Roadmap for Reduction in Import Dependency in the Hydrocarbon Sector by 2030” and also
advocates that all the ministries and regulatory bodies except department of Atomic energy(DAE) have
been unified so that decision taking time and project cost also decreased.
In the era of energy transition period, for any countries especially who is developing and seriously
promote sustainable energy resources and want to attract private investors has no choice other than to
adopt regulatory bodies simple, more transparent in operation and with setting clear accountability and
responsibilities to achieve a energy secure, and sustainable future for country. Recently government has
started to privatize the state owned companies in the restructure process; however reform of the power
sector will not succeed until sector and way of regulation is restructured in place of deregulation.
Figure-9 Source CERC
India energy outlook 2021 report by IEA
In Feb 2021, IEA (International Energy Agency) has release India Energy outlook report in IEA’s World
energy outlook series. This report explores the opportunity and challenges for India to provide reliable,
sustainable and affordable energy to its growing population.
This report also examines crisis due to Covid-19 and pathways to reduce its impact on short and long
term run. Further report also explores the scenario of energy sector of India in 2040. The key point of
the report is
a. India plays a major role in world economy.
b. The electricity demand increases much more rapidly than other energy demand. Presently India is the
fourth-largest global energy consumer behind China The USA and EU, however in 2030 it take over the
Europe Union. India will be third largest energy consumer by 2030 and Energy consumption has more
than doubled since 2000 in India doubled 2020 and after that doubled in next 20 years.
c. India‘s energy consumption is expected to nearly double as the nation’s GDP expands to estimated $8.6
trillion by 2040.
d. Prior to the global pandemic, India’s energy demand was projected to increase by almost 50% between
2019 and 2030, but growth over this period is now closer to 35%.
Analysis
If our energy consumption is doubled and we take over EU by 2030, and covered about 90 crore people
with electricity but it does not mean that our economic growth is also doubled and covering 90 crore
people in electrification does not mean that we are able to provide them affordable, sustainable and
reliable and clean electricity. Although several efforts has been done in clean energy field like national
solar mission, NELP(exploration of hydrocarbon), wind energy but our dependency on fossil fuel are not
going to change instantaneously.
Coal Demand: As per report coal will still dominant in energy mix and in fact it is increased from 772
million tonnes in 2040 from current consumption 590 million tonnes in electricity production.
Oil Demand: In current scenario, our five-fold increment in per capita car ownership and higher
dependency on oil based transport system consumes in 2040 and its demand rising by 74% to 8.7 million
barrels per day will result leading demand growth in the world. It increased our import bill to about
$181 billion by 2030 and nearly triple from 201
2019 level to $255 billion by 2040.
Gas Demand: India will become the fastest growing market for natural gas with demand more than
tripling by 2040.Natural gas import dependency will increase from 50% in 2019 to more than 60% in
2040.
Renewable energy Demand: The demand of this sector also increased and its growth is the second
largest in the world after China.
Covid-19 will leave scars
Due to covid-19
19 pandemic, lower income household fall on more polluting energy resources due to
many of the people losses their
their jobs and livelihood and back. Further the hard earned money of
government spent to recover people from it which can be spent on other welfare of societies. It is true
i demand, it does
that temporarily suppress emissions, as coal and oil bear the brunt of the reduction in
not move India any closer to sustainable development goals.
There are two perspectives as nation we have to balance the environment with economic development,
energy security with rapid growing
owing population; however as a consumer it should be clean reliable and
affordable.
Economic
Developement
Environmental
Protection
Figure-Nation perspective
Energy
Security
CO2 Emission
Realibility of
Energy
supply
Fig-Consumer perspective
Affordability
of energy
We need to look into various measures that bridge the gap between environment protection and energy
security by a developing a new model for low-carbon emission of existing energy sector, Sector-wise
emission Reduction plan in a time frame so that economic development of country not hampered, and
make aware people to adopting clean energy resources.
Coal crunch in power plants
Presently, India is facing severe coal crisis and have average stock of four days only.
India is second biggest producer of coal and in availability wise it secured fifth rank, in spite of this why
India cannot fulfill its demand?
The dependency of India for power sector is very high on non renewable energy resources and
especially on coal. Out of approximately 388 GW installed generation capacity, Coal fired thermal power
plants account for 208.8 GW. The share of electric production by coal fired thermal power plant is also
higher than remaining sources taking altogether (Non renewable and Renewable both).Recently India
consumed 124 billion units of power in August 2021 as compared to 106 billion units in August 2019,
which indicates the demand is rising, which means our import bill also.
Reasons for shortage
During covid-19 pandemic lockdown demand reduced and there are very less stock held with them,
however economy opened and demand from industries has been increased very rapidly. Also due to
heavy rainfall in coal bearing areas in India, production of coal reduced. Further we also decreased our
import as coal price increased in international market very rapidly.
One of the causes of coal shortage may be Greenflation like due to climate change many of the
countries push their policy towards greener economy and at the same time it tighten policy on mines,
smelters, or any source that belches carbon and also encourage investment in clean and eco friendly
sector providing subsidy. Due to this less investment left for old energy resources price is increased and
as a result greenflation.
Measures taken by government
Government amends the rules regarding captive mine (coal mines produce coal for their own industry
not for sale) and allowed to sell 50% of their annual production in the open market.
The import of coal is also increased and clearance of coal blocks is given faster and also draft reform coal
mine allocation bill for more transparent and efficient coal block allocation process.
Way forward:
It is true the we need clean energy for a sustainable future and to meet local and global emission target
but we also have to meet right to energy for large population. We have to focus more on energy mix like
solar, wind, green hydrogen energy for new investment. We should increase domestic production of
coal as it also reduces our import bill and co2 emission due to transportation.
References
1. Revised procedure for “Grant of connectivity to projects based on renewable sources to inter-state
transmission system
https://cercind.gov.in/Current_reg.html
2. Overview of the Power Sector
https://prsindia.org/policy/analytical-reports/overview-power-sector
3. Energy Statistics India 2021
chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mospi.nic.in
%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports_and_publication%2FES%2FEnergy%2520Statistics%2520India%
25202021.pdf&clen=36892134&chunk=true
4. India Energy Outlook 2021
https://www.irena.org/
5. Electricity bill
Bills Track (prsindia.org)
6. Overview of power sector
https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/overview-1
7. Renewable Energy and Electricity
https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/renewable-energy-andelectricity.aspx
8. India’s renewable energy capacity at 100GW, still far away from 2022 target
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/renewable-energy/india-s-renewable-energy-capacity-at100gw-still-far-away-from-2022-target-78449
9. Off-Grid and On-Grid Solar Energy
https://www.paradisesolarenergy.com/blog/difference-between-off-grid-and-on-grid-solar-energy
10. Greenflation
https://www.ft.com/content/49c19d8f-c3c3-4450-b869-50c7126076ee
11. Annual Report
Annual Reports Year wise (Ministry) | Government of India | Ministry of Power (powermin.gov.in)
https://www.cesc.co.in/?page_id=223
12. Statement of Objects and Reasons, Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2020
https://prsindia.org
13. Electricity generation
https://www.ibef.org/industry/power-sector-india.aspx
14. Schemes of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
https://mnre.gov.in/
15.Coal shortage data
https://coal.nic.in/
https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/blackout-crisis-in-india-list-of-states-which-may-facepower-cut-as-coal-demand-rise-11633846435899.html